پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1395)

In recent centuries, Naqshbandiyya Sufi order which because of its nature , special believe functions and his policy has been paid attention by Orientalists.Now as something living and effective, specific topics for research in scientific and political circles in West. Process of the West studies in this subject, according to the policies and strategies of the Western goverments in the East, in different periods, as well as after their scientific and cultural evolution,has passed some changes and evolutions.
According to the present research findings, although until the first half of the 19th century westerns information about the Naqshbandiyya Sufi order was so vague and confusing, but in the wake of the formation and development interests and the interests of Western countries in East and appearing Naqshbandiyya as a leader in some local resistance, the situation was changed. The challenge Naqshbandiyya was created for the growing power of Russia in Central Asia, led to the works of Russian writers, with bias and unilateralism to be addressed.
In the 20th century and following of formation of the Soviet Union, this situation continued. In the end of 20th century and the subsequent of collapse of the USSR and the establishment of independent republics in Central Asia, is considered a milestone in the history of Naqshbandiyya .On the one hand the challenge of identifying newly established nation-states, paying attention to the historical and cultural background necessitetes, and on the other hand the West to understanding how is interaction with this state , action out widely researches in this field. In addition itself ( the West) as a result of the increasing development of Naqshbandiyya and their signifficant presence in the West world , considered a suffering to laid of that .

Throughout the history, agriculture had been one of the fundamental occupations of the people in the region of poshtkuh. Valian dynasty had governed the people of poshtkuh and pishkuh for about three century (1006-1307 A.H). The relations between seignior and peasant and the legal rules governing this relation which had rather been on the groundof custom and sharia' provisions, is of great significance. During the period of the Valian sovereignty to poshtkuh, services such as construction and development, discipline, dispute resolution, tax collection and handling of the common affairs of the people had been done. However, because of the lack of written legal rules, picturing a specific framework to govern the relations between seigniors and peasants in the poshtkuh region need overall investigation. This paper scrutinizes the sources of this age including travelogues and tries to analyze the various legal aspects of the relations between seigniors and peasants during the age of Valian governing poshtkuhregion.

One of the initiatives under the modernization policy of the first Pahlavi era was the establishment of modern schools. The main drive for these educational and cultural changes was Reza Shah’s own interest for evolving the education from its traditional form, in which religious clerks were mostly engaged in teaching with the emphasis on religious knowledge, to the European style. In addition to establishing a lot of schools in Mazandaran, Reza Shah founded The Academy of Persian Language and Literature which started to make a lot of changes in the names of many cities. Indeed, it can be said that Mazandaran Province underwent dramatic educational and cultural changes in this period given the fact that it was Reza Shah’s hometown and was the second most widely reformed region after Tehran. The cultural initiatives in this province including the changes in educational system and establishment of new schools are notable too. If adequate budget was devoted to the development and preservation of educational staff, other cities in the province than Sari, Amol, Babol and Shahi could have enjoyed the new form of education. The present study uses first-hand sources including unpublished documents, journals and Reza Shah’s personal notes to present the status of educational and cultural changes in Mazandaran during the first Pahlavi era.

The study of Iran and the US relation showe that interventionist presence of the US in Iran started with 28thMordad coup with full support for Pahlavi II. Iran turned to an important country in the middle east to protect the US interest in the region. Iran was considered one of the best allies by the US presidents. Iran was assigned the role of the Police in the region. With democratic President, Carter, taking power, there were serious doubt to support Shah in Iran. This weakened Shah's position and finally leading to his fall.

Subterranean tunnel-wells (qanat,s) are extremely important in the history of irrigation and human settlement in the arid lands of the Old Word. Apparently originating in pre- Achaemenid Persia, tunnel-wells spread to Egypt, the Levant, and Arabia in Achaemenid times (550-331 B.C). The Arabs carried Qanats across North Africa in to Spain and Cyprus; they are also found in central Asia, western China, and on a more limited scale in dry regions of Latin America. In modern times, more than tewenty terms are used to identify these horizontal wells; the Arabic word qanat meaning "lance" or "conduit" is used in iran , the Persian terms "KARIS" is used in Afghanistan, while in Syria, Palestine, and North Africa Fuqard (pronounced foggarra) is the most common term. In all of these regions, tunnel-wells are still being constrcted in the traditional manner, and many sttlements depend on them for irrigation and domestic water. Where used, qanats have stongly influenced village sotio- economic organization and patterns of ownership and tenure.

One of the determining and epoch-making periods in political and social life of Sufism and shi ism starts from 7th to 10th century A.H.Political,social and ideological developments happening after the fall of Abassid Caliphate influenced Sufism and Shi ism as two stable and long-lasting movements.During the destruction of Abassid Caliphate until Safavid Kings came to power,Sufism and Shi ism found better grounds for more flourishing and better functions.In additions to their political functions,these two movements had remarkable cultural achievements.So the political functions of these two movements were performed according to already established thought and mystical principles the positions of which were more popular.Studying the the common grounds of these two religious movements in terms of convergence,the aim of this study is to answer this fundamental questions:What is the effect of common mystical principles and the attempt to gain power on the convergence of Sufism and Shi ism?

The Final days of the King Mohammed Khwarazmshah were one of the bitterest ends of human life that are hollow and empty shadow power to have happy life. He seeks to create territorial integrity of Iran during Sassanid rule that the local governments who over six centuries after Islam ruled over parts of Iran. Such was the scope of his rule from southern Siberia and Turkestan and China's border and close to the center of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad continued. He had the power as the Caliph of Baghdad, the Mongol Genghis falling afraid and willing to communicate with him and a friend were with him. His imprudence effect based on pride and joy, anger Mongol Mongol ordered the killing of sharp businessmen and the country prosperous and noble people of Iran that their goal Sam Stover, a species that everything was destroyed. Its cash reserves and looted, killed children and women of Heram were captured by Mongols and were in the last days of his life until his body to be covered without any coffin. Since his last serious battle with the Mongols in the plains or meadows of DolatabadMalayer occurred. As the owner of this paper, we investigate the causes of the Mongols and locate the last stages of the life of King Mohammed Khwarazmshah including last battle he was in the plains of Malayer. Compiled using descriptive paper based library resources and results analysis method is content analysis. The main research question that this article seeks to answer is the issue is: What is the cause of Mongol invasion to Iran and Where have you been the last battle squares of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah with the armies of the Mongol?

The study of Iran and the US relation showe that interventionist presence of the US in Iran started with 28thMordad coup with full support for Pahlavi II. Iran turned to an important country in the middle east to protect the US interest in the region. Iran was considered one of the best allies by the US presidents. Iran was assigned the role of the Police in the region. With democratic President, Carter, taking power, there were serious doubt to support Shah in Iran. This weakened Shah's position and finally leading to his fall.