نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 34، بهار 1393)

The current study was conducted to estimate of orchards water requirements based on various climate zones in Kurdistan province، Iran and to compare those requirements of the same crops based the province cities. Basic information and essential data such as meteorological and vegetation data were extracted from reports and available maps. The Kurdistan climate was derived using De Martonne method and the water requirements in each climate were determined using CROPWAT8. 0 model. Cities water orchards requirements having synoptic station were estimated using this model. Recognizing of various climates in a city level revealed that water requirement estimation studies based on climates give better results than those were conducted based on the cities in the province. As the calculated water requirements values based on city’s border can be trusted while the whole city located in a climate zone such as the Ghorve and Bijar. The findings of the research indicated a significant difference between the calculated water requirements based on cities and those derived considering the climate zones distinguished in the same city، such as Sanandaj، Saghez and Marivan. The most visible differences in calculated water requirement based on climate zone revealed in group 1of orchards in semi-arid climates for Sanandaj which were increased as 22% more than that estimated based on the city’s border. In addition، the 0. 9% increments in water requirements in group 2 for humid zone in Sanandaj were the slightest changes obtained in this research due to altering of the calculation based on city’s border to climate zone. The results would be of interest of researchers and those who are involving in agriculture and water resources management fields through the allocation of limited water resources based on the climatic conditions.

The experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University - Ramhormoz Branch in 2011، based on a complete randomized block design as split-plot with three replications on S 500 corn cultivar. The main plots consisted of three irrigation methods including full، variable، and fixed irrigation methods. Each subplot received three rates of potassium fertilizer as 0، 150 or 300 kg ha-1. The results showed that the plots received full irrigation resulted in significantly higher grain yield than other irrigation methods. The highest water use efficiency (1. 29 kg m-3) was obtained in variable irrigation and the lowest one (1. 08 kg m-3) was in full irrigation. Potassium application increased relative water content and grain protein percentage in variable irrigation and fixed irrigation than full irrigation treatment. Full and fixed irrigation treatments produced the lowest and the highest abscisic acid concentration at any potassium levels. Considering that the alternative irrigation method، whether variable or fixed، decreased used water and also increased water use efficiency، therefore using mentioned irrigation method can be a suitable method in deficit water condition and high water cost، could be better than full irrigation method in corn in this region.

To evaluate of salinity tolerance indices in 17 commercial cultivars and 34 lines of bread wheat against salinity of sodium NaCl، an experiment was conducted in growing season of 2012 in factorial experiment based on randomized complete block with two replications and in salt concentration of 0، 8 and 16 ds m in the greenhouse. In this study، total plant dry weight was measured. To assess the salt tolerance of genotypes stress susceptibility (SSI)، tolerance (TOL)، stress tolerance (STI)، geometric mean productivity (GMP) and the mean productivity (MP) indices were used. In this study، regarding to the indices of MP، GMP and STI، Farahan 4452، Saruq 4468، Trfan 4678، Parsi، Rezaieh 2745 and Nishapur genotypes identified to have the highest yield in both control and salt stress conditions. Therefore، they can be used in saline and non-saline or uncertain areas، also because they had high biological yield. On the other hand، it was observed that Roshan، MV-17، 22762، Zarea، 22919، Azerbaijan 2664 and Mahabad 1856 genotypes had the lowest rate of TOL and SSI indices and they can be grown in saline areas because of having high biological yield in stress condition.

Lichens are known as one of the greatest sources of natural compounds having antibiotic properties which some of them are being used as drugs for special diseases therapy. In current study، inhibitive، bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of methanol extracts of five lichens derived from Arasbaran، East Azarbaijan Province of Iran including Pleopsidium gobiensis، Parmelina tiliacea، Anaptychia setifera and Lecanora argopholis on some plant derived bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorecens، Bacillus subtillis and Enterobacter sp. were studied using disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory and bactericide concentration methods. Methanol extracts of lichens had significant inhibitive effects of studied bacteria other than Enterobacter sp. in disc diffusion agar method. A. setifera extracts had less inhibitive in bacteria than others. All lichens extracts had more or less bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on bacteria. Methanol extracts of all lichens had various bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on bacteria P. gobiensis and P. tiliacea had much more bacteriostatic and bactericide comparing two other lichens. Lichens extracts was more inhibitive against B. subtillis. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal reaction of Enterobacter sp. to lichen extracts was more than two other bacteria. Regarding results of the results، the lichens extracts could have remarkable potential for studied plant bacteria biocontrol and might be considered as promising agents against pathogens.

To study the effect of NaCl salinity on the uptake of mineral elements in different organs of eggplant three cultivars including Jahrom landrace، Dezful slim، Indian cottage grown in outdoor conditions، an experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Ten days old seedlings equal in height and stem diameter in crown area were transformed into plastic pots containing 9 kg local field soil and irrigated with tap water for 20 days. Seven salinity levels were used with concentrations of 0، 10، 20، 40، 60، 80 and 100 mM NaCl. Different amounts of NaCl were added to tap water with electrical conductivity of 219 μS. cm-1 and salinity stress followed for five months. The results showed that the salinity caused increasing Na+ concentration in root، shoot، and leaf and Ca2+ in roots. Moreover، the salinity decreased the root potassium، leaf calcium، and the ratio of K+/Na+ in root، stem and leaf. No significant changes were recorded in the accumulation of potassium in leaf and stem calcium in stem and nitrate in leaf. Among studied cultivars based on measuring the accumulation of excess ions، the Jahromi landrace were evaluated as a higher tolerance genotype in comparison with Dezful slim cultivar which showing the highest sensitivity to NaCl salinity.

To feasibility development of Amygdalus communis cultivation, land capability classification on the basis of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) indices was studied in Khezrabad desert area (with 53˚, 55 - 54˚, 20' E and 31˚, 45- 32˚, 15 N), in Yazd province. In this study, the environmental vulnerability index was determined in each work unit; then the final maps of land potential with a 1:50000 scale resolutions were obtained by units with the same class, by Arc View3.2 software. The results showed that 22.43% of the whole studied area (17604 ha) was proper for almond cultivation. This part is located at mountainous and hilly areas. These areas have better ecological and biological conditions comparing to other parts of studied area. According to the results, EVI index was suitable ability for zoning of land capabilities for Amygdalus communis cultivation. The results could be apply for decreasing the risk of agricultural development projects and making balance between development projects and environment according to priorities and zonation of land capability of the area.

According to the nutrition role in product quality and quantity of Rosa damascena, in order to determine appropriate amounts and new consumption methods (foliar spray), this project was conducted in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, as split plot with three replications during 2011. Main plot consisted of combined fertilizer at 5 levels 1: N0, P0 & K0kg/ha + manure 0ton/ha, 2: N40, P40 & K0kg/ha + manure 15ton/ha, 3: 40, P40 & K40kg/ha + manure 15ton/ha, 4: N80, P80 & K40kg/ha + manure 30ton/ha & 5: N120, P120 & K80kg/ha + manure 40 ton/ha) and sub plot were foliar spray of iron chelate at four levels (0, 1, 2 & 3 times). The analysis of variance showed that the effect of main and sub factor were significantly different for all of measured traits (α≤0.01). According to results, the highest flower number per bush (3937.8n/plant) and hectare 4374840n/ha) belonged to fertilizer treatment 4. There was no significant difference between foliar spray numbers but each of them had higher flower yield per bush and hectare than control treatment (free foliar spray). Interaction effect of fertilizer treatment 4 in 2 foliar spray showed the highest oil percent with 0.0658%. The highest oil yield (3965.8g/ha) observed in treatment 4 in 3 foliar spray. Based on these results, simultaneous use of chemical fertilizer (NPK), manure and foliar spray of microelements increased yield. So, this fertilizer compound could be compensated the problem of reducing quality and quantity of product in the second half of flowering period.

In order to soil remediation from pollution by heavy metals, a new technical has been recently proposed called phytoremediation. Purslane is also highly tolerant against lack of water and salinity and can be regarded as a hyper accumulator of heavy metals. To study the effect of the nickel and cadmium on growth, yield and other characters of Portulaca oleracea L. a pot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized factorial design with three replications in the field of Azad University of Shahrekord, Iran, in the spring and summer of 2012. Treatments of this experiment included different levels of nickel (0, 20, 60, 120 mg/kg) and different levels of cadmium (0, 5, 20, 40 mg/kg). The results of this research showed that different levels of nickel and cadmium have a significant effect on the morphological and physiological characters of Portulaca oleracea L. and along with increasing the concentration of the heavy metals, these characters significantly decreased in comparison with the control plants. In classifying the averages of height, shoot and root dry matter and percentage of the extract, the highest amount belonged to the control plants and the lowest amount to the plants under combined treatment of nickel (120 mg/kg) and cadmium (40 mg/kg) and the single treatment of cadmium (40 mg/kg). Furthermore, the toxic properties of cadmium are more than nickel decreased most of measured characters.