نشریه عیار پژوهش در علوم انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان 1393)

Disciplinary regulatory rules are among the important components of systems and have a managerial role in social life. This paper discusses the concepts, importance and necessity of the disciplinary rules. A disciplinary rule constitutes a general and basic principle relating to a special purpose. Disciplinary rules are different from scientific laws in several ways. Regulatory rules are arbitrary propositions, whereas scientific rules are considered true propositions. Moreover, they are different from scientific rules in purpose and method. They are also different from Fiqh precepts and Fiqhi details. Disciplinary rules are, in fact, the basis and spirit of Fiqh rules. Therefore, they are general and fundamental principles. Principles, objectives and precepts are the three main sources for inferring disciplinary rules. This paper deals with such issues like identifying the objectives, interpreting the objectives, giving a detailed account of objectives, aggregation of the precepts, interpreting the concepts of the precepts, and analyzing the precepts and considers them as steps to deducing the disciplinary rules. The paper then, describes the details of disciplinary rule. Finally, it is recommended that legislative texts be directly referred to as a source for deducing disciplinary rules and these rules which are discovered on the basis of the concept of the Tawatur Ijmali (general succession) be explained.

Rethinking the works and ideas of influential scientists in the development of science, especially analysis of the principles and methodology of Muslim scholars plays a major role in the development and production of knowledge in Islamic republic of Iran. Abu Raihan Biruni and Ibn Khaldun are two distinguished scientists with great knowledge in the field of humanities, sociology and anthropology who created a new discourse in this area through their special principles, research method and written comparative, historical, intellectual, inductive and empirical works. Using a theoretical and analytical approach, this study concentrates on the basis of the principles and methods of Abu Raihan Biruni and Ibn Khaldun’s studies. The results indicate that both scientists were committed in their theoretical and research principles to scientific neutrality, avoiding prejudices, integrity and realism, and both used deductive, comparative, observation, inductive, critical, rational, logical, statistical, mathematical and intuitive research methods. However, there are differences between the research methods of the two.

"Discourse" is considered as one of the most complex concepts today. The plurality of meanings and various uses of this term have made it difficult to find a compromise solution for all its different forms. However, discourse plays a key role in the production of a social world including, knowledge, identity, social relations and everyday life. A careful analysis of discourse (as a method) requires studying its relationship with the other areas of knowledge such as philosophy of language, sociology, some postmodern reflections and the way it is indebted to the mentioned areas of knowledge. The common use of the word "discourse" , lack of right classification and ambiguity of the meaning of discourse make most users unable to fully realize the conceptual breadth and diversity of the use of this term in the different epistemological systems, and ,sometimes, unable to well understand the philosophical, epistemological, linguistic and sociological property of discourse. These simple-minded interactions lead to misunderstanding, incorrect use, confusion, not distinguishing between theoretical and methodological aspects and other aspects. This paper seeks to revise the theory of discourse, themes, approaches and its relation with the different areas of knowledge and contribute to a more accurate use of discourse in scientific texts and conversations.

As a center of thought and research in the field of studies of the holy religion of Islam, the Seminary seeks through planning to shape a bright future to scholars and the people desirous of gaining religious sciences. Policy-making is one of the planning stages which have an excellent effect on channeling the scientific endeavors. The responsibility of education, propagation and research into religious issues is entrusted to the Seminaries. Br conducting religious research works, the Seminaries open new vistas of research on religious teachings for scholars and desirous people. Conscious policy-making of research activities enable the Seminaries to respond to its needs in the realm of religion. The basic issue in the policy-making of research activities is the recognition of the institutes which effect policy-making and policy-makers. Using an analytical and descriptive method, this paper recognizes and classifies these institutes and examines the characteristics of policy-making institutes in the Seminary which are concerned with research activities.

This research seeks to investigate moral education, the requisites for research morality and the degree of using the components of research morality in the social studies books in primary schools. An integrative method is used in this research and the inquiry is based on: first, a collection of texts and available research projects on moral education and research morality, second, the social studies books (history, geography and civics) in primary schools consisting of 5 books taught in the third, fourth, fifth and sixth levels and the work book taught in the sixth level for the academic years 1392-93. The techniques used for collecting information are the researcher-made inventory of content analysis and its stability and validity approved by educationalists and related experts. The most important research results show that, concerning the social studies books in primary schools, the most attention is given to research morality of the social studies book for the sixth level and the least attention to the fundamentals in research morality of the social studies work book for the sixth level.

Given the views of the high school teachers in Lahijan, this study seeks to identify and prioritize the inhibiting factors affecting teachers 'research works and the strategies for improving them. In this descriptive survey, the sample consists of all the teachers, including 113 teachers chosen according to Morgan and Kerjesi table through stratified random sampling. The experimental data are obtained from a researcher-developed questionnaire containing 30 questions, and 12 solutions in the spectrum of grading ranking questions with the reliability of 0/87. The data analysis which is based on descriptive and inferential statistical methods in a single group Z test and one-way ANOVA (F) show that: the administrative - structural, motivational, personal and cultural factors have a significantly inhibiting role in the researches of teachers and the factors related to policy -making in the research system and the way of offering research service to teachers do not have a significant deterrent effect. The difference in the degree of intensity of the inhibition of the different factors is not significant. Lack of clear rules and regulations for the assessment of research activities and inappropriateness of the method of assessing teacher's research activities is regarded as the most effective deterrent factor of teachers’ research. Planning for cultural assimilation and preparing the grounds for research along with education and development of teachers’ scientific and practical abilities in the field of research constitute the most important strategies for achieving solution.