نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 46، زمستان 1395)

Using of substances such as ethanol and methanol can be considered as a way to improve plants yield helping carbon dioxide fixation increment. The effect of methanol and ethanol spraying on growth and essential oils of peppermint has been studied in field conditions based on randomized complete block design with 10 treatments including spray concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40% methanol and ethanol, distilled water and no spraying. There was an enhancing effect of ethanol and methanol spraying on most of studied traits. Methanol had positive effect on leaf number, longest lateral branch length and leaf width. Also, ethanol increased essential oils content, shoot fresh and dry weight and lateral shoot number. In general, the best treatments effecting on plant traits were ethanol 20 and 30% and methanol 10 and 30%. The highest essential oils content was observed at concentrations of methanol 10 and ethanol 20 and 30%. To foliar improvement, the concentration of 30% of methanol was the most suitable treatment. Therefore, with economic and availability consideration, methanol would be recommendable for more essential oils content achievement. Also, for the best peppermint business performance, 30% methanol could be applicable.

Recognition and using of appropriate cultivars in production process and quantitative and qualitative improvement of crops yield have a special impact. In this research, nine imported cotton genotypes including hybrids and promising cultivars along with Varamin as conventional cultivar were evaluated based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Moghan region for one year. In each plot, cotton genotypes were planted in six lines with 8 meter length at intervals of 20 × 80 cm. Quantitative traits such as plant height, boll number and weight, one week before harvest and yield, early maturity were recorded after harvesting. G-43347 and G-43259 cultivars with average yield of 4785 and 4625 kg/ha, respectively had the highest yield and G-43347 and Opal cultivars with 84 and 83% early maturity, respectively were the most early maturing cultivars. Therefore, G-43347 and Opal cultivars would be suitable candidates to be replaced for current conventional cultivars in Moghan region. Varamin cultivar as check 71% early maturity and yield of 3992 kg/ha could not compete with new studied cultivar emphasizing using G-43347 and Opal cultivars in this region.

To determine the allelopathic effects of sugar beet and rapeseed residue aqueous extract in concentrations 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% (w/v) on germination and initial growth of field bindweed, an experiment was carried based on completely randomized design with four replications at Complex Higher Education of Shirvan, Iran during 2013. The aqueous extract concentrations of sugar beet and rapeseed caused significant inhibitive effect on germination percentage and rate, plumule and radicle length and dry weight of filed bindweed. The highest inhibitory effect on germination percentage was observed in equal or more than 10% sugar beet aqueous extract that prevent the germination of bindweed seeds. The inhibitive effect of rapeseed aqueous extract on filed bindweed germination rate was higher than germination percentage. So that, in the highest concentration (25%), germination rate decreased to 34.8% compared to control. Sensitive root length of aqueous extract at concentration of 5% more than shoot length. Radicle affected more than plumule from 5% of sugar beet and rapeseed residue extract, effecting on decrement of field bindweed 75 and 47.5% radicle length by sugar beet and rapeseed, respectively, and plumule length by 40.5 and 19.5% decrement by sugar beet and rapeseed, respectively compared to control. Inhibitive effect of sugar beet and rapeseed residue aqueous extract at a concentration of 5% on the plumule dry weight was more than radicle dry weight. Plumule dry weight of bindweed decreased affected by aqueous extract of sugar beet and rapeseed by 49.6 and 52.1% respectively, and root dry weight by 9.4 and 28.2%, respectively compared to control. Thus, residue of sugar beet and rapeseed has high potential in controlling of filed bindweed, recommending for reduction of herbicides and weed management in sustainable agriculture.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sowing date on morpho-physiological traits of safflower genotypes in spring planting. The experiment was carried out in split-plot base on randomized complete block design in three replications. Sowing dates of March 21, April 04 and 19 assigned in main plots and cultivars including Arak 2811, Esfahan landrace, Goldasht and Sina in sub plots. The traits of dry weight at vegetative, budding, and flowering stages, relative growth rate, plant height, branches number per plant, boll number per plant, seed number per boll, 100 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index were measured. The effect of planting dates was significant on all studied traits but seed number per boll, 100 seed weight and harvest index. The sowing date of March 21 and April 04 had the highest the lowest yield, respectively. The Interaction of planting date in genotypes was significant for traits of dry weight at vegetative, budding and flowering stages, and relative growth rate. Sina and Arak 2811 cultivars had the highest and the lowest yield, respectively. The highest positive significant correlation was between biological and seed yield. Also, there was a negative significant correlation relative growth rate and seed yield, indicating the role of this physiological trait on safflower seed yield. Therefore, planting of Sina cultivar of safflower on March 21 is recommending in Kermanshah region climate condition.

Take-all disease is one of the most important wheat soil-borne diseases caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis. The aim of this study was determination of Glomus spp. and methyl jasmonate effect on resistance induction in wheat take-all infected seedlings. Experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design in factorial with 32 treatments and three replications in greenhouse condition. The first factor was presence or absence of pathogen, second factor was mycorrhizal fungi species including Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and G. hoi and third factor was methyl-jasmonate added in four concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.5mM. Induced resistance factors were added to surrounding soil in seedling stage and total phenol were measured after 24 and 120 hours inoculation. Total phenol activity in healthy plants was more than infected and induced plant in most of the treatments. Total phenol in infected seedling after 120 hours was more than in 24 hours with all induced resistance factor. However, healthy seedlings had more total phenol after 24 and 120 hours. Application of G. intraradices along with 1.5 mM of methyl jasmonate had the greatest impact on induced resistance. Therefore, it is recommended to be used as fertilizer for resistance inducing to take all disease in wheat.

Fusarium is the soil born fungus which is very economically important and includes several plant pathogenic species infecting a wide range of different plants including geramineous ones. In this research, diversity of Fusarium species associated with wheat, barley and corn was studied morphologically. The infected or suspected crown, root and stem of plants were collected from different area of West Azarbaijan Province, Iran. For isolation, the growth media of PDA, NS and DCPA were used. After purification, to make sporulation, microconodium chain and chlamydospore production, different media cultures were used. Identification was conducted using morphological and morphometrical characteristics on especial media cultures and conditions using diagnostic keys. Totally, 11 species including Fusarium acuminatum, F. bactridiodes, F. chlamydosporum, F. compactum, F. culmorom, F. coeruleum, F. flocciferum, F. nygamai, F. oxyporum, F. polyphialidicum, and F. solaniwere identified. The most species diversity belonged to barley, wheat and corn, respectively. F. polyphialidicum, F. bactridiodes and F. coeruleum are new reports for mycoflora of Iran.

To determine the best planting pattern of rapeseed cv. Zarfam, an experiment was carried out during two years of 2010 and 2011 at Agricultural Research Station of Varamin, Iran. The experiment was in split-plot design based on complete randomized block with 12 treatments and four replications. The main plots included four planting methods including one or two rows on furrow with 60 or 50 cm spacing and the sub plots included three seed rates of 6, 8 and 10 kg/ha. Combined analysis showed that interaction between planting methods and seed rates was significant on day to germinate, day of ripening, and number of silique per plant and weight of 1000 seed. Planting method of one row on furrow with 60 cm spacing caused longest period of crop maturity, number of pod per plant, number of seed per silique, 1000 seed weight and oil percentage. Seed rate up to 8 kg had proper results and increasing the number of rows and reducing space between caused decrement in yield and yield components. The method of one row planting on furrow with 60 cm spacing had the most seed number in silique and oil percentage. Also, 60 cm spacing on one row and 8 kg/ha seed rate had suitable effect on most of the studied traits would be recommendable for rapessed cv. Zarfam in this region.