نشریه مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 2 (بهار و تابستان 1388)

By the emergence of capitalistic economics and interest-based banking systems in the Islamic world, Muslim scholars get obliged to theorize the concept of Riba in a way to limit the borders of that for the sake of solving the problem of interest.In this way, they made use of different justifications. One of them is the point that the prohibition of Riba in Islamic economic thought is just about that kind of Riba which was dominant before the emergence of Islam; and every scholar has considered his ideas about that kind of Riba. Most of Muslim economists believe that all of the verses in Quran which are about Riba, are confined to the Riba prevalent in that time not all kinds of Riba. This is because of the fact that these verses have presupposed the meaning of Riba and continued to explain its results in this world and hereafter. So, any suggestion about this topic will depend on the kind of Riba prevalent before Islam. This paper which is a theoretical one refers to the history, Tafsir, Hadith and Figh to analyze the nature of Riba before the emergence of Islam. Our hypothesis is: Riba before the emergence of Islam was sometime to add to the principal, sometimes to postpone the deadline of the debt, and sometimes to receive more in a borrowing. Considering its application, it was sometimes for consumption and sometimes for investment purposes. And finally considering its rates, it was sometimes with low interest and sometimes with high ones.After the emergence of Islam, Riba was prevalent in different forms. Understanding these forms will help us to understand the verses better and be able to find the Ahkam in a more accurate way.

Study of different Islamic agreements efficiency in free of interest banking System through modern scientific approaches is of outmost importance. In this paper attempt has been made to study and compare the efficiency of charity loan agreement and cooperative agreements by DEA approach in branches of Mellat bank in Kermanshah province as case study. In this direction, the data related to five variables as input and three variables as output has been processed and by using of Deap2 soft ware the level of efficiency in charity loan agreement and Cooperative Agreements in 52 branches of aforesaid bank has been estimate. The finding of this research states that in the case of estimating of charity loan facilities, 46 percent of branches stay on the efficiency border, so they are efficient and in the case of estimating of cooperative facilities, 35 percent of branches stay on the efficiency border. Moreover, estimated model shows that under the condition of variable return to scale the average technical efficiency for charity loan facilities in branches is equal to 81 percent and for cooperative facilities in branches is equal to 74 percent. Also the results indicate economies of scale because most of the branches own increasing return to scale for both charity loan facilities and cooperative facilities.

One of the biggest problems in social capital research is the measurement of this concept. Researchers chose indicator or indicators for measuring social capital according to their approach. In this article, we try to measure social capital level in different provinces of Iran. In this regard we use combination of survey approach and AHP method. Trust, social participation, civil cooperation and honesty are chosen as main indicators of social capital.Questionnaire has been distributed among citizens of Iranian province centers in 2008 summer. The quantitative level of indicators for each province has been determined by analyzing the relevant questionnaire. On the other hand the importance and weights of each of 4 indicators determined by AHP matrix which was distributed among social capital researchers. Finally using results of questionnaire analysis and weights of indicator, the quantitative level of social capital has been achieved. The results show that Semnan has occupied the first place in social capital level followed by Yazd, Zanjan and Ghazvin.

the Hadiths and others develop its base in a way that includes any valuable asset. This article aims at identifying the effect of Koranic rationality and religious beliefs in developing appropriate decision-making among managers through a library method and reference to related documents. The Koranic rationality manifests at three levels of insight, morality and instrumentation while secular rationality relies on instrumentation alone. In other words, Koranic rationality besides engineering, measuring, regulating and predicting everyday livelihood, tries to regulate man's relations with God, world, himself and others and to engineer morality. Thus following Koranic rationality enhances morality among organizational activities. In this rationality, virtues are "valued" and indecencies are "devalued". All virtues and values are in agreement with religion and rationality and are bestowed rewards while all devalues and indecencies are against religion and rationality and are followed by punishment. Lack of Koranic rationality and low level of religious beliefs among managers result in ignoring the minute humane and social values in decisions made. One of the main topics addressed in this article is related to the role of Koranic rationality and religious beliefs in the process of appropriate decision making. To achieve the above mentioned goals, the Holy Koran and its teachings are set as the bases of this study and efforts `have been made to identify the key teachings and their consequences on the quality of the manager's decision making through – increasing their knowledge and perspectives – while developing a conceptual framework to develop these values in the area of management under an Islamic approach.

Financing is one of the most important topics in finance area, with this respect many financial instruments are designed and put into practice. Concerning the lack of financial instruments in Iran, designing new financial instruments seems crucial to Iranian Companies. In Islamic financial systems, Ijara Sukuk certificates which are one of the most frequently used instruments seem to be an appropriate choice. But in utilizing them it is essential to take into consideration all important factors and the particular business environment situation of the country. One of the most important challenges facing in the process of issuing this new financial instrument is taxation. It seems that in order to solving tax problems of issuing Ijara Sukuk certificates, in short run interests paid on these securities should be tax exempt just like interests on Mosharekat securities and bank deposits however, in long run by legislation of appropriate rules and regulations, interests paid on Ijara Sukuk certificates, Mosharekat securities and bank deposits should be treated as taxable income for investors but tax deductible for issuers.

Nowadays the discussion of nonoptimal allocation of natural and environmental resources and the decrease in the welfare level of the society that is due to the generation of negative environmental externalities has been considered and discussed by the specialists as a fundamental and worldwide argument.In recent years it has been observed that some experts suggest the application of eco-ethics in order to decrease this negative externalities. Thus in this article we try to explain the economic mechanism of operation of these values and therefore we discuss about the social capital and explain that the creation of the environmental social capital by the eco-ethics causes the decrease of the negative externalities. Then we explain the manner of Effectiveness of the environmental social capital on the society for decreasing the negative externalities.