International Journal of Organ Transplantation Medicine
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Autumn 2017

Studies addressing ethnic disparities and trends in liver transplantation for Asian population are scant.
To examine the impact of Share 35 policy on Asian patients’ access to liver transplantation and outcomes since its implementation in June 2013.
A total of 11,910 adult white and Asian patients who were registered for deceased donor liver transplantation between 2012 and 2015, was identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Logistic regression and proportional hazard models with adjustment for demographic, clinical and geographic factors were used to model the access to liver transplantation and patient survival. Stratification on pre- and post-Share 35 periods was performed to compare the first 18 months of Share 35 policy to an equivalent period.
Comparison of the pre- and post-Share 35 periods showed a significant decrease in time on waiting list and higher proportions of patients receiving liver transplantation for Asian patients. Asians shared similar transplant rates as whites (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.80–1.67) but experienced significantly longer waiting time (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.34–0.92) before they received liver transplantation after Share 35 policy took effect. No significant post-transplantation survival difference was observed between Asians and whites at the 18-month outcome.
Although benefited from the Share 35 policy, Asian patients are still at greater risk of disparities in access to liver transplantation.

Retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy (RDN) is a well-established modality for the procurement of kidneys for renal transplantation. However the learning curve of pure RDN is not yet defined. Defining the learning curve will help in proper mentorship of the new donor surgeons besides providing safety to the donors.
To define the learning curve of pure RDN.
We analyzed the prospectively collected data of 102 voluntary kidney donors who underwent RDN by a single surgeon between August 2012 and April 2015 at our center. The donors were classified into group A (1–34), group B (35–68), and group C (69–102) according to the chronological order of their surgery. Left RDN was performed in 28 (82%), 25 (74%), and 28 (82%) donors of group A, B, and C, respectively. Right RDN was performed in 6 (18%), 9 (26%), and 6 (18%) donors of group A, B, and C, respectively. The clinical data were analyzed for each group.
Statistically significant difference was observed for the mean operative time (p The learning curve of pure RDN was 35 cases, although the mastery requires more number of cases to be performed.

Umbilical cord blood has been used for transplantation in regenerative medicine of hematological disorders. MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression that control both physiological and pathological processes such as development and cancer. Some studies have shown that miR-33, p53 and c-myc have critical roles in control of self-renewal cells.
To understand the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), as a feeder layer, on expansion of HSCs, the expression of p53 and miR-33a were evaluated.
Isolated human ADSCs in passage 3 were cultured as a feeder layer. Ex vivo cultures of cord blood CD34 cells were performed in three culture conditions for 7 days: cytokines with ADSCs feeder layer, cytokines without ADSCs feeder layer, and co-culture with ADSCs without cytokine. Expression of genes p53, c-myc and miR-33 were analyzed by real-time PCR.
The expression of p53 was significantly down-regulated in HSCs directly cultured on ADSCs feeder layer compared to that cultured without feeder layer. The expression of miR-33a was significantly upregulated in HSCs directly cultured on feeder layer compare to that cultured without feeder layer.
Defining the role of ADSCs in controlling the HSC self-renewal through miR-33, p53 and c-myc may lead to the treatment and prevention of hematopoietic disorders.

In tissue engineering, scaffold characteristics play an important role in the biological interactions between cells and the scaffold. Cell adhesion, proliferation, and activation depend on material properties used for the fabrication of scaffolds.
In the present investigation, we used collagen with proper characteristics including mechanically stability, biodegradability and low antigenicity. Optimization of the scaffold was done by immobilization of alkaline phosphatase on the collagen surface via cross-linking method, because this enzyme is one of the most important markers of osteoblast, which increases inorganic phosphate concentration and promote mineralization of bone formation.
Alkaline phosphatase was immobilized on a collagen surface by 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, as a reagent. Then, rat mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in osteogenic medium in control and treated groups. The osteogenesis-related genes were compared between treatments (differentiated cells with immobilized alkaline phosphatase/collagen scaffold) and control groups (differentiated cells on collagen surface without alkaline phosphatase) on days 3 and 7 by quantitative real-time PCR (QIAGEN software).
Several genes, including alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I and osteocalcine associated with calcium binding and mineralization, showed upregulation in expression during the first 3 days, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α, acting as an inhibitor of differentiation, was down-regulated during osteogenesis.
Collagen scaffold with immobilized alkaline phosphatase can be utilized as a good candidate for enhancing the differentiation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cells.

Acute cellular rejection (ACR) has a reversible effect on graft and its survival.
To evaluate the relation between ACR and clinical factors in recipients of liver transplant allografts.
47 consecutive liver recipients were retrospectively studied. Their data were extracted from records and analyzed.
38 (81%) of the 47 recipients experienced ACR during a 24-month follow-up. The rate of rejection was associated with none of the studied factors—recipient’s blood group, sex, age, familial history of disease, drugs and blood products received, type of donor, and Child score and class.
During a limited follow-up period, we did not find any association between ACR and suspected risk factors.

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common etiologies for acute abdomen. However, fewer than 30 cases of acute appendicitis after liver transplantation have so far been reported in the literature. Previous case studies have concluded that acute appendicitis after liver transplantation may present differently than in non-immunosuppressed patients and thus may lead to more complications. Herein, we describe the fourth case of laparoscopic appendectomy in a 40-year-old female presenting with an acute abdomen, 10 years after orthotopic liver transplantation for autoimmune hepatitis. Additionally, we review the literature, and emphasize the importance for laparoscopic, rather than open appendectomy after liver transplantation. Overall, despite the small number of reported cases of appendicitis after orthotopic liver transplantation, we found the incidence and clinical presentation are similar to patients without liver transplantation. The etiologies for appendicitis in patients after liver transplantation may be different than in those not chronically immunosuppressed, with significantly less lymphoid hyperplasia and increased fecalith and cytomegaloviral infections. Preliminary results showed that laparoscopic appendectomy after liver transplantation results in decreased hospital stays and fewer complications.

A 22-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis (CF) developed lung abscess, as a rare complication caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii infection, after lung transplantation (LT). After 6 months of long-term antibiotic therapy, the abscess was successfully eliminated. In reviewed published literature, no previous report was found describing this kind of complication caused by MDR A. baumannii in post-LT patient with CF. In our experience, lung abscess in LT recipients with CF can be successfully treated with prolonged antibiotic therapy.

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type IIIa (Forbes-Cori disease) can be associated with severe liver disease. A patient with GSD type IIIa may therefore be a potential candidate for liver transplantation. Progressive myopathy makes uncertain the outcome of the patient and the transplant. Herein, we report on the good results of liver transplantation up to 28 months after the transplantation in a 40-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and significant muscle weakness due to GSD type IIIa.