فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1391)

Following the results revealed by the previous research on the effect of different culture in trauma, this study has been conducted to compare the autobiographical memory between monolingual and bilingual people with HIV/AIDS. Samples consist of 60 monolingual (Healthy and Patient) and 60 bilingual (Healthy and Patient) that were selected with available sampling method and were controlled by covariance analysis method in the gender, age and intelligence variables. The subjects were evaluated through the following tools: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Beck depression and Anxiety Inventory (BDAI), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), and autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). The results of covariance analysis indicated that in specific memories variable, the effect of interaction group and language was significant, but there was not a significant effect on interaction in retrieval memories of episodic and semantic memory. Also healthy people retrieve more items of autobiographical memory. Comparative results with respect to language type show that bilinguals behave more specific in AMT and have better action for remembering the adult memory from the autobiographical memory in AMI. This superiority has been derived on the basis of mind flexibility and cognitive processes growth in bilinguals. In general, it has been seen that there was not any meaningful difference between the autobiographical memory of (episodic and semantic) monolingual and bilingual individuals.

The aim of present study was to investigate emotional recognition and inhibition in patients with obsessive-compulsive and comparing with normal group. Statistical society of this research comprised total of patients with obsessive-compulsive aged 15-45 that had been referred to Mental Hospital and consulting and Therapeutic Center located in Ardabil in second half of 1388 and first half of 1389, as well as the normal population included all the normal persons aged 15-45. 40 persons in each group and in total 80 persons have been Sampled Availability selected in groups. The groups were matched for age, sex, education and handedness. The subjects were tested by emotional inhibition (EI) and facial emotional recognition test. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results suggested significant difference between emotion inhibition (p<0,01) and emotion recognition (p<0.01) in patients with OCD in comparison with healthy persons. Emotional Inhibition and Emotional Recognition patients were weaker than healthy persons. Adults who were suffered from OCD in emotional inhibition and emotional recognition were more impaired in comparison with normal group.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) on anxiety and worry of people with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The participants were 18 students who according to the criteria for DSM-IV-TR were suffering from anxiety disorder. They were randomly selected from the people who had previously visited the counseling centers of universities in Tehran. The participants were placed in experimental and control groups following the experimental design of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The participants of both groups responded to Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Trait Anxiety Questionnaire. The experimental group received the treatment for 16 sessions. At the end of treatment period and one month after that, the participants of both groups again responded to Penn State Worry and Trait Anxiety Questionnaire again. The results showed that CBT significantly has reduced the worry and trait anxiety of the participants with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in post-test and follow up phase. The results of the study show that CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

The purpose of the present research was to determine the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on the body image and self-efficacy in girls with bulimia nervous. This study is a quasi- experimental with pre-test/post-test and a control group. The sample of consisted of 40 girls with bulimia nervosa that selected among high school students in Ardebil city, and assigned to two experimental and waiting list groups. The 12 sessions (75 minutes each) of dialectical behavior therapy were implemented for experimental group. To collect the data, Eating Habits Questionnaire, Worry about Body Image Questionnaire and Self-Efficacy Scale were used. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance. The results of MANCOVA showed that dialectical behavior therapy were significantly decrease the bulimia nervosa and negative body image, and increasing of self-efficacy in the girls with bulimia nervosa. According to the findings of the research, dialectical behavior therapy reduced bulimia nervosa and improved body image and increased self-efficacy. Using of this treatment method is recommended for girls with bulimia nervosa in Iran.

Tension headaches and migraines are the most common types of headaches that cause severe loss of daily functioning of patients. Most of these patients treated with drug therapy and it seems that drug therapy is not useful alone. This study was examined the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy approach, in pain reduction of women with chronic headaches. In this study which was a Quasi-Experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group, the sample group was selected by available sampling method from patients referred to the Baghiyat Allah pain clinic. Therfore 30 female subjects were chosen randomly and assigned to two control & experimental groups (each with 15 subjects) and were evaluated based on International Headache Society criteria and physician diagnosis. To assess the severity of pain and pain acceptance, Pain Questionnaire and Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire were used respectively in pre-test and post-test. The experimental group experienced the treatment based on commitment and acceptance therapy and the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed by analysis of Covariance. The results showed that treatment based on the acceptance and commitment therapy caused significant changes in experience of pain. The results emphasize the importance of this intervention in psychosomatic diseases and provide new horizons in clinical interventions.

The purpose of present study was to investigate and compare self-reference effect on affective working memory in depressed and non-depressed women. Twenty seven patients with major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria were matched by age with 27 normal controls using convenience sampling method. Data collected by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the n-back task. Accuracy rate were analyzed using analysis of covariance and paired sample t-test. Paired samples t-test indicated that depressed individuals respond to self-referential stimuli better than other-referential stimuli (t= -2/65, p< 0/01). The results of analysis of covariance controlling for age and years of education showed no difference between groups in self-reference effect (F= 1/53, p>0/05). Depressed women same as non-depressed women identify and categorize self-referential stimuli better than other-referential stimuli. These findings may be due to promoted elaboration and better organization of information in processing self-relevant information. Also similarity of two groups in self-reference effect is in line with Williams’s model which proposed that depressed persons are not characterized by biases in early processing.

The present study is conducted with the aim of studying the efficacy of metacognition training and perception of spatial relationship on improvement of mathematical operation of the students with mathematics learning disabilities. The statistical population of the study included the students of grade three, primary school, with mathematics learning deficiencies in Isfahan between the years1389-90. To do this study 20 classes were sampled randomly. The applied instruments included Wechsler Intellectual Scale for Children 4, the test of recognizing mathematics deficiencies and the test of mathematics function. From among the students who were recognized with mathematics deficiencies, 45 were selected randomly for metacognition training, perception of spatial relationship training, and control groups. Experimental research design was in pre-test/post-test with a control group. Data were analyzed by statistical covariance. The covariance analysis represented a significant difference between the two groups: (F2, 41=18/12، η=0/47، P<0/0001) The test revealed the least significant difference between metacognetive training group (p<0. 0001) and perception of spatial relationship group (p<0. 0001) and control group, while there was no significant difference between the experimental groups (P=0. 991). Based on the findings of this study, both metacognetive methods and perception of spatial relationship methods of training are useful in treatment of mathematics learning disorders. Findings of the present study may conclude that it is useful to apply metacognition and perception of spatial relationship in teaching mathematics to the students.

There are several approaches in couple therapy, One of these approaches is Narrative Therapy. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on amount of forgiveness in women. The population of this research was all women of Rey city who were replied to researcher’s summon. The study sample was included 40 women who were randomly selected. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All participants were filled the family forgiveness scale (FFS) in a pre-test/post-test design with control group. At first, (FFS) was administered on both experimental and control groups. Then the experimental group was received eight weekly sessions (2 hours each) of narrative Therapy. Finally, a post-test (FFS) was administered after narrative therapy sessions on all groups. The results showed that the process of narrative therapy increased forgiveness of experimental group compared to the control group. Results shown that Narrative Therapy is an effective therapy for forgiveness and process of forgiveness in women.

This study attempts to compare the metacognitive beliefs of three groups, namely, schizophrenic patients, depressed patients and normal individuals. This Research is a causative-comparative study in which 90 individuals (30 schizophrenic patients, 30 depressed patients and 30 normal individuals; each containing an equal number of males and females) were participated. They were selected from the volunteered patients of two psychiatric centers – Roozbeh Tehran and Zare Sari – in 2009. The normal individuals were randomly selected. Based on the psychiatrist's diagnosis, each group was evaluated by metacognitive questionnaire long form. ANOVA is used to analyze the data. The findings of the study show that there are significant differences among the scores of schizophrenic, depressed and normal groups. The mean scores of metacognitive beliefs and its elements, except cognitive self-consciousness are higher than those of depressed and normal individuals. Moreover, the metacognitive beliefs scores of depressed group is significantly higher than those of normal group. In comparison with the normal group, the schizophrenic and depressed groups gained higher mean scores. Schizophrenic patients in comparison with other groups have disordered beliefs.