نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال دوم شماره 3 (تابستان 1389)

Strategically, the East has been regarded as a determining factor for Iran. The Islamic Republic of Iran has been trying to achieve her national interest through this cooperation with the Eastern neighbors, particularly in recent years. The East Asian states and the Indian subcontinent that share many cultural similarities with Iran have been the focus of this study. Iran wants to boost her relations with these countries in the framework of "Toward East" strategy. Energy, in this context, is one of the promising fields of more cooperation.Countries like India, in their path towards industrialization, need energy. The Peace Pipeline which may go through Pakistan to India and to other East Asian states will entangle the security of these countries. It can contribute to the resolution of the historical conflicts between India and Pakistan. In fact, Energy Cooperation has expanded the interdependence among the states. Therefore, this theme can boost the Iran - Indian subcontinent relations and can work as a model for the regional cooperation. This paper is a descriptive analytical study, which is based on the secondary and primary sources.

The last flourished and growing period of Farsi language in “Sindh” ended with “Talpoor” rulers who were ruling in “Heidar Abad, Sindh” around 13th century of lunar Hidjri. Not only was Farsi their official and royal language, but they also have left numerous writings in Farsi; the writings that are nowadays considered the last remains of works in Farsi in Pakistan.One of these works is called “Manegheb-e- Alavi” which was written in praising Imam Ali (p.b.u.h) in Heidarabad, Sindh. This work is highly important; first, because it is in Farsi and has a literary value, second it is religiously valuable, and finally and most importantly praising Imam Ali by a Pakistani ruler in Farsi is especially considerable. This work was written by “Mir Hussein Ali Khan Talpoor”, and is one of the most comprehensive and complete books throughout which Imam Ali is being praised.Linguistically,the author,by integrating linguistic features of Khorasani style, technical words, popular vocabularies among the Farsi speakers in Sindh, and the use of Hindi and Sindhi vocabularies, has created a special style which is considerable in the subcontinent for its time.From a literary viewpoint, this work, especially in the introduction, is decoratively full of figures of speech including, metaphor, allegory,rhyme, irony, etc. Although the figures are repetitive, generally a beautiful and nearly artistic prose has been created. Managheb-e-Alavi is kept as a single manuscript in Talpooran’s personal treasure and has not been yet investigated. This work consists of 1760 pages which is written in Farsi prose and cursive calligraphy. In the present paper, this work is investigated regarding both its language and its literary value.

In this research, the quality of "The mysticism in Amirkhosro Dehlavi's Matlaolanvar "is taken into consideration and the following questions have been replied. -In what ways the Sufic words and terms are referred in the Matlaolanvar?-How the stages of behavior and dispositions in this book are explained and what is their meaning? We have concluded that Matlaolanvar is a moral mystic book, and the mystical terms have been used genuinely and figuratively. The mystical terms have been used according to their own idiomatic meanings such as, the first group: the stages of behavior like request, poverty, reliance and pleasure, and the dispositions like love, eagerness, and mortality. The second group: the mystical terms have been applied in their figurative meanings.In addition, Amirkhosro has referred to the training elements of Sufism such as purity, ambition, contentment, respecting/obeying a spiritual leader, and other behaviors like seclusion. The branches of the divine knowledge and the moral instructions of the individual and social mystic have also been mentioned in this book.

Mystical interpretations and works are considered to be suitable fields for creation of meaning and semantic interpretations due to the possibility of creation of evolution and change in the manner of human relation with the surrounding world, objects and external processes. In other words, this group of written works is a passage from the real world to an idealistic world, necessity evolution and a station for passing and going towards the end of wishes and purposes, and coming to a stage of spirituality and mysticism where no intellect and sense exists. One of the works which has been written within this context is the book of Daghayegholmaani authored by Seyed Mohammad Ibne Jafar Hosseini Maki, one of the authors of the 9th (A.H.) century. The subject of this paper is a discussion and survey of science of preparation and supreme goal, unification and unity, providence and power, divine attributes, origin light and its secretes, nature and the Islamic rules of faith, secretes of divine speech, attainment of reality, Islamic rules of leadership, secretes of hove, etc, through the literary and mystical interpretation. Prose of the book mostly follows the Syle of "morsal Aali", but sometimes it approaches the style of Diction complexity and restriction. In this paper, the literary and content features of the manuscript, its chapters and parts, linguistic characteristics and literary values have also been studied.This survey reveals one of the written sources of the 9th century (A.H.) as a part of cultural, literary and mystical history of Iran, so it sounded necessary to do an independent survey in this field. Since this is just one manuscript, method of "deductive correction" is considered and the other fields such as mystic, literary and stylistic of the manuscript have been studied through "context Analysis".

Since Sassanid era there have been 33 bas reliefs in various parts of Iran including, Salmas, Shahr-e Rey, Taq-e Bostan, Barm-e Delak, Bishapur, Tang-e Qandil, Sar Mashhad, Firuz Abad, Guyum, Darabgerd, Naghsh-e Bahram, Naghsh-e Rajab, Naghsh-e Rostam, and another one in the north of Afghanistan at the "Rag-e Bibi", which is located 10km south of Pol-e Khomri city. These have been studied carefully in various ways by both Iranian and foreign scholars. The bas relief which we have studied in this paper is one of the most sparring matters of the Sassanidُs bas reliefs. Despite the conducted studies on the issue, unfortunately neither its identity is clear nor its historical contents. In this article we have referred to the various ideas about the original personality of the afore-mentioned bas relief, its historical contents, and have criticized and analyzed each of them. Based on archaeological evidences and historical sources, we have tried to prove that this bas relief belongs to Bahram II (276- 293 A. D), the fifth king of Sassanid dynasty. The historical contents of this bas relief show the victory of Bahram II over Hormozd "the king of Sakestan, India to the shore of the Sea" that happened in 283 A. D.

The land of Indus received the Iranians and the Greeks who dominated this fertile region one after another from 6th B.C. to the second A.D. Each of these races tried to establish and expand their own civilizations and religions. One of the clear elements of their influence was the ancient city of Taxila, which was constructed by the Greeks according to their own style of urbanism. After the Greeks, the Sakas (Indo- Scythians and Indo-Parthian) chose Taxila as their capital. Although the Sakas used of the Iranian elements of architecture and art, they did not take away the Greek elements of architecture and art. For instance, the temple of Jandial to the north gate of Taxila, composed of a combination fashion of both Iranian and Greek elements.In this article, we have tried to dissect the architecture of the temple, as well as, to determine the effectiveness and the rate of the Iranians and Greeks influence. Specifying the appendance of the temple to a specific religion and the kind of ceremonies passed off in it are the other objectives of this article.

Development, as a concept of qualitative evolution from one period to another, requires a broad scale economic, political, cultural, and social transformation. Thus, development is a process that encompasses various aspects of economic, political, social and cultural. The development of the future world will be based on a knowledge based economy, in which this will soon form a comprehensive modern economic behavior for the human society.This paper reviews the position and importance of the knowledge based economy and its role in the sustainable development of the Indian sub-continent, which may be regarded as an evaluation model for development.After analyzing the literature review and employing the relevant areas of the above mentioned issue on knowledge based and sustainable economic development, the consequences of knowledge based economy such as change in the economic relation and globalization shall be taken into consideration. Then the traditional methods in measuring the basics and foundations of knowledge based economy especially the World Bank index are introduced.By investigating the performance of Indian knowledge based economy as a successful model, it is obvious that India has chosen the right direction. We believe that if the Iranian policy methods follow such a model, it can benefit the country.