نشریه مطالعات شبه قاره
سال دوم شماره 5 (زمستان 1389)

Siraj al-din Ali Khan Arizu Akbarabadi is one of the most outstanding literary men of the subcontinent who wrote about 36 books and articles in the field of persian literary research and proposed new perspectives in different aspects of stylistics, linguistics, eloquency, literary criticism, and biography writings. One of his most important works is Tadhkirah-yi Majma' ol nafais. In spite of its importance in literary criticism,it has not received enogh attention by researchers and critics. And although his critical views are scattered and not well organized, they can be classified as specific views to find out his critical approach in the field of poem criticism. The Author of this article tries to have a close study of Tadhkirah-yi Majma’ol nafais and his other works and to study, analyze, and classifiy the critical views of Khan Arizu in different aspects of poetry criticism. So that the required pathway is created for researchers in the analysis and criticism of Khan Arizu’s ideas in different literary areas.

Sufism as an Islamic movement that is based on shared beliefs of Shiites and Sunnis, has many members and advocators from all over the Islamic world, both from Shias and Sunnis, while it has many similarities and even differences with these two religions. One of the most important aspects of Sufism is that it has been able to esablish positive interactions with other religions.The researcher objective in this article is, however, to determine the historical role of Sufism in Indian subcontinent and survey its influences on Islam expansion in this region, based on analytical-descriptive and historical methodologies. Meanwhile, the author tries to have a review on contemporary Sufism movements to step forward for a primary perception of its branches. Because he believes that by trying to have an intuitive understanding of Sufism and know more about its various faces, we could find better ways to use Islamic culture potentials and shared cultural beliefs.

The National continuance is a stable and immutable aim of any national state. This in turn is affected by the national security and national security is significantly affected by the quality of relations between countries in the regional and international frameworks. Although some politics experts believe that in recent years the influence of geographical and geopolitical bases has either been ignored in relations or not received the importance it deserves, based on reasons presented in this research, the basic and main aspects of relations among nation in the outset of the twenty first century are still influenced by geographical and geopolitical factors; in other words, their international and regional geography.Therefore, the present paper attempted to study the function of geographical and geopolitical bases on relations between Indian subcontinent countries on the interregional level. The results obtained based on an analytical study revealed that geopolitical relations among countries in the Indian subcontinent are strongly influenced by geographical and geopolitical factors especially inimical relations between India and Pakistan, formed on a confrontation basis.

The expansion of the Persian language in India began in the fifth century A.H. and reached its peak in the Safavid Dynesty when many Persian poets emerged. Since Persian was not the mother tongue of the Indians, they attempted to compose Persian grammar books. “Johar al-Tarkib” is one of these books which was written by Monshi Siwaram in the thirteenth century A.H. This book is in the form of a poetical work having 830 verses explaining grammar rules. In this research, it has been tried to closely describe, explain and criticize the work along with its differences with the present Persian grammar books. Significance of this study is to show how Indians would perceive Persian grammar. It also demonstrates the impact of Arabic on composing Persian grammar books in the Subcontinent.

The divine poems of Hafiz is beyond time and place; in fact, the influence of a permanent word of this modest poet can be clearly seen in the works of most sonnet composers after him. The depth and extent of this influence on the subcontinent has long existed. And his influence can be seen in works of great poets including Bidel Dehlavi, Saieb, Kalim, Iqbal Lahoori, Naziri, Orfi, Nasser Ali Sarhendi, Riyadh Kheirabadi, Jegar Morodabadi, Valeh Daghestani, etc. This study aimed to prove that: 1. Not all poets in Hindi style have been stretched to extremes in fantasy themes. 2. The background to return to Iraqi Style, especially to Hafez and Saadi’s sonnets was provided from within Hindi itself. This paper, applying a comparative analysis, aims at investigating and evaluating the extent that Ğāleb Dehlavi was influenced by Hafez in different dimensions such as: language, expression style, statement, vocabulary, composition, creating pictures, aesthetics of statements and innovation, prosody and poem rhythm, thoughts, wisdom, philosophical and social concepts and finally mystical ideas and origins.

The present research aimed at exploring the real characteristics of Bidel, analyzing the content of his sonnets. Bidel is the humble lover who had abandoned the terrestrial issues whose collected work is full of mystic symbols and expressions. Bidel’s sonnets similar to Hafez’s are the illustration of the true love. The present paper exploits the analytical-descriptive methods to examine how the representation of the true love, mysticism and the implication of artistic ironies can be taken into account as the main characteristics of Bidel’s sonnets. The interpretation of the symbolic words in Bidel’s lyrics that causes his speech to be distinguished in accordance with the literary implications of the language is one of the main discussions of the paper. To explain the concepts developed in Bidel’s lyrics, a formalistic approach is taken toward the words, and the interpretation of his symbolic expressions. The analysis of some of the symbols and fundamental expressions in Bidel’s sonnets is carried out based on psychology of Carl Gustav Jung, and the paper finally gives a review on the mystical symbols and expressions.

The history of Islam in India and southeast of Asia is among those subjects which have been less considered in Iran. Therefore, any research in this regard is of great and special significance. This paper is going to study the proceeding of coming into thrown and collapse of the first state of Ismaili in Subcontinent of India. Esmaili made their first endeavors from the end of the third century (A.H) when, due to the social and political situation of the region, their attempts were successful. The reports of different sources ascertain Esmaili’s rapid successes and welcome of the local governors and people of this region to their religion. However, their sovereignty did not last for more than several decades and was collapsed by Mahmud Ghaznavi’s attacks. In fact, the fight between Fatimids and Abbasids in India ended in the favor of Abbasids. This paper is going to scrutinize this subject by means of library documents in Iran and India and by the use of descriptive-analysis method.