پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 51 (تابستان 1397)

Historical writing in Iran was roughly one-and-a-half century before and before Iranian acquaintance with the new Western culture and civilization. However, from time to time, historians such as Beyhaghi and others used the method of scientific critique more precisely in terms of the facts and the facts. However, most historians, based on the previous tradition, were able to conceive of the eventuality of the past historians, it may be possible to imagine that either the tradition of historicity was on the same lines or through the social and social unconsciousness or cowardice, or because of lack of understanding of the meaning of events And the events watched some incidents and their perceptions.
From the thirteenth century to the present, a new trend emerged in the history of history, which continued until now. Since the beginning of Qajar, there has been a new stream of historiography, one of the manifestations of Iran's encounter with Western civilization.
In this research, it is attempted to compare the historiography of two contemporary historians, Hassan Pirnia and Abbas Iqbal, due to the comparison that some of Persiania's conservative nationalists, as one of the oldest methods of historiography While this is not really the case, despite the fact that Pirnia has taken a great step in formulating the history of ancient Iran, it has not taken a step towards the development of historical insights and theorizing on history, and it seems that the late Abbas Iqbal has taken more effective steps in this regard.

In the history of Iran's relations with the Soviet-Union, the issue of the North Oil Score is of particular importance. When the five northern provinces of Iran were excluded from the Darcy-contract and the British won the South-Oil Score without any problems, since then, Russia and the Soviet Union have been trying to obtain similar privileges in Iran. The Soviet Union sought to earn points from the northern oil. But with the passage of the Iranian National Assembly not to give up any oil pledge until the end of the world war, however there were some problems in the internal situation in Iran, the Soviets failed to achieve this goal. The issue of applying for a petroleum scourge has become a major controversy in relations between Iran and the Soviet-Union. The Soviet Union was never satisfied with the powerful western powers such as the United States and Britain to close to the borders of the country on the pretext of extracting oil. Iran also pursued its own goals with the North Oil Score. The Iranian government that was usually under pressure from Russia and the United Kingdom, in the first attempt, with the suggestion of transferring North-American concessions, while reducing its economic problems, tried to released the Soviet and British pressure. Meanwhile, putting the third power foot on Iran could have adjusted the conditions for Iran in international competitions. As a result, despite the tendency to lease the North-Oil Score to American and British companies, they opposed the Soviet request.

The history of history, after the death of the Holy Prophet of Islam, has collected a population of Bani saeedeh to decide the decision of the caliph. After many skirmishes in the community, Abu Bakr became the caliph. After two years and a few months of the Caliphate, he chose Omar to the Caliphate when he died, Omar also chose a six - member council to elect the caliph. It seems that the selection of the caliph was accepted by a number of people, the appointment by the previous canon and the selection by the Council and described s, such as the, Emigration, and older of the Caliphate as votes and theoretical bases for the legitimacy of early deployments by them and a significant portion of the Muslims. and in all this time , Imam Ali against his wife and friends had another theoretical basis on how to determine the caliph and his whereabouts.
in this paper, we have tried to answer the question of which the first three caliph have taken from which source, their legitimacy and their bases and their bases in selecting one another to the caliphate ? whether they were committed to their principles or not.
The votes and bases of the first three caliph seem to bedifferent from the principles of original islam and this apparently political difference has been rooted in fundamental differences with the family of the family of the prophet ( pbuh

Challenges of the old political system against the new discipline on the eve of the 19 th century and the resulted crises made the Iranian political elites and intellectuals take note of the necessity of reflection on this issue and the means to withdraw from status quo. plenty of ways and means were suggested in the world of thought and in the practical field, too, to get out of this situation. In the meantime, the desire to adjust power was one of the major solutions provided by the elite to make the old discipline effective and prepare it to face the modern discipline. The Qajar elite performed enormous major reformatory efforts in the pre_constitutional period to adjust the ruling political power. Abas Mirza was the pioneer of these efforts and Qa'em maqam Farahani was regarded as the agent to stabilize them. In the meantime, Mirza taqi Khan Farahani Amir kabir was the main and eminent representative of the ideal of power adjustment.

The Book of A Thousand Judgement ( Mādayān ī hazār dādestān) is the main source of information of the Sassanid period, which also provides valuable material on the legal and social status of salves. The laws of this book shows that this collection was written for lawyers, because don't provide no explanation for legel terms.But book provide important and unique information from civil society of Sassanid era.
The main purpose of this article, review the sentences of slavery in the Book of A Thousand Judgement has been based on the analytical - historical method; The questions is this article: Has slavery been pre-Islamic in Iran? What are the laws for the slaves in this book of law? By examining the existing sentences, we found that slavery had existed in the Sassanid period in Iran; The issuance of sentences for legal matters of slaves expresses the protection and recognition of slave and slavery. Legislators have necessity the rights of slaves and
the support of the slave is the duty of every slavery

There was no systematic communication system on the Qajar era, The country suffered serious damage during a relatively long period of conflict and political. struggles for power. Many of the communication infrastructure of the transportation network, especially Chaparkhaneh, was destroyed. At the time of Nader Shah, even the soldiere working in these centers were called to battlefields.As a result , no formal organization to send information from one part to another part of the country. Even between the governors and the federal government did not exist. Deep and extensive information was created on communication lines and transportation network in the Pahlavi era. Sashes were made. There fore the cental post office building was built in Tehran and some large urban areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of formation and development of a new pot institution in Iran. The methodology of this historical research is an analytical type based on library studies and reviews and archival docments. The data collection was interpreted and investigated after reviewing them.

The emergence of the Safavids created an important transformation in historiography. The promotion of the Shi'ism religion and the protection of the Safavids as the passionate promoters of this religion has been the most important issue that historians have emphasized in this era. These historians have come up with some dreams in their works to show the existence of the link between the Safavid dynasty and the Ahlul-Bayt (PBUH), which generally emphasize the relationship between the Safavid kings and especially Shah Isma'il and Shah Tahmasb with the Imams. One of these historians is the unknown author of the Book of the World of Safavid votes, which is most seen in the book of Safavid dreams. In this research, we will try to use the library data and descriptive-analytical method to understand the dilemma of the historian's dreams in the book of the world of Safavid. In addition, a typology of types of dreams will also be performed to sum up the various dimensions of the topic of dying in this book. It seems that factors such as author's Shiite beliefs, belonging to the character of Shah Isma'il and the cultural conditions of society have affected this subject

Fatimid dynasty came to power with efforts made by Ishmaelite rebels in North Africa in 912AD (297hegira) and joined Egypt to this sovereignty in 972AD (358hegira). Following to conquest of Egypt and access to affluent wealth of this region, their expansionist objectives were also formed for which marine fleet was one of the requirements. The main question is that why and how Fatimid established marine fleet in Mediterranean Sea and to what extent they succeeded in this regard. The present essay is intended to express various aspects of maritime organization and developing of their activity in the maritime course in order to expand cultural and political influence in Mediterranean Sea. Given the Fatimid have benefitted from all their potential to expand power and influence in Mediterranean zone in order to prove legitimacy of their caliphate, it can be concluded that the Fatimid inaugurated maritime fleet equipped with types of ships and shipbuilding instruments and workshops for stabilizing of this caliphate and developing power of their government so that this fleet has served for their cultural, economic, political and military goals in Mediterranean Sea and other surrounding waters from ninth to twelfth AD centuries.