نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 15، تابستان 1388)

In order to study of eco-physiological aspects of interferences of different lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. densities in two planting patterns of single cross corn 70 and competitive effects of the weed on yield quality and quantity of corn, an experiment was conducted at Miyandoab agricultural research station from 00 to 00. The experimental design was factorial in a rondomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were: a combination of three levels of lambsquarters population (, 0, 6 plants per meter of corn row) and two planting patterns (common and two zigzag row) of corn. The treatments lacking corn weed in two planting patterns were considered as control. Seeds were planted on the sides and end of corn rows in zigzag between corn plants. Results showed that the competition of lambsquarters caused significant decrease in grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Seed protein content of corn was decreased but seed oil content increased. The effects of weed density on studied characteristics of corn was greater than those of different planting patterns. Competitition of weed significantly decreased LAI in comparison to the control. This decrease was considerable in higher weed densities. It was also greater in conventional planting pattern than two zigzag row planting pattern.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield and yield components of soybean, Glycine max L., an experiment was conducted as factorial in a rondomized complete block design with three replications at northern Khorasan province during 006-007. Factors were variety (Habit, L.W.K., and Wiliams), nitrogen fertilizer amounts (0, 0, 00, and 0 kg N/ha) from urea source, and potassium fertilizer levels (0, 80, and 60 kg K/ha) from potassium sulphate source. Results indicated that seed yield was singnificantly affected by variety, N and K fertilizers. Wiliams variety showed the highest seed yield. Seed yield significantly increased with increasing fertilizer application. The number of pods was affected by all factors, but the number of node per stem, the number of seed per pod, 00 seed wieght, and seed yield per branches were affected only by variety.

In order to evaluation of effects of drought stress and defoliation stages and strata on yield and its components of Alstar hybrid of sunflower, an experiment was conducted during 006 - 007 at agricultural and natural resources research station of Khoy. Irrigation after 80, 0 and 60 mm evaporation from class A pan, as main factor, defoliation stage in two levels (R and R6 stages) as sub factor and defoliation location in three levels (control, middle up leaves defoliation and middle down leaves defoliation) as a sub sub factor were evaluated in strip split plot design in the basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. The results showed that drought stress decreased plant height, head diameter, harvest index, 000 seeds weight, full seeds number, seed yield and oil yield (except seed kernel percent), but increased huld seed percent. Seed yield was kg in irrigation after 80 mm evaporation treatment, but decreased in two other levels of irrigation up to 7 and 97 kg, respectively. Defoliation stage had significant effect on the studied traits and thousand seeds weight, seed yield and oil yield (except seed kernel percent) were higher in R6 stage. Comparison of the effect of defoliation in R6 and R stages on seed yield showed that leaves are important especially in primary reproductive growth stage. Defoliation in different parts of stem caused significant differences in plant height, head diameter, huld seed percent, harvest index, seed kernel percent, 000 seeds weight, full seed number, seed yield and oil yield and middle up leaves defoliation decreased most characters, significantly. Between interactions, middle down leaves defoliation in R6 stage didn’t have significant difference with control treatment. The results showed high value of sunflower upper leaves protection until beginning of seed filling stage.

To evaluation of effects of plant density and defoliation in two development stages on yield and yield components of sunflower, two year research was carried out during 00-006 in the agriculture research station of Khoy. The experiment was done in split factorial in the basis of randomized complete block design in three replications. The plant density levels were considered as the main factor in three levels of 0000, 0000, 0000 plants per hectare and defoliation percentage in four levels (0,, 66 and 00 percent) and defoliation stage in appearance of anthodium and anthesis were as the sub factors. The results of compound analysis of variance showed that plant density effect was significant on plant height and stem diameter, seed numbers in an anthodium, thousand seed weight, plant lodging percentage and grain yield. The maximum grain yield was obtained in 0000 plant density per hectare treatment with optimum leaf area index and sufficient number of anthodium in area unit. However, this treatment caused the least number of seeds in an anthodium and thousand seed weight. Increasing defoliation percentage resulted in decreased number of seeds in an anthodium, thousand seed weight, grain yield and harvest index. Defoliation in the anthesis stage had more negative effect on thousand seed weight, number of seeds in an anthodium, grain yield and harvest index than defoliation in appearance of anthodium. The results showed that cropping of sunflower in density of 0000 plants per hectare with leaves protection and high leaf area duration resulted in economical yield in Khoy region and so, even little percentage of defoliation in any different development stages wasn’t recommended.

Study of rhizosphere is important in sustainable crop production. Mycorrhizal fungus are one of the most important microorganisms in rhizosphere, that has key function in sustainability of agroecosystems through symbiosis with plants root. In order to investigation the effect of different strains of mycorrhizae on alfalfa root traits, a pot experiment with five treatments including Glomus mosseae, G. etanicatum, G. intraradices, combination of G. mosseae, Gigaspora hartiga and G. fasciculatum strains and a control at four replications was conducted in 006. The roots were washed with tap water after harvesting of shoots. Root traits such as root dry matter, root length, mycorrhizal colonization based on grid line intersect method, total dry weight of mycorrhizal root and root length to root dry weight ratio were measured. Results of analysis of variance indicated that different strains had significant effect on colonization index, so that G. mosseae had the most amount of colonization. Different strains had significant differences in concentration of P, Zn and K in plants and G. mosseae had more uptake and translocation ability of P, Zn and K than others.

Water deficit is a great constraint for agricultural productivity world wide. Mungbean is a traditional pulse in arid and semi-arid areas. This research was conducted in a research greenhouse at the Ferdowsi university of Mashhad to investigate the impact of five drought levels (-0., -, -6, -9, and - bar) on yield and morphological characteristics of eight mungbean genotypes (Jalagon7, Kopergaon, D-6, IlagS6A, MD-, MY-7, Berken, Kiloga). The experiment was conducted as factorial in completely randomized design with four replications. The genotypes were exposed to drought stress 0 days after emergence. Some parameters were measured during growing seasons including plant height, leaf number, flower and pod number, length and number of lateral branches. Results showed significant differences of genotypes in all studied parameters in the first stage of stress. Reduction in the flowering and podding time were also observed in most genotypes. Flower numbers was a suitable parameter in assessment of drought tolerant genotypes. Most measured parameters did not show significant differences in all drought stress levels, and interactions at the end of growth season. At this stage, weight of pods was the best index. At the end of growing season, all of the measured parameters showed a reduction with increasing levels of drought stress. The highest amount of all parameters were observed in field capacity (-0. bar). Among the levels of water potential tested, - and -6 bars were the best treatments for evaluating drought stress of mungbean genotypes. Among studied genotypes, D-6, Ilag S6A, and MD - were the best ones in terms of responding to drought stress.

In this study, farmer's attitude and the extent of their access to technical information to adopt and utilize irrigation systems have been studied. Statistical sample in this study was drown randomly from 0 farmers adopting the irrigation systems in their farms. A number of 0 farmers were selected through classified sampling. This study is a kind of descriptive-correlation research which has been accomplished through questionnaire and interview. Face and content validity of the questionnaire were stablished using a panel of experts consisting of faculty members in the department of agriculture at Khoramabad Islamic Azad university. The questionnaire was field-tested and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for attitude and the extent of access to technical information questions was calculated using software SPSS (α=8%). The results obtained from calculating correlations between variables showed positive and statistically significant relations between the farmer's attitude regarding adoption of irrigation systems and the amount of irrigated land ownership, the amount of the land which is irrigated by these systems, increase in value of water, kind of educational programs, and obstacles associated with utilization. Moreover, there is positive and statistically significant relations between the extent of access to technical information and educational level, main job, performance, effective factors in utilization of systems, implementing educational programs, agent’s visits, agent’s implemented programs, and problems and obstacles associated with utilization. Stepwise multiple regression, indicated that the amount of irrigated land ownership, the amount of the land which is irrigated by these systems, increase in value of water, obstacles associated with utilization explained a statistically significant portion of variance (R square = 8.) for the farmer's attitude regarding adoption of irrigation systems. Moreover, stepwise multiple regression indicated that educational level, performance, effective factors in utilization of systems and obstacles associated with utilization explained a statistically significant portion of variance (R square =. ) for the extent of access to technical information regarding adoption and utilization of irrigation systems. Thus, farmer's socio-economic and job characteristics, which exist in every zone, must be analyzed and in order to adoption and development of utilization of irrigation technologies, useful educational and technical programs must be planed and implemented.

In order to investigate the response of yield related traits in three grain corn hybrids to weed competition periods, a factorial experiment was conducted in research station of agriculture faculty of Islamic Azad university of Tabriz based on randomized complete block design in three replicates in 007. The treatments were combination of weed interference periods (interference until –, –6, and 6–8 leaf stages of corn, full season weed interference and weed free control plot) and three corn hybrids (0, 60 and 70). Results showed that the traits such as stem height, number of grain row per maize, and grain yield were significantly influenced by corn hybrids, But by weed interference treatments. Results indicated that biological yield, dry weight of stem, leaf and maize were affected by weed interference treatments and reduced %, %, % and %, respectively in full season weed interference treatment. 0 Hybrid with stem height of 69 cm, grain yield of. 8 tha- and biological yield. 6 tha- was better than 60 and 70 hybrids. In interference treatments, weed free control plot showed the best result.

In order to evaluation of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components and water use efficiency of forage millet (cv. Notrifeed) and sorghum (cv. Speedfeed), an experiment was conducted in agricultural research station of Islamic Azad university of Birjand in 00. Experimental design was split-split plot based on randomized compelet block design in three replications. The main plots were three irrigation levels (, 67 and 00 precent of water requirment), sub plots were three nitrogen levels (6, 9 and 8 kg/ha) and sub-sub plots were plant species (forage sorghum and millet). The results showed that the effect of irrigation and nitrogen treatments and plant were significant at 0.0 confidence level on total fresh and dry yield and water use efficiency. The dry forage yield in and 67 percent water requirement treatments were 6.6 and. percent lower than 00% water requirement treatment, respectively. The highest water use efficiency was belonge to medium water stress. Also total fresh and dry yield of forage and water use efficiency in millet were greater than sorghum. In addition, interaction between irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer in mentioned traits was significant at 0.0 confidence level. Application of higher levels of nitrogen increased total fresh and dry yield of forage and water use efficiency at all irrigation levels, significantly.

The main objective of this study was to develop optimal cropping pattern for producers of Marvdashat district. Determination of optimal cropping contains providing the objectives of reducing production variance or risk, reducing water usage, and providing a special amount of gross margin, simultaneously. Regarding the fluctuations in coefficients used in objective function and constraints and fuzziness of the coefficients, the coefficients were used in fuzzy form. Considering the objectives and applying fuzzy values jointly was resulted in multi objective fuzzy programming. Current pattern of selected producers contains rice, wheat, maize, hay maize, tomato, sugar beet and canola with area of, .8, 0., 0.,, 0., 0. and 0. hectares, respectively. Gross margin of the current pattern is 09. billions rials. Variance of gross margin and water consumption in the current pattern were 87×0 and 0 m, respectively. In fuzzy optimal pattern, rice, wheat, tomato and canola had priority over other crops, getting area of 0.,. ,. and Hectares, respectively. Gross margin, variance of gross margin and water consumption in fuzzy optimal pattern were 9.99, 96×0 and 978 m, respectively. The results also revealed that increased uncertainty in water availability results in reduction of wheat area in favor of rice and canola.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different nutrient levels on performance of laying hens. This experiment was conducted with 0 laying hens from to weeks in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates with 6 birds in each replicate. Experimental diets were isocaloric and included: diet nutrients recommended by Hy-line company for commercial laying hens (control), diet with 0 percent lower nutrient level than nutrient recommended by Hy-line company, nutrients recommended by NRC (99), diet 0 percent higher nutrient level of nutrient recommended by NRC (99) and diet with average energy of nutrients recommended by Hy-line company and NRC (99). The results of this experiment showed that the performance and egg traits in laying hens were significantly affected by different experimental diets and the egg weight was significantly different between treatments (P<0.0). The highest amount of egg weight (60. g) was observed in control group. Also significantly differences were observed in egg mass between treatments (P<0.0). The highest amount of egg mass (.7 g) was observed in control group, whereas nutrients recommended by NRC (99) caused the lowest amount of that (9.8 g). Moreover, feed efficiency significantly affected by studied nutrients (P<0.0). The best amount of feed efficiency (.) was observed in control group. There was also significant difference between treatments for egg shell weight and the highest egg shell weight (6.07g) was observed in control group. The egg shell thickness was significantly affected by treatments, too (P<0.0) and the lowest egg shell thickness (0mm) was observed in control group. There was not any significantly difference between treatments in other traits such as feed price to produce one kilogram of egg (P>0.0). It can be concluded that performance and egg quality of laying hens can be improved by using nutrients levels recommended by Hy- line company for commercial laying hens.

The main goal of this study was finding an appropriate pattern for estimating reliability of cereal harvester specially John Deer 9 combine in Farahan region. In this purpose, five steps including: selecting the statistical community, recording of data related to repairs and their abundance with the time of operation, choosing a suitable distribution function which fallow repairs, estimating the parameter of distribution function, and using estimated functions for determining of reliability were considered. In this case, five JD9 combine with 800, 000, 900, 800 and worked hours were selected, randomly. Combines were divided to five main parts including: cutting and feeding unit, belts and chains, engine, hydraulic system and rest of combine mechanisms including: threshing system, separating system, cleaning system and transmition system. All of repairs were recorded based of time duration of work and systems. Repairs were divided into major and minor levels. Finally, time duration between impairments and their abundance types were recorded separately for each system. Based on data distribution and their variations, coefficient β>, and general form of graph inferred from survival function, Weibull distribution function was selected as the best equation to make clear of impairments. The general form of Weibull function was selected with three parameters, but it changed to F(X)=-EXP(-X^(β/α)) form because first impairments could occurre in initial time of combine operation. In order to estimating of Weibull function parameters, maximum likelihood estimated (MLE) method was used. For anticipating the time between repairs, Mont carlo method was used. Results showed that reliability of studied combines was zero after 0 hours operation and time duration between repairs of combine was calculated by. 8 hours.

The effect of co-inoculation with plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Rhizobium on yield and yield components of red bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivars was investigated in agricultural research station of Islamic Azad university of Shahrekord during 006-007. The experiment was done in split plot in the basis of randomized complete block design in three replications. Six strains of Rhizobium and a nitrogen fertilizer treatment were considered as the main factor and three red bean cultivars (Akhtar, Gholi, and Sayyad) were as the sub factors. PGPR strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens P-9 and Azospirillum lipoferum S- as well as two highly effective Rhizobium strains were used in this study. Common bean seeds of three cultivars were inoculated with Rhizobium singly or in combination with PGPR to evaluate their effect on growth characters. Results indicateed that soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of Rhizobia. A significant variation of plant growth in response to inoculation with Rhizobium strains was observed. Treatment with PGPR significantly increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per plant, weight of pods per plant, total dry matter in R6 stage as well as seed yield and protein content. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium and PGPR caused a significant increase in the yield and yield components. The results showed that all treatments of bacteria increased yield. However, strains Rb-6 with Pseudomonas fluorescens P-9 caused the highest seed yield, number of pods per plant, weight of 00 seed, number of seeds per pod and seed protein yield.