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مطالعات شبه قاره - سال دهم شماره 34 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال دهم شماره 34 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/03/20
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • ابوذر احمدی*، امیرحمزه سالارزایی، سیدعلی خزایی صفحات 9-22
    امروزه در علم حقوق مطالعات تطبیقی، در محافل علمی و پژوهشی جایگاه ویژه ای پیدا کرده است. علت آن است که می توان در قوانین کشورهای دیگر نهادهای حقوقی ارزشمندی یافت که تا حد زیادی در اصلاح قوانین و تعالی حقوق کشورهای دیگر، مثمر ثمر باشد. یکی از عقودی که در قوانین برخی کشورهای اسلامی وجود دارد، نهادی به نام استحکار یا حکر است که هم اکنون در کشورهائی مانند مصر، اردن، افغانستان و... کاربرد دارد و بخشی از مقررات قانونی آنان را به خود اختصاص داده است. این عقد در خصوص اراضی ای که از حالت بهره برداری و انتفاع، خارج و احتیاج به عمران و آبادانی دارد، استفاده می گردد. به همین مناسبت امروزه در برخی جوامع از جمله کشور ایران، قراردادهایی رائج گردیده که فاقد عنوان صحیح حقوقی است و بررسی نهاد حکر در قانون مدنی افغانستان، می تواند راهگشای این نوع از قرارداد ها باشد. این پژوهش، به بررسی نهاد حکر به شیوه توصیفی و تحلیلی و با عنایت به قانون مدنی افغانستان پرداخته است.
    کلیدواژگان: استحکار، حق حکر، اجاره به شرط تملیک، افغانستان
  • محمد اکبری*، عباس کریمی، علی آل بویه صفحات 23-42
    امروزه با توسعه ابزار الکترونیکی می توان به سادگی مبادرت به انجام تجارت نمود و فعالیت های متفاوت و گوناگونی از قبیل مبادله الکترونیکی سهام، طراحی و مهندسی و فروش کالا و خدمات را انجام داد. تجارت الکترونیکی باعث شده تا قراردادهای الکترونیکی نیز به نوبه خود از اهمیت ویژه ای برخوردار شوند. در صورت تحقق ایجاب و قبول و انعقاد قرارداد بین طرفین و با احراز شرایط خاص می توان به داده های مربوط دست پیدا کرد و آنرا معادل ایجاب و قبول در قراردادهای تجاری به روش سنتی دانست، در این پژوهش، مفهوم، ارکان، شرایط صحت و سابقه قراردادهای الکترونیکی با مراجعه به قانون مدنی و قانون تجارت الکترونیکی ایران، کنوانسیون سازمان ملل متحد راجع به قراردادهای بیع بین المللی کالا(1980) و قانون نمونه آنسیترال در مورد تجارت الکترونیکی (1996) و کنوانسیون سازمان ملل متحد درباره استفاده از ارتباطات الکترونیکی در قراردادهای بین المللی(2005) و قانون قراردادها و قانون فناوری اطلاعات هندوستان بررسی شده است نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش که به روش توصیف و مقایسه ای انجام شده نشان می دهد که ماهیت و شرایط صحت قراردادهای الکترونیکی در اسناد تجاری یاد شده حقوق ایران و هندوستان عمدتا یکسان است.
    کلیدواژگان: تجارت بین الملل، قراردادهای الکترونیکی، معاملات الکترونیک
  • زهرا پاکزاد * صفحات 43-64
    آنیش کاپور معاصر هنرمند مشهور هندی/ بریتانیایی، هنر را با مهندسی، زیبایی شناسی را با زندگی، هویت را با جهانی شدن پیوند داد. بوردیو می گوید هر میدانی «بینشی و برشی» از جهان به مشارکت کنندگان بازارهای آن، تحمیل می شود. نقش تحمیلی نظام سرمایه داری بر هنر معاصر روشن است. تفاوت های صوری آثار هنر معاصر همراه با همگنی وسیع و پیروی اصل تنوع است.
    این پژوهش در قلمروی جامعه شناسی هنر، درباره ی چگونگی رابطه ی پیچیده و چندوجهی میدان هنر معاصر است. هدف تشخیص نیروهای تاثیرگذار بر آثار هنری به ویژه مجسمه های شهری در عرصه عمومی و میدان هنر معاصر است. چرا و در چه شرایطی کنش گران اجتماعی این نوع آثار را تولید می کنند و پیآمدهایش بر تولید هنری، میانجی گری کدام است؟ این پژوهش به روش توصیفی و تحلیلی قصد دارد با تمرکز بر آثار کاپور به شاخص های هنر عمومی و شناخت میدان های تاثیر گذار این هنر دست می یابد. نتایج نشان می دهد ماهیت آثار کاپور مانند بسیاری از تولیدات هنر معاصر و کارکردهای آنها در جهان سرمایه داری تناقضاتی را نمایان کرده اند. آزادی در هنر معاصر از نوع عمومی و همگانی نبوده و بیشتر در زندگی نخبگان وجود دارد که امکان تجربه هنری ، حق انتخاب در مصرف و هر نوع گزینشی را برایشان فراهم می سازد.
    کلیدواژگان: هنر معاصر، ميدان، کاپور، پي ير بورديو، سرمايه داري جديد، جامعه شناسي هنر
  • ماندانا تیشه یار، محمد جواد فتحی *، مجید دشتگرد صفحات 65-86
    یکی از جلوه های رقابت دولت ها در عرصه سیاست بین الملل، رقابت های منطقه ای است. این مساله افزون بر دامن زدن به بحث های مربوط به موازنه قوای منطقه ای، موجب شده که در هر منطقه جغرافیایی چندین قدرت بزرگ برای به دست آوردن برتری یا هژمونی در آن منطقه، امکانات و منابع خود را بسیج نمایند. این رقابت و بسیج منابع، در هر دو حوزه مولفه های سخت و نرم قدرت صورت می گیرد. در دهه اخیر، دو کشور چین و هند در مناطق جنوب و جنوب شرق آسیا به رقابت برای به دست آوردن برتری منطقه ای و تغییر موازنه به سود خود پرداخته اند. در این پژوهش تلاش بر آن است که رقابت هندوستان و چین در جنوب و جنوب شرق آسیا در زمینه های اقتصادی و نظامی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. نگارندگان در صدد پاسخ به این پرسش هستند که در رقابت هندوستان و چین در جنوب و جنوب شرق آسیا مولفه های اقتصادی و نظامی چه نقشی داشته اند؟ براین اساس، فرضیه پژوهش بدین گونه است که دو مولفه اقتصادی و نظامی، نقش بنیادین در رقابت های هژمونیک دو کشور به عنوان ابزار زمینه ساز نفوذ و تسلط برای به دست آوردن هژمونی در مناطق جنوب و جنوب شرق آسیا بازی می کنند.روش این پژوهش تحلیلی است و از رویکرد کیفی نیز جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها بهره گرفته شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: هندوستان، چین، جنوب شرق آسیا، رقابت اقتصادی، رقابت نظامی، هژمونی
  • جهانگیر جهانگیری، آرش موسوی * صفحات 87-108
    مرگ شناسی در دهه های اخیر تبدیل به یکی از حوزه های مهم میان رشته ای در تکنولوژی پزشکی، فلسفه، هنر، علوم سیاسی، تاریخ، ادیان و جامعه شناسی شده است. در این مطالعه، مرگ به عنوان یک پویایی اساسی و پیش زمینه حیات در آیین بودایی مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد. سوال تحقیق این است که بازنمایی های مرگ در آیین بودایی چه چیزی را در خصوص یک جامعه بودایی و ارزش های آن مشخص می کند؟ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش بازنمایی و تکنیک بررسی اسنادی و کتابخانه ای ، بازنمایی های مرگ به عنوان نقطه پیوند تجربیات و دیدگاه های فرد و فرهنگ و ایدئولوژی غالب در آیین بودایی را مورد مطالعه قرار داده و به پاسخ سوال مورد نظر می پردازد. آیین بودایی تاکید می کند که به جای انکار مرگ باید آن را پذیرفت. پذیرش مرگ البته به معنای پذیرش دلمردگی به معنای شیوه زندگی نیست. آیین بودایی مانند تمام ادیان دیگر مناسکی برای مرگ تعیین کرده که باعث آرامش رفتگان و بازماندگان . بنابراین، زمانی که پای مسئله ای همچون مرگ در میان باشد، این آیین می تواند منشا خردورزی جامعه شناختی و روان شناختی باشد. آیین بودایی به ما یاداوری می کند که سرنوشت هرچه باشد، کنش های ما جریان خواهد داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: بازنمایی، آیین بودایی، مناسک، سمسارا، نیروانا
  • عبدالرسول حسنی فر *، نور محمد ناظریان، محمد مهدی توسلی صفحات 109-128
    سه مرحله اساسی در حیات زیست فرهنگی انسان وجود دارد که شامل تولد، ازدواج و مرگ است. این مراحل در همه جوامع و سرزمین های مختلف آیین های مخصوص به خود را دارد که نیازمند بررسی و پژوهش از جهت میراث و فرهنگ مشترک ملل مختلف است. با توجه به اینکه در خصوص بررسی مردم شناختی و تطبیقی آیین های ازدواج در دو سرزمین ایران و هند، تاکنون پژوهش مستقلی صورت نگرفته، این مقاله سعی در انجام آن دارد. سئوال اصلی تحقیق این است که وجوه اشتراک در آیین های ازدواج در ایران و هند تا چه میزان است و ریشه اشتراک در کجاست؟
    بر این اساس با هدف پاسخ به وجوه اشتراک و جستجوی ریشه های همسانی آیین های ازدواج در دو سرزمین ایران و هند و تجزیه و تحلیل مردم شناختی آنها با بهره گیری از مشاهدات نویسندگان و استفاده از منابع معتبر موجود و نیز جمع آوری اطلاعات به روش توصیف مقایسه ای به انجام پژوهش حاضر پرداخته خواهد شد. به طور کلی شباهت ها و اشتراکات بسیاری بین آیین های ازدواج در ایران و هند مانند اهمیت تشکیل خانواده، آداب و رسوم مربوط به مراسم ازدواج، هدایا، مهمانی ها و بزرگداشت مراسم وجود دارد که دلایل این وجوه مشترک را باید در ریشه های قومی، نژادی، سرزمینی، تاریخی، اساطیری و باورهای دینی آنها یافت.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، هند، مردم شناسی تطبیقی، اشتراکات فرهنگی، آیین های ازدواج
  • حسین خاکپور *، زهرا نیکونژاد، ولی الله حسومی صفحات 129-146
    نظریه ی بینامتنی حاصل رویکرد زبان شناختی به ادبیات است که هر متن ادبی را زاییده ای از متون گذشته یا معاصر می داند؛ به گونه ای که متن تازه(حاضر) خلاصه ای از متن یا متون متعدد (غایب) است. هدف از این پژوهش « واکاوی مناسبات بینامتنی اشعار اقبال لاهوری و قرآن» است، که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی با رویکرد زبان شناختی، روابط بینامتنی میان اشعار اقبال لاهوری و قرآن کریم را بیان کرده است. رابطه های موجود بین این دو متن، با هدف بیان مضامین و مفاهیم مشترک است . ازآن جا که علامه انس دیرینه ای با قرآن داشته، در راستای تشویق انسان ها به مفاهیم اخلاقی، از آیات - به صورت مستقیم و غیر مستقیم- استفاده نموده است. بر این اساس در جهت تحقق اهداف علامه اقبال، انواع بینامتنی در ابیات وی نمود یافته که در میان آنها، بینامتنیت نفی جزیی(اجترار) گستره وسیع تری را به خود اختصاص می دهد و بسامد بیشتری دارد. اما نمونه هایی از امتصاص(نفی متوازی) و حوار (نفی کلی) نیز در میان اشعار وی مشاهده می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: بینامتنی، قرآن، اقبال لاهوری، نفی جزیی
  • یدالله دهقان *، عنایت الله یزدانی، مهدی کاظمی صفحات 147-166
    در سال های اخیر روابط دوکشور ایران وهند علی رغم گذشته بسیار مطلوب، دارای فراز ونشیب های زیادی بوده است که یکی از مهمترین دلایل آن، حضور و نفوذ آمریکا در هند و دخالت های مستمراین کشور در مسائل منطقه ای می باشد. با این وجود، هنوز موارد متعددی در سطح منطقه وجود دارد که توجه دو کشور ایران وهند را برای همکاری های همه جانبه به خود جلب کرده است. یکی از مهمترین این موارد کشور افغانستان است که در منطقه استراتژیک قلب آسیا واقع شده وایران و هند منافع مشترک زیادی در این کشور برای همکاری مشاهده می کنند. از جمله مهمترین این موارد می توان به تهدیدات مربوط به فعالیت گروه های تروریستی و تندروی مذهبی مانند داعش و طالبان، پتانسیل های بسیار مساعد اقتصادی بخصوص بازارهای داخلی افغانستان، بحث های مربوط به حمل و نقل و ارتباطات، مساله انرژی بخصوص گاز، منابع غنی معدنی مانند طلا و مس و... اشاره کرد. بنابراین سوال اصلی تحقیق این است که در روابط استراتژیک ایران و هند، افغانستان چه نقشی را می تواند ایفا نماید؟ روش پژوهش با توجه به ماهیت نظری تحقیق کیفی مبتنی بر رویکرد توصیفی تحلیلی بوده که در آن از تکنیک مطالعه موردی استفاده شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: روابط استراتژیک، همکاری منطقه ای، تروریسم، دیپلماسی فعال، تنش زدایی
  • حسین صادقی، عبدالله واثق عباسی *، محمدامیر مشهدی، عباسعلی آهنگر صفحات 167-190
    پژوهش حاضر جهت شناخت بهتر و عمیق تر شاهنامه فردوسی از الگوی گفتمان شناسی انتقادی ون لیوون(2008) برای بررسی مولفه های گفتمان مدار مبتنی بر پوشیدگی و صراحت استفاده نموده و به بررسی و تحلیل کمی و کیفی برشی از متن داستان پادشاهی بهرام گور در ارتباط با روابط ایران در زمان ساسانیان با شنگل هند و سرزمین هند پرداخته است. شیوه پژوهش تحلیلی-توصیفی است و با استناد به آثار کتابخانه ای انجام گرفته است. در این راستا، این پژوهش گامی نو در زمینه زبان شناسی ادبیات و سبک شناسی زبان شناختی برداشته است و نشان می دهد که چگونه یک اثر ادبی بزرگ با نشان دادن لایه های معنایی مختلف و پنهان آن همچون »تاریخ» می تواند فعال و پویا باشد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که فردوسی در داستان بهرام گور و شنگل هند با بسامد بالا از مولفه های جامعه شناختی-معنایی مطابق با الگوی پژوهش استفاده نموده است؛ این نکته مهم نشانگر بازتاب جریان قدرت و ایدئولوژی در لایه های زیرین متن و نقش آن در صراحت و پوشیدگی شخصیت ها یا کارگزاران و کارکردهای آنان است.
    کلیدواژگان: تصویرسازی شخصیت، گفتمان شناسی انتقادی، شاهنامه فردوسی، ون لیوون
  • ابراهیم طاهری*، محسن بیات صفحات 191-210
    نوع جهت گیری که هر کشور در محیط خارجی اتخاذ می کند می تواند بر منافع راهبردی و کلان کشورهای دیگر به صورت های فرصت و محدودیت تاثیر گذارد. رابطه هند و جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز از این قاعده مستثنی نیست، از این منظر نزدیکی هند به دوستان ایران می تواند به عنوان یک فرصت، با رقبای و دشمنان ایران می تواند باعث محدودیت هایی برای گسترش رابطه ایران و هند شود. برای مثال، دوستی سنتی هند با روسیه به عنوان فرصت، همکاری نزدیک با عربستان سعودی، رژیم صهیونیستی و امریکا به خودی خود می تواند به عنوان یک محدودیت برای توسعه روابط دوجانبه و چندجانبه بین ایران و هند عمل کند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی آثار و پیامدهای روابط خارجی هند برای جمهوری اسلامی ایران در محیط منطقه ای و بین المللی با رویکردهای فرصت و محدودیت است. روش پژوهش مورد استفاده، روش توصیفی-تحلیلی با استفاده از داده های کتابخانه ای است.
    کلیدواژگان: هند، روابط خارجی، ایران، فرصت، محدودیت
  • محسن کیهان پور *، ابوالقاسم نعمت شهر بابکی صفحات 211-234
    جنگ به عنوان یک فرآینداجتماعی در هر جامعه ای که رخ دهد وجوه مختلف زندگی انسانی را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. از جمله ی این حوزه ها، زمینه های تولیدات هنری است. و گاه این تولیدات الزاما توسط هنرمندان آکادمیک و با رویکرد و زبان هنری شناخته شده ی روز تولید نمی شود. از آثار پیش از تاریخ تا امروز آدمیان به هر شکل که توانسته اند موضوع جنگ را بازتاب داده اند و در بسیاری از این تولیدات، بخش نامطلوب آن را به امید توقف و تغییر به تصویر کشیده اند. از آخرین نمونه های اینگونه آثار که توسط مردمان عادی و سنتی در اعلام انزجار از جنگ بیان شده فرش هایی است که در افغانستان بافته شده و در آنها المان های جنگ، به عنوان موضوعی آزاردهنده مورد اشاره قرار گرفته است. پرسش آن است که آیا بافندگان و تولیدکنندگان فرش سنتی در افغانستان، بدون آموزش های هنری، چگونه و با چه سامانه ای به این مهم دست یافته اند؟ و آیا توان بازخوانی و دسته بندی در این گونه آثار امکانپذیر است؟ با این نگاه پس از بررسی مختصر نقش و طرح در قالی بافی، به بررسی نمونه هایی که به فرش جنگ در افغانستان مشهورند پرداخته شد و نتیجتا با رهیافت به دست آمده یکی از آثار برجسته ی ایجاد شده در این زمینه تحلیل هنری شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: قالی بافی، افغانستان، فرش جنگ، گرافیک، طرح قالی
  • افشین متقی، مراد کاویانی راد، سید هادی زرقانی، حسن صدرانیا * صفحات 235-254
    آب ماده ای ضروری برای بقای جوامع است و عبور آن از مرزهای بین المللی سبب شده تا به عنوان یک عامل مهم در شکل دادن به منازعه یا همکاری میان کشورها نقش آفرینی کند. یکی از اقدامات بنیادی در تجزیه و تحلیل مناسبات هیدروپلیتیک در سیستم رود های فرامرزی، شناخت متغیرهایی است که در اهمیت آب های فرامرزی برای کشورها نقش دارند. آب هریرود از افغانستان وارد ایران می شود و قرارگرفتن حوضه ی آبریز آن در نوار خشک و نیمه خشک جهانی سبب وابستگی آن ها به آب هریرود برای تامین نیاز آبی شان شده است. برنامه های توسعه ای افغانستان سبب کاهش ورود آب هریرود به ایران شده به گونه ای که می تواند زمینه ساز چالش در امنیت آبی شمال خاوری ایران گردد. از این روی سوال پژوهش این است که متغیرها و شاخص های تاثیرگذار در اهمیت راهبردی هریرود برای ایران و افغانستان کدام است؟ برای این منظور 86 شاخص شناسایی و داده ها با استفاده از روش دلفی و روش تحلیل ساختاری با نرم افزار میک مک تحلیل شده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که شاخص های اهمیت هریرود برای آب آشامیدنی، امنیت غذایی، امنیت منابع آبی برای ایران و شاخص های اهمیت هریرود برای امنیت ملی، امنیت منابع آبی و انجام برنامه های توسعه ی اقتصادی برای افغانستان جزو شاخص های راهبردی محسوب می شوند.
    کلیدواژگان: هیدروپلیتیک، ایران، افغانستان، هریرود، تحلیل ساختاری
  • حمیدرضا محمدی، ابراهیم احمدی * صفحات 255-276
    تا 1947 میلادی، ایران و هند، دو کشور همسایه بودند که به واسطه تقسیم استعماری شبه قاره، کشور حائل پاکستان با انبوهی از مشکلات جایگزین هند شد. پس از این تاریخ، مسائل داخلی و خارجی هند و پاکستان به شدت به یکدیگر گره خورد. امروزه شناخت سیاست خارجی پاکستان بدون درک عمیق محیط سیاسی- امنیتی پیچیده آسیای جنوبی بخصوص در تطبیق با هند و افغانستان، امکان پذیر نیست. هدف این مقاله امکان سنجی و بررسی چالش های پیشروی همگرایی ایران با پاکستان در مقایسه و تطبیق با هند است. یافته های پژهشی نشان می دهد با وجود اینکه ایران و پاکستان دارای زمینه همگرایی اند، این مهم تا حالا به صورت واقعی محقق نشده است. برعکس در انطباق با پاکستان؛ هند، در اغلب زمینه هایی که روابط پاکستان با ایران واگرا است، روابط همگرا و روبه رشدی با ایران دارد. قابل یادآوری است که هدف نویسندگان مقاله، ارائه پیشنهادی مبنی بر جایگزینی و ترجیح هند بر پاکستان و برعکس آن، در مناسبات و روابط خارجی ایران نیست؛ حال آنکه پاکستان همسایه مطمئن و قابل احترام ایران است و هند به واسطه پتانسیل های فراوان و سطح گسترده روابط- در سیاست خارجی ایران کشوری است راهبردی. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و بر مبنای روش کیفی است. گردآوری داده ها، با استفاده از منابع و ابزار کتابخانه ای است.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، پاکستان، هند، افغانستان، عربستان سعودی، تروریسم
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  • Aboozar Ahmadi *, Amirhamzeh Salarzaei, Seyyed Ali Khazaie Pages 9-22
    Introduction
    There are numerous contracts in the Islamic jurisprudence for utilizing and exploiting the arena, which can be mentioned in the contracts of Moan Mazar, Moghreza, Mosqat, and ... in this regard. One of the types of these contracts is a contract called "Estehkar" or "Hoker", which, despite the advisability and usefulness, has not been addressed in the legal system of Iran, but in civil law in Afghanistan and in the fourth book of the seventh article of the Civil Code, The title of the various sentences has been drafted, and in the material 2323 to 2349, there is an independent subject entitled "Rightful". This agreement applies to lands that are out of use and need development and development.
    In this law, there is a contract for the construction of any kind on which to receive the exchange, which is essentially different from the nature of the other contracts, including the rental agreement. These types of contracts for the construction of the land on leased real estate, in most legal systems, like the country of Iran, are placed under the title of lease contract with other conditions or contracts, and it seems to be able to This jurisprudential institution takes advantage of its independent and legal jurisprudential title. The review of this law indicates that the culprit is an independent contract of rent and requires legal and legal review. Since this institution has codified and approved laws in civil law of Afghanistan in order to clarify its nature and to apply its provisions in Iran, it is useful to examine this contract in civil law of Afghanistan, which writers intend to enter this Have an article.
    The most important question to be asked about the title of this research is that: What is the nature of the right and wrong contracts in Afghanistan's law? And what about the rules and rules of knowledge of law in Afghanistan, what are the conditions for this contract to be considered?
    Research
    Methodology
    In order to accomplish this research and to achieve the results of the research, we use a common method of collecting information, using a library study method (studying and reviewing references), and using a hyphen for direct quotation or mohaghegh's The content is used indirectly as a quotation. Like all library studies, books and articles have been used and referring to related sites and resources.
    Discussion
    In the fourth book of the seventh article of the Civil Code of Afghanistan, entitled "Different sentences", under the 2323-2349 articles, an independent subject entitled "Lawyer" has been mentioned, which is expressed in the terms of this legal and legal institution as follows: Definition of right
    The lawmaker of this country in civil law has placed a token in the amount of objective rights and has provided such definition in Article 2323: "Right is the right to object, which is the purpose of the survival of the land for the construction, planting or one of these Two are against certain wages. " (Mohaghegh, 909: 1388)
    Contrary to Egyptian civil law, which did not provide any definition of this institution, the legislator of Afghanistan has given a clear definition in the first part of this book. One of the goals of this institution, referred to by this article, is the survival of areas that are out of exploitation and need development and development. Therefore, the owner of the right can have any seizure, including the construction of a building or a planting site, and, in exchange for such seizure, must pay a sum to the landlord as a rent. Although the contract seems to be similar to the rental agreement and can be considered as one of the effects of the rental agreement, it should be considered for that independent legal title because of the fundamental differences with the rental agreement.
    The time is right
    One of the basic characteristics of the institution is the length of time that the law referred to in Article 2324 and assigned it a period of 50 years, and stated: "The length of time is not exceeded from fifty years. slow. For a period of more than fifty years or so, it is credited for a period of fifty years. "(Mohaghegh, 910: 1388) This long time has given a special face to the nature of the contract. And distinguishes it from ordinary rental contracts. This institution has long been in all legal systems, and one of the differences with the rental agreement is the same feature of the length of the term.
    Expiry clause and court authorization
    Because of the special effects and the mixing of various contracts and the plight of multiple rights, it is not possible to conclude this contract in Afghanistan except in exceptional cases. The contract in this country shall be concluded only on the basis of necessity or expediency and with the permission of the Provincial Court, where all or a substantial part of the land is in the jurisdiction of that court. Article 2325 of this law states: "A marriage contract is not a license, except on the basis of necessity or expediency and the permission of the court of the province where all or most of the land is situated in the area of ​​the court in terms of price. The contract shall be signed by the chairman or the member appointed by the chairman of the court. The bail will be arranged later in accordance with the law. " (Mohaghegh, 910: 1388)
    Authority and authority of the owner
    The right in Afghan civil law will not be dissolved by the death of one of the parties, and after the termination of the term, the property and the land and the realm will be owned by the main owners, and therefore the contract can be considered as necessary contracts. Article 2326 of the Civil Code of Afghanistan states: "The owner of the right can, on the ground under his control, make a declaration of transfer of property or profits. In all these states, the land, buildings, objects, and other immovable property after the end of the term of the right, shall be restored to the main owner or his heirs or to the observance of article 2324 of this law. " (Mohaghegh, 910: 1388) Also, according to this article, the rightful owner has the right to own and has the right to transfer to the arena.
    Article 2327 of this law also states one of the rightful owner of the right: "The rightful owner can seize one and the same rights in the field and in the field". (Mohaghegh, 911: 1388) is also one of the homeowner's homeowners who pay the rent, which the owner must pay the rent to the landlord in due time: "The owner of the right is obliged to pay the assessed allowance in the agreed upon agreement , Blacksmith ". (Mohaghegh, 911: 1388)
    Other assignments for the rightful owner of this law are as follows: "The owner of the right is obliged to use the means necessary to obtain the land, and the conditions agreed upon by the nature of the earth, for which the land is prepared for it. And subject to the custom of the region. " (Mohaghegh, 912: 1388)
    Surrender
    The amount of the right is determined on the basis of the agreement of the parties, but in any case, it should not be less than the equivalent. Article 2329 of the Civil Code of Afghanistan states: "A contract is less than the amount of employment permissible, no reimbursement, or the deduction of the amount of paid employment, which may have been incurred in excess of the value of Khums in excess of or decrease in value. And has passed since the last assessment of five years. " (Mohaghegh, 911: 1388)
    Article 2330 of this law also states in the preceding article: "In assessing the amount or amount of land rent, the land is to be counted when it is measured, in which the position of the land and the size of the people's desire are respected. The existence of the object or the property of the rightful owner thereof is not established or the rights and privileges of the owner of the right in the land in question are not valid for the assessment of the remuneration. "
    Extended right
    Article 2331 of this law is related to the renewal of the right: "The new measure is valid from the date of the agreement of the parties or from the date on which the claim for payment of the claim is made." (Mohaghegh, 911: 1388).
    Okay in the endowments
    There is no specific property in Afghanistan civil code and can be used for endowment property. Article 2334 of this law states as to the exact relationship with the property of the endowment: "If an act has been made on the land of the endowment and the waqf's attribute from the land referred to by the waqfent is deduced from the waqf, it will end there. And if the endowment period is deducted from the waqf, if the remaining period is less than a certain period, then the waqf end time is continued.
    Conclusion
    One of the legal and legal entities is a contract called "Honest or Arbitrary", which is further mentioned by Sunni jurisprudents. The treaty is a long-term contract and, as stated, the Afghan legislator has set a maximum period of 50 years to conclude it. In this agreement, the landlord has the right to take an interest in the field and, with this in mind, can look for a lot of legal issues and new tangibles.
    Of the discussed issues, it can be seen in Islamic jurisprudence that the legitimacy of this institution, which is applicable to the assignment of leased land for the construction of a land. The contract in the neighboring country of Afghanistan has a comprehensive and comprehensive legal system for concluding contracts with special conditions. Since many of the new contracts in our country are applicable to this jurisprudential institution, in view of the civil law reform plan proposed by Mohammad Jafari Jafari Langroudi, and in the third part of the fifth book and in Article 1461, And its definition, and it is suggested that the Iranian legislator will discuss a clause in Iran's civil law to discuss arbitrary contracts and express terms and conditions, in order to set up many transactions and contracts. Which is similar to the legal and legal concept.
  • Mohammad Akbari *, Abbas Karimi, Ali Aleboye Pages 23-42
    Introduction
    In the current era, with the emergence of computer phenomena and the ever-increasing scope of e-commerce, almost all of the countries in the commercial field have inevitably changed their traditional style to e-commerce by approving e-commerce laws in the international arena, including the UNCITRAL Law approved in 1996 and other similar laws, accepted the said laws or approving similar laws to the objectives of the global trade; it is to be regarded that the electronic contracts have certain characteristics, for example, the aforesaid contracts can be created in the form of data messages on the personal computer of each party to the contract, and this status is in contrast to the traditional contracts since a person may only create a message data on his own computer but he never sends the message data from the originator and personal computer, or if the it is sent, the contract party may not receive it, therefore, what is to be done in here?
    In such cases, you should refer to the specific law of e-commerce; in the absence of such specific laws, you should refer to the general laws contained in other codes.
    The Constitutional Law is the basis of the legal system of India, like the Iranian legal system. The Indian Constitutional Law was approved in 1949 and implemented since January 1950; since the time, it has been implemented with no major change. With the increasing development of the world, the two-parliamentary systems of that country have approved supplementary laws. (Mousavifard, Shahtaheri, 2016:9)
    The Information Technology Act (ITACT), being ratified in 2000, is one of the aforesaid laws; this law is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law, which was the first Cyber ​​Information Technology Act (in India) (Talib 2016: 66- 67); the e-commerce law in India is the same as the Information Technology Act (Krishan, 2015: 4).
    In Iranian legal system, with the approval of the e-commerce act, similar to India, the laws of UNCITRAL have been accepted and set in force.
    In the legal systems of the two countries, in case of silence and urgency, we should refer to other laws. The major question is that how much the basis and conditions of electronic contracts in Iran and India correspond to international trade documents?
    Given the fact that the conclusion of electronic contracts in our country has not been having a long history and that successful business in the international community requires introduction to the laws governing such contracts and regarding that India has emerged successful in e-commerce, and that both countries follow the UNCITRAL laws, and that such codes have not been adequately addressed, there is a need to investigate and study these issues considering the following
    Objectives
    1. Identifying the achievements of the international legal system of international trade based on the view of protecting electronic contracts and making them enforceable in the territory of the countries and clarifying the legal principles in Iran's governing law in order to identify electronic contracts and to reconcile the use of governing law and the competent court.
    Research
    Method
    The research method in here is descriptive and comparative. Firstly, it is required to introduce and identify traditional and electronic contracts in terms of Iranian law, and then these types of contracts should be studied in the field of international trade. Toward gaining desired goals, the research steps are described as follows: First, there is a snapshot of the Persian books, papers articles and sources that exist in the domestic law. Then we took into consideration, translate and scan from legal sources in the field of international trade and India subject of the discussed issues.
    Discussion
    The term "contract" is equivalent to "Contract in English" and "Contrat in French", and refers to an agreement between two or more persons (parties) regarding a subject with legal interest. (Firoozitabar 2015: 5)
    According to Article 2 of the Electronic Commerce Law of Iran, it is stipulated that e-commerce services provide remote contracting between the supplier and the consumer using telecommunications.
    And in accordance with the definition of the Article 14 of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), it refers to a specific person or certain persons for the purpose of concluding a contract, and it is completely, definitively and clearly showing their intentions to conclude contract and it will be enforceable for them if being accepted (Darabpour 1975: 186)
    Acceptance in the word means admission. In the term, acceptance is consent to the requirement expressed for the conclusion of the contract (Ansari and Taheri, 2005: 1507)
    The Article 3 of the UNCITRAL Convention 2005 recognizes the will of the parties in the form of declaration of intention and the nature of the contract. In Iran, the validity of the message has been validated in accordance with Articles 6 and 12 of the Electronic Commerce Act, and the use of it has been accepted as the base, and the Indian Information Technology Act in this regard is similar to the Iranian law. Therefore, in spite of the intention of the parties, a legal nature is formed under the contract.
    According to e-commerce law for establishing a legal relationship in the electronic environment, the existence of the originator and the audience and the exchange of message data between them are required. However, pursuant to Para (b) and Para (c) of Article 2 of E-commerce Law, the purpose of these parties shall in no way include the person acting as intermediary in relation to the data of the message. The legislator shall assign the message data assignment to Originator in two cases and in accordance with Article 18: (a) if originator or personally submitted to "Originator" as described below, authorized by the Originator.
    (b) if authorized by the Information Programming System or by automated contracting, thus, in electronic contracts where the concessionary transactions are done automatically submitted by Originator. In fact, the computer as a tool under the control and will of the parties to the agreement, and with the addition of the terms of an electronic contract concluded and its effects will not be different from the traditional contracts, it may only be positive in the event of dispute between the parties.
    Conclusion
    1. Information Technology has provide the field for many business exchanges, transactions and services to be provided through the Internet to recognize new communication technologies in contract formation, the way they are formed and validated, the ability to assign electronic documents, the way payments are made electronically and etc. which are among the most important issues in this field in many countries, including Iran and India.
    2. With regard to electronic contracts, with the adoption of the Electronic Commerce Act 2003 in Iran and the IT Law in India in 2000, these contracts are based on both the formation process and the nature of the law, unless otherwise explicitly provided by law. The necessary legal framework has been validated within the framework of the legal system of the two countries. Since our country's e-commerce law and the Indian IT law do not adequately address all the problems and ambiguities, so if necessary, it should seek the general laws, including civil law in Iran and the Indian contract law, to resolve the ambiguity and urgency.
    3. Given that the Electronic Commerce Act of Iran and the Indian IT Law are derived from the UNCITRAL laws, the terms of validity of electronic contracts and the conclusion style of contracts are the same.
  • Zahra Pakzad * Pages 43-64
    Introduction
    1-1. Problem statement and research questions
    The life of sociology depends on the acceptance of existed "society". Sociological trends become baseless if there is not any imagination of existence of any society. Pierre Bourdieu was a sociologist who made serious effort for the inequality and added numerous concepts to the encyclopedia of social sciences such as the habitus, and cultural capital field. According to his view, all human beings are activist. Action is a practice which occurs in a field; and any field is where the potential and actual forces are exchanged with each other. To understand the meaning of artistic action, we should first understand the art field which is resulted from exchange of forces.
    Expansiveness of the contemporary art and the plurality of artwork in the public field are the consequences of development and culture of consumerism in the Capitalist System. The present study sought to scrutinize the status of artwork in the urban space by focusing on the Anish Kapoor's works as one of the most prominent "Public art" artists in the last few decades. Recognition of forces, which affect the creation and plurality of urban sculptures, is the most important issue.
    1-2- Research objectives and necessity
    Nowadays, what the public is getting about the art is basically from perspective of media on the art, and the language of those who desire to invest in the art. These transfer and reception in artistic action with a global approach have roots in the social transformation of today's world. The present study aimed to achieve a sociological investigation of forces of the contemporary art field.
    Research
    Method
    The conceptual scope of the research literature was initially determined by providing a definition of Pierre Bourdieu's theory and his methodology about bipolar art and sociology, and then we briefly explained the most important forces and institutions of contemporary art. Afterwards, we studied the complex origin of the new capitalist system and the reasons for plurality of artwork in the public domain by describing the public art indices in analysis of Anish Kapoor's works.
    Discussion
    Public art and the presence of sculptures in urban spaces In 1976, the inclusion of art in urban spaces was considered as a business, and new cities were obvious examples of this field. Publication of the "Art and City" work by the initiative of the General Secretariat of new French cities was the construction richness at that time. The main purpose of this work was to demonstrate the importance of using sculptors and painter's works, and in general, the presence of artistic works in the city. Generally, the "art" (urban art) term includes all the arts which are designed by specific planning and purposes for a certain urban area. Public art can cover any artwork. These works should try to increase the audience's visual literacy and a sense of aesthetics in addition to utilization of aesthetic and artistic features due to being in places where there are not only the specific audiences, but the masses of people (Archer, 2009, 187). Urban art can be converted to a social structure due to its totally public texture and diverse audiences.
    The existing reality eliminates the life failures, suppressions and limitations in the relations of the capitalist society. Contemporary art covers up the limitations of society in a neoliberal system by misrepresenting the social reality through representation of a free and cheerful activity. On the other hand, the relation and interaction with the "mass culture" and the elements of consumer life, rather than interaction with the real affair, refer to the perception in the contemporary art as the interaction with a "real affair" or real life. (Stallabrass, 2010, 44)
    The economic globalization refers to the general and fundamental concern which does not have anything to do with aesthetic components, and it perceives the art as a set of commercial goods which can be potentially invested. Nowadays, the globalization has increased the wealth of middle classes and created better economic and technological entrepreneurial units which have covered these gaps. Immigrant artists were forced to have certain cultural life leading to the malformed nature of their works. However, these artists began to change the taste and traditions of the metropolitan European-American environment with a postcolonial background and this made anxiety about their assignment. Kapoor called himself "Mr. Intermediate". His work has coincided with the globalization era when the old national structures, which were strengthened during the imperialism and colonialism periods, are now transformed by immigration of mass population and authenticity of free flow of trade and communications. However, such these dramatic changes motivate the reverse identity-based attitudes which sometimes result in the problematic consequences.

    Conclusion
    Sociology measures the art of relationship between the artistic products and social phenomena. This study is direct, hidden, symbolic, and comparative study, and paves the way for conducting research on the measurement of social effectiveness, analysis on artistic phenomena and assessment of necessary presence of artwork. Introducing the field concept and describing different types of capital, Pierre Bourdieu considered the art field as the self- governing reflection of social changes. According to him, this new paradigm of society has prioritized world-class authority structures, the relationships between governments and globalization processes in the field of economics, politics, culture and communications, and transnational and class identities. Nowadays, the globalization and models are among the most effective forces in the cultural revolution of contemporary society and new social movements in the West, and they are among the stages of emergence and expansion of the capitalist system.
    Development and transformation in the contemporary art are like thefull-length mirrors of permanent development in the capitalist system. The unrelenting changes and combination of signs and borderless destruction of boundaries indicate the weak forms of dominant system. The totality of the contemporary art manifestation, or the combination of cultural elements, is the dream of global capitalism which is valued by the most important capitalist system components namely the "consumption" and "constant development". "Public art", which can be defined within the field of contemporary art, gradually becomes a component of the development and civilization, and provides the basis for presence of the urban sculptures. Like all other cultural products which are built for capital economy, the art is only considered as a commodity.
    Anish Kapoor's the recent collection is the best place to see the interaction of contemporary art object and the plurality of sculptures in the public arena. Wonder and fantasy are the keywords for understanding the Kapoor's works. Colors are shocking and shapes are strange. The use of doubt and mystery is the highly-tested technique of the contemporary art. Therefore, Kapoor uses this method at new scales to attract the audience's attention, and presents his works for the public in line with the capitalist system and its characteristics. In Kapoor's works, most of applied materials show audiences the Eastern roots and Hindu rituals along with the abstract fanciful volumes, and more importantly, the artist's originality. The capitalist system insists and confirms that in today's world, the art is a phenomenon which is led by the market and does not consider the quality or prominence of the artwork as the main determinants. Sometimes, the market demands are not along with the artist's inner tendencies; and the artists create the artwork by astounding creativities, cleverness and innovation with regard to the environmental characteristics, features, materials and characteristics of modern art and capitalism of plurality.
  • Mandana Tishehyar, Mohammadjavad Fathi *, Majid Dashtgerd Pages 65-86
    Introduction
    India and China, as two great Asian powers, are going to gain dominance over their surrounding regions to secure their hegemony throughout all Asia. It has led the two states towards a fundamental competition in Asia, and has led to the formation of a series of economic and military tensions between them and in Asia. However, in their hegemonic approaches, the two countries have selected the south and southeast of Asia as their main priorities and are trying to gain control over them, as their surrounding regions. The strategic view of the two states to these regions has resulted in their severe competitions mainly in economic and political terms. The present study is going to show that India and China, as two great powers, are struggling to gain dominance over the south and southeast of Asia as a prelude to their further hegemony and dominance over the whole Asia; therefore, it is imperative for the statesmen and decision-makers of Islamic Republic of Iran to be well aware of these international realities and be able to develop an appropriate political orientation towards China and India, as two states contending for gaining hegemony over Asia. The question of this study is “how have the economic and military components affected competitions between India and China in the south and southeast of Asia?”
    Research
    Methodology
    This study has used an analytic method. Accordingly, the authors compare and analyze the relations between the economic and military components and the hegemonic component to show what relationship exists between these components and the hegemonic competition of China and India in the south and southeast of Asia. Data analysis is also qualitative and the research hypothesis is analyzed according to empirical indicators and logical reasoning.
    Discussion
    During recent decades, an interminable cycle of economic and military competitions has occurred between China and India in their regions. The Indians are, first of all, trying to gain control over the South Asian region, and continue to extend the scope of their dominance to China’s backyard – the southeast of Asia and China’s South Sea. The Chinese are also trying to both preserve their status in the South Sea and the southeast of Asia and develop their sea communications with South Asian states; in this way, they are going to challenge the presence of the Chinese in this geographical area.
    Before the 1990s, India had overlooked the importance of communicating with the southeast of Asia, and the free-trade and market-economy-based communications had no place in the foreign-policy priorities of this state. Compared to India, Southeast Asian states were much less economically developed in the 1960s and were regarded as an unattractive area for economic planning and cooperation. The economic priorities of India’s foreign policy in those days were also supporting its own industries. As for Indians, the Chinese are focusing their attention towards the south and southeast of Asia and are looking at this geographical location as a strategic and specific economic zone. In fact, China’s extraordinary progress in the southeast of Asia are a result of its economic developments. In 2000, Philippines’ former President had expressly maintained that he thinks “China is going to overcome Asia.” (Kang and Cha, 2010: 88-89)
    China and India’s efforts in developing their Asian hegemonies have instigated military competitions between them in the south and southeast of Asia. Both states are going to have military dominance over the region and, through this means, attain some of their hegemonic goals. China’s dominance over the south and southeast of Asia is a major cause of India’s concerns in the region. In China’s approach also, its military dominance over the south and southeast of Asia – especially its dominance over its own backyard, i.e. the Southeastern Asia and China’s South Sea – has a special place. After its successful economic reforms and turning into a great economic power, China has prioritized its military power and dominance over its neighbors.
    Conclusion
    India and China were under the spell of the socialist ideology during the Cold War, and thus they were engaged in the games of the two powers: the US and the USSR. End of the Cold War let the Chinese and Indian politicians to freely choose their development strategy and try to increase their power and influence in Asia. In 1979, China initiated its economic reforms and India started it one decade later. These reforms empowered the two states so much so that in the beginning of the twentieth century, both countries reached a considerable degree of economic growth and development. Increase in their economic power called for similar developments in the two countries’ military capacities; therefore, the two states tried to mobilize their military resources according to their economic capacities, so that by 2012 they came to become two large military powers of the world. In fact, developments in their internal capacities have inclined the two states towards trying to gain hegemony in Asia and have brought about a wave of competitions in various geographical zones in Asia. Not only are the competitions in economic and military fields between India and China increasing within their national borders, the hegemonic competition between them has also gone beyond the two countries to include the whole Asia. South Asia and Southeast Asia are backyards for India and China respectively which should be far from the influence of their competitors and remain safe from their ambitious goals. Both countries are trying to enter these areas into a free-trade zone as well as preserving their military superiority. Accordingly, India and China have been signing economic and defence treaties with the countries of the region. In this situation, with the continuation of current trends, one can expect to see a surge in competitions over economic resources and markets, as well as an increase in military competitions between the two continental powers of Asia. This will not only influence the political and diplomatic relations of the two states, but will considerably affect their relations with the countries in the south and southeast of Asia. Therefore, increased competitions in political, economic and military terms between India and China, both on the borders and in their surrounding regions, can instigate future insecurities in Asia.
    Keywords: India, China, Southeast of Asia, Economic Competition, Military Competition, Hegemony
  • Jahangir Jahangiri, Arash Mousavi * Pages 87-108
    Introduction
    Death has preoccupied the minds of sociologist, philosophers and historians who have tried to deconstruct it in recent decades and suggested new ways for understanding, acting and living besides it (Walter, 1994). Despite the last centuries in which people faced death directly, new ways of understanding and deconstructing death is influenced by mass media images, interpretation and representations developed by social scientists (Jacobsen, 2013: 15). These studies have been carried out under the title of " Thanatology".. Although death is a natural phenomenon, it is also a social and cultural thing or as sociology is concerned a social construction. It must seem obvious that religions have always and everywhere been concerned about death, even in prehistoric times when what we now call “religion” was not yet institutionalized (Bregmen, 2010: 1). From religious point of view, Death is the gateway to the other world. According to most theories of early religion, a great deal, if not all, of religious inspiration has been derived from it. The idea of immortality was also derived from religions (Lifton and Olson, 1974: 35 ). So it is necessary to describe these ideas if one wants to deal with them. This paper aims at recognizing the cultural condition ,related rituals and representations to Buddhism. It tries to answer this question that death representations in Buddhism show what aspects and values of their society?

    Methodology
    This is a qualitative research which uses document analysis technique. Social representations have content and structure. Content includes information, believe and attitudes which are used by special groups to refer to social things. On the other hand, structural elements show the way that content is organized. They can be divided into two parts: core and periphery. This approach is called Central Core theory (Abric, 1994). So the data was gathered using this approach to recognize social representation of death in Buddhism. Based on this approach, there are three criteria to identify representations: symbolic value, expressive value, associative value. In this paper the emphasis is on the symbolic value that is defined as: symbolic element has a symbolic value that is identified via recognition of elements which can change the meanings.
    Discussion
    The history of Buddhism is a mixture of fact, myth and legend. Traditionally, Buddhists claim their faith is eternal, synonymous with reality itself. While the teachings may seem abstract, they come from specific, concrete situation that all human beings can relate to. Death is regular occurrence in any society. Buddhist teachings stress the inherently fragile and impermanent nature of existence and try to promote acceptance and understanding so that we may transcend the suffering that comes with life and its inevitable end. Death is merely a fact of existence. death is intimately tied to birth. Anything that is born will inevitably die. Life is, in this sense, a perpetual perishing. Every moment, thus, is essentially marked by death, and it leads inevitably to another birth, another death, and so on. Thus, samsara is a thoroughly interdependent and interconnected cycle. The interconnectedness of birth, life, and death was a cornerstone of traditional Indian cosmology.
    Conclusion
    It may seem that all of this focus on funerals and death gives Buddhism a gloomy demeanor, many people are concerned about the religion being reduced to ‘‘Funeral Buddhism’’.Nonetheless, facing death is an important part of Buddhism. After all, the Buddha taught that one overcomes suffering by understanding and acceptance rather than avoidance. By and large, cultures where Buddhism has flourished are resigned to death, regarding it as the basic accompaniment to life. They think funeral rituals are a regular part of the Buddhist life cycle. Moreover, because life is a constant process of change, grief too, as part of life, shall ultimately pass. Buddhist teachings and practices, by promoting depth of understanding, attest to one of life’s great paradoxes: that joy can be found even in the midst of suffering. Certainly Buddhism from its inception has insisted that death must be accepted rather than denied or ignored. Such acceptance, though, should not be confused with a morbid, necrophiliac curiosity. In this, perhaps, Buddhism is no different from other major world religions. Moreover, like other religions, Buddhism offers a host of ritual practices for handling death, and its teachings offer hope and consolation for both the deceased and the bereaved. As far as Buddhism is concerned, then, it seems to be a source of great psychological and sociological wisdom when it comes to dealing with our inevitable mortality.Yet Buddhism offers more than this. In its focus on death, Buddhism paradoxically prompts us to ask ourselves whether we are really living. Since death is inevitable and could happen at any moment, life is precious. In truth, it is in this moment and this moment alone that we live, and we should embrace it here and now in all its awful glory.
    Keywords: social representation, Buddhism, ritual, samsara. nirvana
  • Abdolrasool Hasanifar *, Nourmohammad Nazerian, Mohammadmehdi Tavasoli Pages 109-128
    Introduction
    There are three basic stages in human bio-life that include birth, marriage and death. The form of holding these ceremonies is different in each society, although inevitable similarities may be seen in two different societies. These steps are customary in all societies and lands. The ethnographic and comparative study of marriage patterns in the two lands of Iran and India, which have many common cultural and historical backgrounds, has not been done so far and the place of such research is empty.
    Today necessity to know culture and civilization of own and discovery of their origin is obvious for all. As this matter is considered as soft power components. Even those countries which has less cultural backgrounds are trying to find their cultural origins. On this basis discovery and to know this cultural background and to find segregation forms and their unity with other nations are the necessities which the article tries to do it. Especially this necessity in both civilizations which is connected from long back is multiple.
    According to this necessity, the main goal of this article is to research anthropologically the marriage ceremonies in Iran and India. In this way in the article two nations are comparatively compared, till the segregation forms and their unity to be cleared.
    Research
    Methodology
    Using the experiences and observations of the authors and using existing valid sources, as well as collecting information by library method and analyzing and criticizing them, is the method of research in this paper. By using this method, it is expected that the roots of cultural and common affinities between Iranians and Indians, on the one hand, and showing the common points or differentiation in the marriage patterns in these two lands, on the other hand, are to be clarified.
    Discussion
    The origins and dates of cultural relations between Iran and India should be sought during the period of the Aryan people's migration to Iran and the Indian subcontinent. When the Aryan tribes were looking for more and more pasture and nutrition resources, and the cold lands of the Caucasus Mountains had hardened their lives, they would inevitably migrate to the southern territories. A group of them went to Iran, and another one went to the eastern territories and then entered India.
    What has been considered in this paper is the study of the aspects of sharing and analyzing the roots of consistency between these two cultures in this issue. The search for the common roots of these rituals and their ethnological analysis in these two countries, as well as the proximity of the form and content of their holding in the two lands of Iran and India, is a new look that this paper tries to do it. The ultimate goal of this study, in addition to answering the main question and finding the assumptions of this research, is to familiarize the peoples of the two communities with their contributions to one of the greatest common traditions (marriage).
    In Iran according to environmental conditions, values and social habitude, the form of family and marriage are different. Historical and anthropological researches show that marriage and kinship had organized forms in Iran from long back. For some reasons like full blood or marriage people believed as relatives to each other and according to this kinship, restriction and boundaries they used to plan. In 1877 Lewis Henry Morgan with observation on priority of matrilineal against patrilineal systems concluded that after promiscuity which had in the begging a series of sexual relation restrictions between parents and children and after that between sisters and brothers were applicable. (Rouholamini M.1995.P.793). Iranian marriage ceremonies can be divided into two parts: one is related to marriage and the other one is related to wedding.
    In India although people have different believes in tradition and rite and ceremonies of marriage but marriage institution among all Indians and other religions are unit, and in this connection marriage in most religious texts of India is considered as religious act. In general in India marriage ceremony is divided into two parts: first part is engagement ceremony which is called as Kormaay and second part is wedding ceremony which is called Lavan or Lava. In fact, the only thing which legitimate to sikh’s unity is this permission against holy book. After that bride and bridegroom start living together. Therefore, bride along bridegroom leave the father’s house and shifts to husband’s house. (Bajpai, 2011: 73-74; Sikh wedding booklets, 2015)
    Conclusion
    It is supposed that as a result of the Aryans migrated to southern territories, both large groups of immigrants who had common traditions and customs maintained the same rites and traditions in the territory of the new land and spread even among the indigenous peoples. Hence, the inevitable parallels and similarities between the marriages of Iranians and Indians up to today preserved their shape to a large extent, although the millennial in the ups and downs of history passed bitter and sweet stories in these two lands. Therefore, the reasons for the common cultural and historical aspects of these two territories should be found in the ethnic, racial, territorial, historical, mythological and religious roots of the Aryan tribes, who lived together for years and were forced to migrate and separated from each other in the second millennium BC.
    Despite the differences and varieties on marriage ceremonies in Iran and India we can list here, some common trait and components.
    1- Continuity of marriage and establishment of family in Iranian culture.
    2- Fidelity to principle, believes and denegation of iconoclasm both in mate selection and performing marriage ceremony.
    3- The axial family role specially father in mate selection.
    4- Participation and cooperation.
    5- Moving from extended family towards the nuclear family.
    6- Endogamy marriage.
    By performing this research we can conclude that in case of importance of establishment of family, manner and rituals in marriage ceremony, gifts, guest invitation and commemorations. They are many similarity and unity in marriage ceremonies in Iran and India which can provide a good cultural diplomacy in both countries.
    Keywords: Iran, India, comparative ethnology, cultural intersections, marriage ceremonies
  • Hosain Khakpour *, Zahra Nikoonejad, Valiyolah Hasoomi Pages 129-146
    Introduction
    The “language” in poetry is both end and instrument and the nature and function of literary texts can be just discovered by it, because “the literary texts are based on language (Bart, 2004: 59). Thus, linguistic knowledge has an amazing effect on the propagation of linguistic approach to literature. In this approach, critics consider the literary text as “a great linguistic piece” (Makarik: 1384: 256) that should be “text-oriented” by new criticism methods emerging under influence of modern linguistics and should only be interested in literary texts not its peripheral issues in reading the literary texts. This feature distinguishes the new criticism from traditional one. Review of critical text-based theories reveals that a group considers a text as closed unit that is only understandable by the text itself and a text is considered as open text, when it interacts with other texts, and in fact, any text is combination of a group of various texts. This is the same “Tanas” or “intertextuality” that has been raised by Julia Kristeva. Hence, the interaction of texts that is referred as intertextual theory is the result of linguistic approach to literacy and text-centered criticism and if is considered by critics, it is referred as inevitable case for any literary text.
    Word meaning of intertextuality or “altannas” is accumulation and congestion (Al-Zubaidi, Bi Ta, Nas article) and indicates emergence, rise and accumulation (Ibn Manzour, 1988, article: Nas). The term intertextuality means various ways in which any literary text interfere inextricably with other texts by it through hidden and obvious narratives, or allusion or attraction of formal and concrete components of the previous texts or in terms of inevitable participation in common storage of literary practices. Kristeva concludes that each text is actually an “intertextual” text. It means that is a place of confluence of many other texts, even the texts that are going to be written in future (Dad 2004: 424). He believes that “any text means absorbing and transforming the other text” (Kristeva, 2002: 44). The French Rowland Part considers the new text as the result of a community of previous text components and accounts it definite and inevitable for any text (Broel 2008: 374). So the intertextuality principle is that no text is unrelated to other texts (Ahmadi, 2001: 58). Mohammad Bennis believes that text is like a field in which other texts reach each other in it. These texts are not necessarily limited to poetic texts; rather they are combination of different texts from different times (Bennis, 1979: 251).
    Method
    The current study investigates the intertextual relationships of Iqbal Lahori poetries and Quran by descriptive-analytical method with linguistic approach to find intertextual ties of these two works through this study.
    Discussion
    Various intertextual texts have been found in Iqbal poetry by the aim of expressing the important issues of religious, beliefs and … including:3-1 Ijtirar (partial negation)
    The author take a partial part of absent text from intertextual relationships in his work and the current study is continue of absent text (Ozam, 2001: 116). This law is the easiest and superficial type of intertextual relationships in which uses of author from absent text can be a word or a letter that is applied consciously and without innovation by author. Iqbal has used this technique in his poems to express the ethical issues such as “the characteristics of a transcendental person, trust in God, and lack of fear from others ...".
    3-2 Symmetric negation (imtisas)
    In this type of intertextual relationship, the hidden text is accepted by author and is used in the current text such that its essence doesn’t change (Mousa, 2000: 55). This type has a higher surface than the previous type that is with little innovation from author (Mirzai, 2009: 301). This level of intertextual is an intermediate level of effect and influence in which the hidden text in seen in a changed new form and novel format. But it doesn’t fade and its footprint is always visible in the new text. By referring to issues such as "The Muslim Ummah, Acts of Audit, Sincerity and Surrender ...", this literary technique has been used in the lyrics of Iqbal.
    3-3 Havar (total negation)
    The third level is the highest level of this effect and influence, and the only subtle layer of hidden text that appears on surface layer of text by very delicate and partial clues. At this level, the mother text is generally neglected and a contradict style is infiltrated in the creation of new text (R. K: Nahem, 2007, 49-66). Havar need a deep and conscious read, because the hidden text is not received easily and the creator of text in this regard, recreates the hidden text completely (Vad Allah, 2005: 37). So it is considered as the excellent kind of intertextuality. Understanding this type of intertextuality need a lot of intellectual effort to discover the underlying layers of text and make the unsaying clear (Mirzai, 1388: 306). Allameh has benefited this kind of intertextuality skillfully through his poetries.
    Conclusion
    Intertextuality is a theory that focuses on borrowing the text from other texts. Based on this theory, there is no independent text, but rather and text is born from past or contemporary texts. In other words, each text is an intertextual and the cross location of various texts. The poetry of poets is no exception and some time influences each other or is influenced by other religious sources. One of the texts that have appeared extensively in poetries is Holy Quran. Many poets such as Allameh Iqbal Lahori had a long standing friendship with Quran, and had benefited the verses of Quran in his poetries directly or indirectly in order to influence more on audiences. In the Allameh odes, application of intertextual style in raising the ethical issues has more extensive area, and this literary styles have been used in the next levels in order to refer to prophet stories and principles and practices of the religion and …. The various type of intertextual is seen among these two texts. But partial negation intertextual is more applicable, but the symmetry negation intertextual and total negation is seen in some of the couplets.
    Keywords: Intertextuality, HolyQuran, Iqbal Lahouri, Partial negation
  • Ydollah Dehghan *, Enayatollah Yazdani, Mahdi Kazimi Pages 147-166
    Introduction
    Afghanistan as an important country in strategic middle east area, which is in neighborhood of Iran and India, has many appropriate potentialities for promoting collaborations between two country, so planning and collaboration between Iran and India on common issues whether security or using economic potentials may lead to proximity between these two countries more than before. So by taking attention to this neighborhood and existence of extensive potentials in Afghanistan are, this question arises that: which role and position may Afghanistan have in strategic relationships between Iran and India? The hypothesis of this article says it seems that Afghanistan by taking attention to present circumstances in this country in many aspects including security, political and economic may have very important and effective role on enhancing the relationships between Iran and India and their collaboration and convergence.
    Regional cooperation always is one of the most fundamental factors in connection between neighborhood countries and increasing the sense of trust and good neighborhood between them. So recognizing potentials and cooperation and convergence contexts may create strong links at the region level between existing countries, and also could prevent from the influence of trans-regional powers like United States of America in this strategic area, and may help in using high potentials of the area in its own benefits.
    So whatever the countries of middle east and south of Asia have more accurate and comprehensive information about internal potentials of each other, they could play more effective role in addressing needs and decreasing costs and increasing national interests of each other. So for this important purpose, current article aims to evaluate the existing opportunities and threats in Afghanistan which Iran and India have common opinion and understanding about them, and also open the doors of increasing cooperation between them and make regional cooperation more strong.
    Descriptive Method of Research: The used method in this research designed by taking attention to its theoretical nature, is qualitative based on analytical descriptive approach, which used the case study technique. The case study technique is a method which used for systematic evaluation of individuals, groups, organizations, movements or events, and its researcher needs understanding and describing phenomena ( Wimer, Dominic, 2005: 200). Also in qualitative research method, the data and information from historical, descriptive and experimental researches are used. Quality oriented researchers are trying to understand the situation of complex political and social processes (Hafez nia, 2011: 38). The required information for this research collected and used using library and internet resources.
    Discussion
    One the topics which may help in convergence and regional collaboration between Iran and India and may strengthen the relationships may be the subject of Afghanistan and collaborations between Tehran and New-Delhi on several issues in this country. Iran and India have many and mutual interests in Afghanistan, which elevated contacts and communication between them in recent years. Specially common threats from religious radical groups including ISIS, Taliban and etc. are existed and officials of two countries have common ideas for confronting with these groups (Simbor, Bahrami Moghaddam, 2015: 56).
    India always worried about motions and actions of fundamentalist extremist groups especially in its conflict zone by Pakistan, meaning Muslim area of Kashmir and Jammu. Since there is a complex and meaningful relationship between Pakistan and fundamentalist groups like Taliban which deployed in Pakistan and Afghanistan in Indian peninsula, and also arrival of ISIS dependent forces in Afghanistan, which in belief of many analyzers are in support of Pakistan’s security system; so this country have serious inclination for cooperation with Iran, in such a way that use Iran’s very good potentials for confronting with these extremist groups and defeating or limiting them in Pakistan and Afghanistan (Shafiee, Eskandarit, 2011: 37).
    India and Iran are members of Shanghai Treaty, and India always emphasizes on role of Iran in relax and stability of Afghanistan. Influence of Iran in Afghanistan based on cultural bases, awareness of issues of this country, friendly relationships with central government of Afghanistan and Mujahedin groups and tribal leaders are known to all countries including India. India needs the aid of Iran for controlling extremist groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan, which once in a while infiltrate in its borders and by making suicidal or military operations make Indian officials disturbed; and India only by aid of Iran could reach to its interests on this subject, especially because Iran and India both look at ISIS, Taliban and Alqaida as terrorist organizations.
    Furthermore there is very good potentials in Afghanistan including economic, business, mine and natural subjects which could provide collaboration conditions for mutual investment in Afghanistan and using its desired markets (Modeer shane chy , 2011).
    Result
    Strategic position of Afghanistan, its situation in linking area between south of Asia and central Asia, presence and activity of religious radical groups including ISIS, Taliban and sometimes Alqaida in this country and neighborhood with Pakistan, and on the other hand mass production of drugs and extended presence of ultra-regional forces in this country and very suitable potential of Afghanistan in economic and transit issues, make Afghanistan the spotlight of Iran and Idia; and they concluded that many economic, political and security issues of them will be solved via Afghanistan and then using mutual collaborations between two country.
    So officials of Iran and India as two effective and strong countries which everyone of them have important potentials of power in regional level, in recent years concluded that by collaboration could exclude the potential threats of Afghanistan, and suitably use current potentials for their national interests; and one of the main ways of doing this is investing in Afghanistan and helping in removing issues and structural problems of Afghanistan’s economy. So these two countries could using interaction with each other and then getting the trust of Afghan officials, first could solve many security issues in regional level, and second gain many interests in economic and transit dimensions, and third prevent from continuing presence and influence of ultra-regional forces in this country.
    Of course it could be said that after the above discussions, political and economic collaborations between Iran and India in subject of facing with regional issues especially in Afghanistan and Pakistan was not completely shaped, because of recent international cooperation of India (especially with US and Israel), India’s doubts in region, type of foreign policy of India, and its political parties and ruling groups.
    Keywords: Strategic relations, area cooperation, terrorism, active diplomacy, détente
  • Hosein Sadeghi, Abdollah Vasegh Abbassi *, Mohammadamir Mashhadi, Abasali Ahangar Pages 167-190
    Introduction
    Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary and modern approach in the analysis of text and discourse. The current approach to discourse analysis, in fact, minimizes the cultural, social and political contexts in which the text has been presented and studies the language in a neutral environment, but the critical approach to discourse analysis, rather, pays an especial attention to investigating the social, cultural and political forces affecting the text. Therefore, Van leeuwen, instead of linguistic indiced, takes the sociological- semantic indices for text analysis. Van leeuwen, with presenting a list of social agents’ representation and introducing each of these methods, argues that investigation of sociological- semantic components of discourse, rather than its linguistic components, gives a deeper and more general understanding of the text. To Van leeuwen, discourse is a “knowledge based on the social forces” (Ghahremani, 2014:52).
    Interpreters of critical discourse recognize that literature and artistic- literary works are at service of correlation, the same as other texts, like political, social, sports and etc. therefore, they contrast, interpret and analyze the literary text according to critical approach and method. Aghagolzadeh, about the relation between literature and critical discourse analysis believes that: “linguistics, on the basis of critical discourse analysis, in relation with different kinds of literary works, stylistics and criticism is really effective for determining the analytical patterns and theoretical frameworks, to that extent which linguistic criticism is called the starting step for modern stylistics” (Aghagolzadeh, 2007:19).
    Methodology
    The present study investigates the critical discourse analysis of kingdom of Bahram-e goor story in Ferdowsi’sShahnameh and the relation of Iran and Bahram-e goor in the Sassanid dynasty with Shangol-e Hend and Indian land; according to Yarmohammadi “one of the methods for doing a qualitative investigation is taking into account a kind of accepted theory or framework in a particular paradigm (dominant pattern), in order to analyze the data based on these principles and determine their accuracy” (Yarmohammadi, 2006:76). According to the mentioned marks and also taking into account that in discourse analysis, besides the linguistic approaches, the sociological-semantic components can lead to a deeper understanding of the text, we have qualitatively and quantitatively investigated and analyzed the story using the theoretical pattern of Van leeuwen (2008). To do this, first the text of the story (Ferdowsi, 2007, volume 6: pp. 557-605) was investigated and studied in details. Then, regarding the main goal and discourse of the author and general message of the text, the discourse- based sentences containing precision and secrecy were separated from not discourse- based sentences. Finally, the efficiency percentage of using the “precision” and “secrecy” components was determined and the results were analyzed.
    Discussion
    Van leeuwen critical analysis pattern (2008) is one of the most prominent patterns in the field of critical discourse analysis. This pattern includes a set of sociological-semantic discourse-based components. In Van leeuwen analytical pattern framework, discourse- based structures and sociological-semantic components from the “precision and secrecy” prospect of characteristic imagination or social agents are divided into two general sections: components based on “secrecy (s)” and components based on “precision (p)”; which due to the purpose of the writer and his mental-social points of view would be highlighted. Van leeuwen (2008: pp.23-55) has mentioned 51 imagination methods in this pattern and has explained them in detail.
    Using statistical calculations, the total number of sociological-semantic components is 4212 and among them, 1921 components belong to “precision” and 2291 components belong to “secrecy”. It is clear that Ferdowsi has used the secrecy components more than the precision ones. High frequency of secrecy components is a clear proof that Hakim Ferdowsi, as he himself has mentioned clearly, has presented his mental facts and discourse message of his work in an anti-context and logic- phobic manner (Ferdowsi, 2007, V:1, P 12). On the other hand, epic poems have the following characteristics. This is the introduction of epic poem: “that is a fictional and narrative poem with the heroic, mythological, tribal and national background, in which some events occur contrary to the reality” (RastegarFasaei, 2001:337). These anti-custom characteristics in companion with mysterious aspects are usually a point of discussion, as we can see in the preface of Abumansuri’sShahnameh (Abumansuri’sShahnameh, 2015:31). For decades, Ferdowsi had been induced the main discourse of his stories in the fictional framework of his epical poem which, by authors, is the necessity of nationalism, preservation of unity, opposing the outsider and cruel persons, and defeating them; therefore, he necessarily has used the secrecy components due to the governance of Arabic and Turkish governors who were cruel and outsider.
    Conclusion
    Results of the study show that in the mentioned story, aspect of meaning was so expanded among the sociological-semantic components, which can conclude mass memory, social-political institutions, morals, rituals and geographical wide perspectives. Among the sociological-semantic components of secrecy, the abstract component with 361 numbers is the highest, and the components of location and evaluation are second and third with 268 and 251, respectively. Among the sociological-semantic components of precision, the individualization component is first with 418, and activation and uniformity components are 329 and 206, respectively.
    Components, especially high frequency ones, have a meaningful relation with the sociological context and fictional aspect of the text. The individualization component induces the idea of changing the historical characters to mythological characters and also reliance on the individuals in the society. Regarding to the fact that Ferdowsi himself was from the class of farmers and their life (farmers class) was mixed with the historical- mythological stories, it is clear that according to the purpose and social class of the author, Ferdowsi was legitimate to change the historical characters to heroes and sample kings and historical components to mythological components. Then, after the victory of their agents, a sense of consolation would have being created in the hearts of the people of that class (farmers). The activation component shows the act, function and dynamism of characters and agents of the story with a high frequency. The uniformity component reflects the feelings of nationalism and unity in the human society of that era. The abstract and location components are related to Ferdowsi’s anti-context and fictional narration and finally, atmosphere of the story has been evaluated positively and effectively with rooted unity of Iranian and Bahram-e goor with Indian land and Shangol-e Hend with high frequency.
  • Ebrahim Taheri *, Mohsen Bayat Pages 191-210
    Introduction
    To examine Indian foreign policy towards the outside world, it can be divided into three periods: In the first period, which includes 1950-1960s its foreign policy was influenced by influential leaders of the first period of independence, Nehru and Gandhi that moved it into an ambitious idealistic. In the second period which include the interval between 1970 and 1980, India's foreign policy saw a degree of realism, but it also adhered to the fundamental principles of the NAM and the Third Worldism. One of the characteristics of this era is the anti-Western and anti-colonial image of India; supported the Palestinian people vigorously and was reluctant to cooperate diplomatically and politically with Israel. The third period in Indian foreign policy began in 1990 with the collapse of the former Soviet Union as one of the two main pillars of the international system during the Cold War and is still ongoing. In this period, India was trying to connect with all major powers in the international system through the strategy of the bridging power. Thereby providing the political, economic and security interests it needs. At the regional level, as well as reducing tensions with neighbors, especially China and Pakistan, the most restrained in border disputes has been shown.
    The relationship of this country with the Middle East and Iran has also been a great deal of arsenal. Although the history of Iran-India relations is as much as history. In fact, Iran was neighboring India by 1947. After the Indian Subcontinent collapsed, Pakistan was buffered between Iran and India. During this period, relations between the two countries have been faced with various ups and downs. For example, before the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, they co-operated in the framework of the NAM. After 1991 and the change in the Indian foreign policy approach, relations between the two countries have gone up and down. While India at the IAEA Board of Governors, considered NPT as a form of discriminatory action But it contributed to the sanctions imposed by the Security Council against the Islamic Republic of Iran.
    However, the main question posed by this study is that the most important opportunities and constraints of Indian foreign relations to the Islamic Republic of Iran?
    Discussion
    India's foreign policy orientation with regional and Trans regional powers and patterns of friendship and hostility derived from this relationship can have opportunities for Iran. The transformation of India into a great power and the rule of multipolar space in the long run will ensure Iran's national interests. Therefore, this kind of Indian attitude creates opportunities for Iran Especially that India is not willing to have trans-regional powers in its periphery. Iran also does not want the presence and influence of trans- regional and regional powers such as NATO and Pakistan in its peripheral regions, including Afghanistan (Tiwari, 2015:6). Having a geopolitical position and a common border with Pakistan, Iran has become an historic opportunity for India to be trying to control Pakistan with its proximity to Iran. Disagreements between India and China on the presence of trans-regional powers in Asia create new opportunities for Iran's foreign policy Because Iran, after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, did not want to see the presence of trans-regional powers such as the United States and NATO in peripheral areas, including in the Middle East and Central Asia Caucasus.
    Although Indian foreign relations create opportunities for Iran, it creates restrictions for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Increasing the power of India will cause serious presence of this country in the periphery of Iran. At any moment, the relationship between Iran and India may be moving into deterioration, notably because of the proximity of India to the West, the United States and Israel to make India a cooperator to a rival for the national interests of Iran and to work with other countries to impose restrictions on Iran (Mohan, 2013: 2-4). India's close relations with the United States has become a major concern for Iran. Under the influence of the close relationship between the two countries, in 2005, India agreed to the UN Security Council with a positive vote to transfer Iran's nuclear issue from the International Atomic Energy Agency to the UN Security Council. Similarly, the close and positive relationship between India and Saudi Arabia, with geoeconomic, geoculture and geopolitics considerations, creates restrictions for the relationship between Iran and India.
    Conclusion
    The type of foreign relations of India and the choice of target points in its foreign policy will have positive and negative consequences for the Islamic Republic of Iran. For example, while Israel and America are among the enemies of Iran, after 1991, India moved towards improving relations with both countries and became strategic partners for both countries. India’s excessive close relations to Amarica led to refer Iran's case from the IAEA Board of Governors to the UN Security Council on Iran's nuclear issue. The issue that has taken energy of Iran's foreign policy for nearly a decade to resolve it and become a normally international issue. The improvement of the relationship between India and Saudi Arabia, as it is a rival country of Iran in the Middle East region in terms of the geo-economics of the oil exporter, Geoculture (a different view of Islam than the revolutionary Shiite of Iran) and geopolitics (a different view of the security and the presence and influence of powers A region by two countries) could create restrictions for Iran. However, all foreign relations of India are not limitation for the Islamic Republic of Iran And the country's orientation towards Pakistan and China could provide opportunities for the Islamic Republic of Iran. Other advantages of Indian foreign relations include the efforts to create a multipolar world, a positive and traditional relationship with Russia, as well as pessimism about the presence of transatlantic forces in Afghanistan. Which, with Iran's strategic vision, has overlapped the international system and provided the opportunity for more of the two countries to come together.
  • Mohsen Keyhanpour *, Abolghasem Neymateshahrbabaki Pages 211-234
    Introduction
    The works created by human are among the most straightforward features reflecting events, daily life, and the artist’s conceptions. These works give the opportunity to understand the inner thoughts and attitudes of their creators, as a reflection of their either conscious or unconscious impressions. Sometimes, the essential role of these works in the daily life of their creators gives them an important place which goes beyond their materiality as an object. The rug is one of the best sources for research studies to recognize and identification of the creative works regarding typology, relationship, and imaginary life of its creators. In particular, the rugs with improvised design are the best examples for such studies. Although, several studies covered subjects like design and motifs of the traditional rugs, however, there are still more subjects to be considered in researches, such as psychology, and anthropological analysis of the motifs regarding graphic design and concepts in accordance with other types of visual arts. In a specific case in Afghanistan region that people’s life was fully affected by social actions, the design and motifs of rugs considerably changed in a way that a new type of rugs appeared, which was later identified as the “War Rug”.
    From the early times in the history, human has been trying to demonstrate the war in his works, and in most of the time, the frustration of the war has been the subject for those works, with the aim to stop or change its results. In the other word, reaction to the natural objects with a demonstration of the beauty and ugliness (Naghani, 1393 [2014] p: 22). The rugs created by the local people in Afghanistan is one of the examples of such interpretations of the feelings of hatred about the war, which includes the element of war as a frustrating matter.
    The question of this research that focuses on the possibility of the identification and analytical research in such kind of works is that how did the local weavers and manufacturers of traditional rugs could achieve to these kinds of designs without having any education in art? And if is it possible to reidentify and categorize these works? While the design of traditional rugs is generally imaginary and repetitive, the new motifs which gradually appeared in these rugs and stays ways far from the traditional motifs, reveal a dark truth about these people’s life. This probably can be explained in two ways: remembering the sufferings and shouting out in opposition or accepting the wound and giving up with treatment.
    Research
    Methodology
    In the determination of the theme of the current research with considering its specific subject, a descriptive-analytical system was selected in a library and field research method. The recognition of the subject of traditional rugs and their cultural aspects was based on previous researches and examined methods; this means that analysis of the rug’s design and weaving were based on the previous studies, which was adopted for the study on the effects of war in the rug design. Then to achieve a better result, several pieces of rugs which hold the subject of war were studied. Finally, those samples that could be categorized were selected and analyzed. The study that was based on visual arts and their aspects, continued in the same path to empower analysis in this new view of point. This new method helps to improve the situation of the traditional rug from a functional object to an artistic element as a rich cultural resource.
    Discussion
    There could be different reasons in the human cultural life to select a particular design subject for a rug. Scholars believe that part of this process is affected by natural factors, either to protect a natural phenomenon or to illustrate the nature’s power and the human inclination. Some of the motifs are symbolic, which generally come from an abstract idea or imaginary factors. (Coomaraswamy, 1977 p:47)
    The important issue is that in all the mentioned works, abstraction, simplifying, and stylization of the form of an object remains the core concept. The shapes, objects, and creatures are simplified by the weaver before they become a part of the design of a rug, a carpet, a kilim or any other type of the weaving products. Even if the majority of the weavers and manufacturers of such kind of products are rural or nomad people. As it is known, the design of the weaving products has been based on the traditional and ancient motifs, which was combined from the nomad and tribal cultures, and/or their Yaylak (the summer pasture place) and Kishlak (the wintery place) places, and had a simplified aesthetic character without a need to the predesigned motifs (Parham, 1372 [1993] p:40). However, this should be notified that the visual learning process from nature and the surrounding is undeniable in these works. Indeed, despite the absence of the academic education, which blames the local weavers for the lack of understanding the concept of their works, in most of the cases, they showed a deep relationship and understanding of such works.
    Conclusion
    Handicrafts are representatives of the needs and willingness of the people who have created them overtime. This will be very simpleminded if the creators of such things are considered as people who cannot express themselves or communicate with their audiences consciously. Even if the audiences are people from the same society and the same level of education or if they belong to an upper level of educational, cultural, tribal, language and geographical society. What should be noticed is that the artistic communication occurs at any level, to express the inner thoughts and inclinations of its creators.
    Everyone would agree that with no doubt the visual knowledge is fundamental for visual arts and it should be approachable on both sides of this equation. At one side is the creator that uses his knowledge to share his thoughts and the concepts with the audience. And on the other side, is the audience and the user who his ability to understand the concept of those works is important. The historical studies show that rug is one of those traditional products that has always carried a balanced relationship regarding the time, the place, and the concept. This means that messages and thoughts that were transferred to the audiences through the familiar motifs used in the rug were fully understood by their users. Consequently, there was a fully functional and accurate system of media; visualization, performance, and effectiveness.
    The Afghan War Rug is a complete example of the described system. The locals reflect their desire and sufferings in their products of rug. They used the visual language in the same way that it has been used in the cultural life of human over the time, to demonstrate their hatred and interests through the rug. Indeed, they show their protests against the war through their visualization of it. It should be mentioned that this study showed that these products could be categorized as authentic and non-authentic works.
    In this research, several samples of war rugs were studied. The study showed that in general the war rugs could be divided into four categories: I. The first group is the rugs with no authenticity. The only reason that these rugs are considered as war rugs is the use of war images, such as airplane, tank, and guns, in these products.
    II. The second group mostly include the illustration of people or subjects related to the war. For instance, the portraits of Ahmad Shah Massoud, General Abdul Rashid Dostum, Amanullah Khan, or issues like the entrance of Russia military to Afghanistan and also their exit, the 9/11 attack, and post 9/11 events. These group of rugs also belong to the non-authentic group.
    III. The third is the rugs, which were produced based on the traditional methods and used the same color system, but the motifs are all demonstration of military facilities. This group of rugs became popular when the war was extended over the country.
    IV. The last group of war rugs is the most authentic ones. These types of rugs include all the traditional motifs and follow the same pattern. They only use a few elements about the war in their design. This group contains the earliest examples of Afghan War Rug.
    The first and second group do not pose any kind of traditional rug values; as the majority of them has been produced outside of Afghanistan, due to the popularity of this kind of rugs, especially for tourists. The third group, in terms of the design, motifs, color and weaving methods are authentic. However, they are more recent in comparison with the fourth group which includes the oldest and most authentic war rugs of their type.
    Keywords: Carpet weaving, Afghanistan, War Rug, Graphic, Rug design
  • Afshin Motaghi, Morad Kavianirad, Seyed Hadi Zarghani, Hasan Sadrania * Pages 235-254
    Introduction
    Water is a vital and unique resource that no successor is foreseen for it. At the beginning of the new millenary, water scarcity, patterns of consumption, natural resource depletion, desertification, pollution, and the lack of appropriate infrastructure lead people to a global water crisis. Hydropolitics in the geopolitical literature deals with the location of water resources in the power relations of political-spatial units on a sub-national, national and transnational scale. One of the problems in analyzing hydropolitical relations in the system of international rivers is that the same factors, such as water scarcity and economic development, can create a range of conflict or cooperation. Hence, the variables and indicators affecting the importance of water resources for each coastal country are different, and even an identical variable in each coastal country plays a different role in relation to other variables. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to identify the variables and indicators that are effective in the strategic importance of Harirud for Iran and Afghanistan that can affect the hydropolitical relations of the two countries. In Southwest Asia, political realism and a nationalistic look at common water resources from the upstream countries are the main source of water crisis in the region. The Harirud Basin is one of the most common watersheds between Iran and Afghanistan in this region and the eastern and northeast Iran is dependent on the transboundary water resources of the basin to develop it. After the operation of Afghanistan from the Salma Dam, the amount of water entering the Friendship Dam has been reduced to 3 million cubic meters, while the amount of water entering it has already been about 300 million cubic meters. The formation of a water crisis in the east and northeast of Iran can have a negative impact on the relations between Iran and Afghanistan, and will provide an area for the integration of hydropolitical and geopolitical issues to the benefit of each of the countries with their geographical advantages in these areas. Accordingly, the research question is that what are the variables and indices affecting the strategic importance of Harirud for Iran and Afghanistan? Research is based on the assumption that food security, employment, supply of drinking water and electricity generation to Afghanistan, and the supply of drinking water and agriculture to Iran are among the most important variables. The research is of great importance because it can provide an appropriate perspective on the progress of Iran in the watershed of Harirud for the related executive bodies in the field of water and foreign policy.
    Research
    Methodology
    In this research, a combination of resource review, Delphi and cross-matrix analysis using Micmac software has been used. The statistical population of the research has been selected according to the type of work experience and work related to the topic among the faculty members and international and foreign researchers who have done research work in relation to the subject matter of the research, Iran and Afghanistan, and especially the water resources of the two countries. According to the characteristics of the statistical society, targeted sampling has been done. In this research, 35 experts were selected, among whom 25 were involved in completing the Delphi questionnaires, and 10 participants participated in completing the interaction analysis matrix questionnaire, of which 8 of the replies were used to complete the matrix.
    Discussion
    The variables and indices obtained from library studies were arranged in the form of a questionnaire and the Delphi method was sent to the statistical community. After scoring the indexes according to the average expert opinion, 15 indicators for the importance of Harirud water for Iran and 16 indicators were also selected for the importance of Harirud province water for Afghanistan. The results of the Delphi method show that geopolitical- geographical, technical-economical, and political- social variables have the highest impact, respectively, in the strategic importance of Harirud for Iran's national security and economic, geopolitical and social political variables, respectively have a strategic importance for Afghanistan. After identifying the indices, with the aim of examining their interaction effects on each other and identifying the key variables, structural analysis method has been used using the Micmac software. Analytical results show that geopolitical geographic variables have the most impact and have the most impact on the system. The importance of Harirud to drinking water and the importance of Harirud for food security from the technical economic variables and the importance of Harirud for the safety of water resources and the importance of Harirud to Iran's national security of the geopolitical variable and the indicator of Afghanistan's position in Iran's foreign policy of the social political variable Strategic Indicators And the key to Harirud's importance is for Iran. For Afghanistan, the Harirud's Significance Indexes for National Security, Harirud's Importance for Conservation of Water Resources, Iran's Geopolitical Situation for Access to Free Waters from Geopolitical Variables, Indicators of Harirud's Importance for the Implementation of the Afghan Economic, Social, and Environmental Development Plan, the Importance of Harirud for Food security and economic interdependence of the two countries from the technical-economic variables and Afghanistan's place in the goals of foreign policy Iran is one of the key political and strategic indicators of the strategic importance of Harirud .
    Conclusion
    The analytical results of the study to identify the variables and indicators that affect the strategic importance of Harirud for Iran and Afghanistan indicate that Herring has a strategic role for drinking water, food security and security of Iranian water resources and for national security, water security and economic development programs in Afghanistan. The analysis of opportunities and risks for Iran in relation to Afghanistan in the Harirud watershed basin is based on the effects of strategic variables on target variables in two ways:Risks: Due to the weakness of Afghanistan's political position in Iran's foreign policy and the structural weakness of the country's national strength indicators against Iran, Afghanistan will try to deal with the issue of water in terms of power with Iran. In this case, Iran's distrust in Afghanistan will increase, and because of the low economic interdependence of the two countries, Iran will try to react in the economic, geopolitical and political areas against the Afghan government in order to satisfy the Afghans. To pay attention to the issue of water to Iran's right to overwhelm its rivers. The relationship between Iran and Afghanistan is expected to be further tightened on this foundation.
    Opportunities: The geomorphology of the Harirud watershed as an effective environmental index will cause both Iran and Afghanistan to face a shortage of water resources in this area. In this case, Iran can improve its political position in Afghanistan's foreign policy by managing its strategic indicators and using its geopolitical position for Afghanistan to access the water through the implementation of the Chabahar Agreement between Iran, India and Afghanistan, and by investing in the agricultural sector Afghanistan and its affiliated food industry will be able to use the water saving barrier to meet the demand for drinking water from the Mashhad Metropolis, in addition to providing the food needed by reducing water consumption in the agricultural sector. This will promote the economic indicators of the two countries and solve some of the internal problems of Afghanistan in issues related to human security. In such a space, the performance of international institutions as a regulatory indicator of research for investment in the water sector will improve and can act as a key actor in the system. Not only will water scarcity lead to tension between the two countrie's hydropolitic relations, but the two countries will come to a common understanding that Afghanistan's complementary hydropolitics of Iran and Iran are complementary to the geopolitics of Afghanistan, and this complementary aspect can be the source of interaction between the two countries Provide.
  • Hamidreza Mohammadi, Ebrahim Ahmadi * Pages 255-276
    Introduction
    By 1947, Iran and India were two neighbor countries that replaced India with the many problems due to the division of the Mediterranean pseudonym. After birth, the domestic and foreign issues of India and Pakistan are closely interconnected for this reason, recognizing Pakistani foreign policy is not possible without a deep understanding of the complex South-South political-security environment, especially in adapting to India and Afghanistan. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the challenges facing Iran-Pakistan convergence with India. The findings of the survey show that, although Iran and Pakistan have a convergence field, this has not been realized to the present. Conversely, India's relations with Iran are divergent which can arise in many areas. It is worth noting that the author's goal is not to suggest that India should be replaced and preferred by Pakistan, and vice versa, in Iran's foreign relations ships. On the one hand, Iran, due to its proximity to Pakistan, does not have long borders with this country, and long-standing cultural and historical pockets of anti-Pakistan, India, and US do not want Pakistan to be a reliable friend, with India, at the some point. From regional and global issues, such as Pakistan's role in Afghanistan's security, which support the Taliban and other terrorist groups? Apart from the security relations (Afghanistan, the fight against terrorism, etc.), Iran-India relations in the economic fields (Chabahar port, energy exports, transport development, etc.) are also wider than relations with Pakistan. It seems that Iran, on the basis of the balance of interests, is struggling to balance its relations with both India and Pakistan, but in general, turning to the abovementioned and, consequently , the superiority of India (the regional and global geopolitical position of the country, having Economic, technological, political, etc. leverage, ) versus Pakistan; Iran's relations with India are deepe and wide .
    In summary, the research goal is to answer three main questions;
    - In brief, Can the relations between Iran and Pakistan be converging?
    In terms of feasibility, what challenges do Iran-Pakistan relations face with?
    - Can India, in principle, be considered as a rival or alternative to Pakistan's foreign policy?
    Research and
    Methodology
    This research is a descriptive-analytic method which based on qualitative method. Data collection of the research including resources, including books, valid articles, speeches of experts
    Discussion
    The analysis of Iran-Pakistan political-security relations seem difficult, regardless of the political arrangement of South Asia and the it's ruling. The political conditions of South Asia are contradictory to the order and disorder that its main actors are the triangle of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is not possible to investigate Iran's relations with any other country such as Pakistan, regarding their historical conflicts and traditional rivalries. Meanwhile, Afghanistan is a control variable between the three countries such as Iran, India and Pakistan. In the sense of Afghanistan's political the interests of Iran and India are in complete conflict with Pakistan. Meanwhile, Pakistan sees Afghanistan as its strategic sanctuary, which is pernicious and sensitive to the influence of any country, especially if it is India. While Afghanistan's stance towards India has caused a mess in the South Asian political order Nevertheless, Iran and India are among the biggest supporters of security in Afghanistan. The next important variable is the feasibility of Pakistan's economic convergence with Iran in comparison and alignment with India. Evidence suggests that Iran-Pakistan economic relations are of little use. However, Iran-India economic relations are widespread in many areas. In the energy debate, there was a point of reference and alignment of the three peace pipelines, which was also stagnant by Pakistan, while India, Oman and Iran are agreeing on the largest submarine pipeline in the world with a length of 1,400 km. India's large-scale investment in Chabahar's development will also have largely result in the alignment of the political, economic and security interests of Iran and India. In competition with Chabahar port, Pakistsn have developed a Gwadar port by the help of China (the regional and global rival of India). Entry into Afghanistan (with political objectives) Entry into Central Asia (for security-economic purposes) and entry into the Caspian states (with strategic objectives) are the benefits of Chabahar for India, which is in line with Iran.
    Conclusion
    If we want to summarize the answers to the questions raised in the research, Iran and Pakistan have a potential for convergence in a variety of political, cultural, economic and security fields. Membership in the ECO Economic Organization, of Islamic Cooperation in the Shanghai Economic, Security and Political Organization are part of the common assets of the two countries in order to achieve convergence. Of course, until full convergence and a real regionalization between Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and India remain a long way, but not far-reaching. As mentioned before Pakistan is a heritage of a colonial country that has been challenging its neighbors since its birth, roughly seven decades from its life. With all of this, the boundaries of Iran and Pakistan have always been the frontier of friendship. In a brief comparison, India is currently ranked as one of Iran's most important economic partners (fifth partner) and one of Iran's largest energy customers. India is also now the main option for developing Bandar Chabahar (valued at $ 500 million). The entry of India to Iran has many positive consequences (political, security, economic, etc.) for both Iran and India; of course but this issue should not be caused particular sensitivities for Pakistan from Iran. As mentioned previously India and Pakistan culturally and civilizational has a lot of common with Iran and are among the most important and trusted countries in Iran's foreign policy; hence, one is preferred to one another far from the logic of governance.