فصلنامه روابط خارجی
پیاپی 21 (بهار 1393)

Pakistan is a post-colonial state in which different ethnic groups live. These ethnic groups have intended to gain their independence by emphasizing their unique linguistic, cultural and ethnic components since the establishment of this country. Baluchi ethnic group is one of the groups in Pakistan that since the separation of this country from India has always posed a serious challenged for the security of Pakistan. The main goal of this article is studying the historical record of Baluchi nationalism and examining the policies pursued by Pakistan towards it with an emphasis on failed nation-building in this country. This article while studying the nation-building process in Pakistan, tries to answer the question that why Baluchi ethnic group has always challenged the security of Pakistan? The findings of this article show that failed nation-building is an effective factor in creating disintegrationist tendencies among Baluchis in multi-ethnic Pakistan. Therefore, the main claim of this article is that the weakness and failure of Pakistan in the process of nation-building and its inability to integrate Baluchi ethnic group into a single nation paved the way for strengthening centrifugal forces among this ethnic group which in turn put Pakistan's security under challenge.

The aim of this article is studying the balance of power in Asia in the light of competition between India and Pakistan. India and Pakistan since their independence have been in perpetual struggle due to their common background. For example, after the nuclear test by India in 1974, Pakistan tried to maintain its defense balance with this country. During the 1990s, these two countries obtained nuclear deterrence to keep the balance of power between them and their relations became subject to zero sum power equation. Given the vents occurred since the beginning of the 21st century including the killing of Ben Laden, strain in relations between Pakistan and the U.S/ struggling against terrorism, nuclear and security cooperation between India and the U.S. and their impact on relations between the countries situated in South Asia and their relations with the outside world, the question is posed that what is the perspective on the balance of power in relations between India and Pakistan? The hypothesis of this article is that given the crisis situation in relations between India and Pakistan in South Asia, both countries are trying to balance each other, to change the balance in their favor by making alliances and coalitions with the countries outside the region and to enter into strategic relations with extra-regional countries. It is worth mentioning that to test the abovementioned hypothesis; we use the method of future studies and back casting technique.

The U.S. proposal in 2008 for Ukraine's adhesion to NATO in order to integrate it into European military wing and Brussel's attempts for the membership of Ukraine in the EU in order to integrate this country into European economic wing, created much sensitivities among Russia's leaders. Given the ruling of the logic territorial power among Russian decision makers, it was evident that efforts made at integrating Ukraine into European military and economic complexes would fuel the insecurity sentiment of Moscow's ruling elite. The question is that what are the factors shaping Ukraine's crisis? Historical considerations and geopolitical imperatives of Russia regarding Ukraine as well as the Western and especially American inability for convincing Russia that policies pursued in regard to Ukraine would not pose any threat to Russia, has made Ukraine's crisis inevitable.

Iran and India have experienced very complicated relations in the past decade. Despite the fact that during the past decades India's foreign policy inclined towards third world countries, India has advocated the United State's pressures on Iran in several fields, while it has not been a devoted partner for the United States against Iran. Why has not India met Iran’s expectations? Which factors lead to the expansion of relations between the two countries and which factors limit their cooperation? The hypothesis of this article is as follows: Iran and India have had opportunities for cooperation in political and economic dimensions, especially related to energy diplomacy, however this cooperation has negatively affected the interests of the United States, Israel and other Persian Gulf states, so that they have had limiting impact on the relations between Iran and India. This article is an explanatory research aiming to explore the hypothesis from the perspective of balance of interest theory. From this perspective, India is an emerging power with limited revisionist purposes, while Iran is a revolutionary actor with unlimited revisionist aims. Accordingly, these two actors have divergent strategies in dealing with international order, so that they cannot forge strategic partnership.

The occurrence of the revolutions and social movements in North Africa and Middle East led to increased attention to these nearly unexpected phenomena. Also, the ensuring challenges caused more attention to be given to the analysis of these events. In this article, the authors try to answer the following questions by using socio-political and historical explanation approach: what are the intrinsic differences between this revolution and its counterparts in Egypt and Tunisia. What are the important agents in this revolution? In response, it must be said that Libyan revolution was different from Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions because of Libya's entrenched clan and ethnic structure and the superiority of these ties over civic ties. In this revolution, ethnic and clan agents played a more important role than civil agents. The most serious challenges of this revolution are: Identity crisis because of serious ethnic struggles, conflicts between Islamist and new government, authority crisis due to violence ethnic actors and radical Islamists and Identity and Authority Crisis.

Basically during the history of international relations, deterrence has been one of the most important concepts in order management and protection of security system. But due to the evolution of international system, those strategies and constructions have undergone radical changes. In this respect, complex and chaos system have changed of strategies of deterrence. Therefore, this question will be addressed that what is the effect of developments in the world system, (especially its network property in the framework of complex and chaos systems) on logical principles and physical construction of deterrence systems in defense strategy. By the formation of the asymmetric order, the defense strategy of deterrence system will change. In this respect, this article argues that comprehensive defense strategy will be the dominant pattern of deterrence. Balancing, homeo finality, synchronizing communications, making a multilevel network, synergy and externalization, and bifurcating of order in system have been logical principles of a comprehensive defense and cybernetic network defense (as physical form of such defense). For studying the principal question and analyzing our hypothesis, by using deductive modeling, first the theoretical and conceptual framework of comprehensive defenses strategy will be depicted and then analytic variables of asymmetric order in complex and chaos system will be examined and in the third part, the model of deterrence in asymmetric order will be depicted.

Community security has been one of the latest approaches in security studies, especially among Europeans. It helps some neo-realists such as Barry Buzan and the thinkers of Copenhagen school in explaining security dilemmas at the state and interstate levels. Threats to community security may include prohibiting a particular language, name or clothing or the deportation and killing of an identity group making impossible the expression of their identity. Given above, this article tries to represent the distinct identities of self and other by operationalizing the concept of security dilemma at the state level. The official stance of the EU towards the concept of community security is very trivial and far from these issues. But the needs of today's society make necessary a deeper view on the social aspects of security. The main question of this article is that what is the status of community security in the framework of the EU policies? To answer correctly to this question, the hypothesis of this article states that deliberation on community security approach aiming at explaining theoretical relationship between security and identity is very important because the survival of every society depends on its identity. Therefore, the issue of community security in Europe contains an identity dimension which is far from the official view in this respect. This article aims at studying the current and desirable situation of community security in Europe, especially after September 11 events.