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سال چهاردهم شماره 57 (اسفند 1396)

Land as a non-reproducible commodity is of an incontestable value. Zoning or urban land division known as practical urbanization is one of the important measures of urbanization to protect land values. The main impetus behind this study is to know whether the checked zoning pattern can be optimized for new residential areas using the experiences from traditional residential textures Iran and the world. This analytical-comparative study attempts to develop an optimal zoning pattern and a new conceptual-operational model by comparing the dominant zoning patterns in Iran with those in the world. The results of the comparative research show that the zoning patterns that are widely used in new residential development suffer from some major problems and the proposed new pattern can be a suitable alternative.

Cities are making significant impacts on the environment and urban sustainability. Problem statement and research Resilience in cities is seen as an important goal towards sustainability. In the same manner, the urban resilience and its key measurement in the city structure gets a higher priority. Moreover, considering measures of resilience is specifically indispensable for policy makers and supports the process of decision making in the cities. Despite advances in this field in recent years, there is still an essential need to provide clear ways to measure and quantify the urban resilience in terms of spatial aspects.
Research questions: these questions are raised in this research:1) what are local-spatial indicators of resilience?
2) what is the relationship between resilience and spatial organization of the city?
3) what is the role of spatial organization elements of the city in urban local-spatial resilience?
Research A review of literature is used to identify the key elements in the measurement of resilience in relation to the spatial structure of the city. Then, the analyses of the operational definitions and the major indicators have been done separately.
Research Results and findings demonstrate the key indicators in the measurement of urban spatial resilience based on the urban spatial structure components including a) diversity, b) connectivity, c) redundancy, and d) robustness features as the major indicators for the cities spatial structure resilience.

'Landscape' is a contemporary term in the field of urban and environmental studies. A concept which came from Europe to Iran and now is frequently used in various fields in the country. The concept of landscape, as a new kind of reality in the world, emerged in the Renaissance era in Europe, and according to the changes in the western worldviews in these centuries, has gained various aspects and meanings. The multifaceted concept of landscape which is even hard to describe in the philosophic view, had been coined in the field of art, passed through the world of philosophy, and affected by the recent achievements in the field of the relation between human and environment, is wildly considered in the planning and designing the human environs. Still, its multifaceted meaning frequently ignored by the specialist around the world as well as Iran.
By considering the evolution of the concept of ‘landscape’ in Europe in a historic recall, this paper attempts to reveal the fundamental aspects of this concept, its current meaning, and anticipate its future shifts and its field of influence.
By adopting a descriptive method and comparative analysis, the concept of landscape from the Renaissance until now is examining and classified through the historical and existing definitions. At the end, based on this historical review, with the futurological approach, the paper looks into the possible future for this ambiguous.
The results of the classification of the definitions of 'landscape' from the Renaissance until now shows that although the emergence of 'landscape' coined based on the classic dualism between subject and object and the distinction between the world of physics and the world of phenomena as an individualistic regard to the nature, but with by the failure of this dualism and accepting the uncertainty in the world, it evaluated as a subjective-objective phenomenon. In the 21st century, this concept as a new field of science has gained the considerable attention and considered as a savior discipline for our crisis period of mono-dimensionality in the human and its environs relation.

Meaning is the fundamental requirement of the human and the architecture as a signifying process in the cultural context tries to realize this aspect of human requirement by emphasizing on the intellectual specification of human mind and the exterior form and structure of the environment. The semiotics is an approach that looks beyond the meanings and seeks for the implicit significations and the layers of meaning in the phenomena. Hawraman is a valuable settlement with multiple residential areas that have a significant role in defining the cultural values of this country especially in the field of architecture. Ignoring the meaning implications in the physical improvement of settlements can lead to negative outcomes in tourism attraction. Thus, it is necessary to answer the following question: "what are the special meanings and semantic implications in the formation of the Hawraman-Takht architecture in Kurdistan of Iran in terms of textual and semiotic points of view?" This research aims to discover and formulate the meanings of Hawraman architecture and the meaning system that can be derived from signs/representations to be used in future improvement and renovation programs of the region. The semiotics is used as an interpretive system and the approach of this research while qualitative methodology was employed for system analysis, and grounded theory was used for data analysis and presentation of the final theory. In this regard, Hawraman architecture, as a text, was studied in the following five systems: establishment, structure, space and performance, movement and access, and landscape. Representative elements and components of these systems were identified and were open-coded under 43 initial concepts. In the next step, each of the signs/representations was interpreted and its subject was determined in some levels of meaning under the codes of social, scientific and aesthetic by using axial and selective coding. Finally, 11 major categories which represent sociability of this architecture were identified and formulated. Ultimately, through integrating, comparing, and contemplating in these categories, a core category entitled "Hawraman architecture as a social phenomenon to promote collective life" was selected as a symbolic meaning for Hawraman-Takht architecture in Kurdistan of Iran.

Statement of the problem: Cultural landscape is a landscape that is affected by culture and is originated from the interactions between humans and nature throughout time. Meanwhile, culture acts as the operant and nature as the mediator and cultural landscape is the product of these two. The cultural landscape of Iranian tribes is very diverse and miscellaneous, to the extent that even in places that are geographically similar to each other we witness deep-rooted differences between them. It should be mentioned that, during recent decades, the lack of attention to the elements that develop cultural landscape has led to the distortion of some local characteristics and destruction of the nomadic cultural landscape. Identifying these factors will be a great help for the life perpetuation of this culturally rich heritage and the revival of these perspectives. In the present research, we are in search of these differences and the factors which cause them among these nomadic people, specifically among Bakhtiari nomads. Furthermore, we are looking for the impact of these differences on their housing and architectural patterns. The question is that "does transformation of culture cause the formation of different cultural landscapes? If so, what are the variables that cause the formation of the nomadic culture and how does it manifest itself it their architecture?
By utilizing field studies, the present research has studied the most important characteristics of the nomadic cultural landscape and their impact on the structure of their architecture within the subject of cultural landscape. Therefore, the aim of conducting studies on the nomadic architecture and investigating the characteristics of their cultural landscape is trying to identify and present the cultural landscape pattern gained from the nomadic lifestyle.
Research This research is conducted based on the qualitative method and relies on description and analysis. The findings show that the following factors play a significant role in the development of the nomadic cultural landscape: climate, pastureland, migration, nomadic camps, subsistence, construction materials, construction technology and its available resources, the status of women, traditions and language, entertainment and leisure, faith, religion and beliefs, color, safety and kinship. The results indicate that geographical and economic factors are influential in the tent’s shape formation and how they are positioned, the use of local materials and building supplementary structures. The factor of belief is effective on the colors used in the tent, the location of the kitchen in the tent and the status of women. The important factors of the need is effective on the nomadic architecture by establishing a social camp, the positioning of the tents in a way that the sight of every tent complements the other and relevant spaces with entertainment and leisure such as "Kollah".

Changing the square into the circle in the structure of dome chambers was a main problem in Iranian architecture. The solution to this problem has led to the formation and creation of capable methods and techniques in the structure of a part of dome chambers that changes square chamber below into the round dome above it. This phenomenon has been considered as "the zone of transition" (transitional zone) in many studies on Iranian architectural history, but it has been less seriously studied in a strict sense as an important independent part. On the other hand, the way square chamber corners corbel has made different forms of structures that is called "squinch". The four squinches together with the middle parts between them organize the mentioned zone (zone of transition). In some studies, the zone of transition has been described considering the load-bearing elements of corbelled form of squinches. Some experts have indicated different forms of squinches such as "stalactite squinch", "conical squinch", "trie-lobed squinch","squinch net" and some others have talked about it considering materials, ornaments and constructional styles. Although these considerations present some aspects of transitional zone such as historic, structure and form, it rarely has been explained as a complete evolution and clear classification. Geometry, as the essence and nature of this process (changing square into the circle), is certainly a decisive item. Therefore, this research is going to explain the zone of transition from the view point of geometry, considering the geometrical system between square and circle that leads to a regular polygon as the base of dome. According to this geometrical approach, the article first reviews two old methods used before Seljuk era and then, explains the elegant form of Seljuk zones of transition originated in Nezamolmolk dome of Isfahan, as the most fashionable pattern existing in Iran for more than three centuries. In the next phase, which is the context of this research, the transitional zone of Gonbad-e sorkh is explained as a novel form leading to a hex decagon. Although the dominant pattern also eventuates a hex decagon, the case of Gonbad-e sorkh, as an authentic Seljukian monument, does not follow it and presents a different solution. The difference between these two solutions is presented by a comparative analogy. First, the process of changing square into octagon and then hexadecagon in Seljukian fashionable pattern is described. Then, it is compared with the process of changing square into hexadecagon in Gonbad-e sorkh. By this comparison, the paper finally presents the zone of transition of Gonbad-e sorkh as a "shortcut pattern" of a novel geometrical arrangement of transitional elements.