فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1393)

The model of Schema Therapy basically designed for the pathology of parenting and by focusing on the interpersonal relationships from childhood to adulthood has leaded to a decrease level in the early maladaptive schemas and also the neurotic symptoms. The aim of present study was to examine the effectiveness of Schema-focused Cognitive Group Therapy on the adjustment in the early maladaptive schemes of homeless adolescents as well as adolescents with difficult parenting situation. This applied study has used a pretest - posttest with control group design. The study population consisted of all homeless and difficult parenting adolescents of Behzisty centers in Semnan. Among 31 homeless and difficult parenting adolescents residing in Behzisty centers of Semnan، two groups were selected using a comparative stratified sampling method according to gender of subjects. Accordingly، 16 subjects were assigned to experimental group and 15 remaining individuals were assigned to control group. In the pretest stage، Young''s Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire was filled by all subjects (experimental and control group) and schema-focused cognitive group''s therapy was administered thereafter on the experimental group adolescents. After 12 therapeutic sessions، both groups repeated questionnaire completion and a follow-up were also made after 30 days. Data was extracted from the questionnaires and analyzed by a MANCOVA statistical analysis. The results showed no significant differences for the early maladaptive schemas between two groups but a positive trend was observed for 5 schemas. The Schema-focused Group Therapy could not reduce the early maladaptive schemas of these adolescent in a 12 psychotherapy sessions and it seems that more therapeutic sessions is necessary. A clinically positive trend was found for 1- Enmeshment/Undeveloped self، 2- Unrelenting Standards/Hyper criticalness، 3- Entitlement/Grandiosity، 4-Abandonment/Instability، 5- Emotional inhibition schemas.

There is an unsolved debate on whether borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder should be considered in similar spectrum or in distinct spectrum. The aim of the present study is to further the understanding of the similarities and differences between the two disorders by investigating borderline patients, bipolar patients and normal people in terms of various affective temperaments and maladaptive self-schemas. The present descriptive- comparative study consisted of 90 people including 30 Borderline personality patients (15 females and 15 males), 30 bipolar patients (15 females and 15 males) and 30 normal individuals (15 females, 15 males) who had been selected by available sampling. For data gathering Demographic properties questionnaire, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders, The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, The short version of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto questionnaire, Young Schema Questionnaire were used in this study. The gathered data is analyzed by SPSS-19 and descriptive statistic indexes, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. The present study demonstrated significantly higher mean scores on affective temperaments and 18 early maladaptive self-schemas for the borderline patients, Compared to the bipolar patients and the normal people. Also, the bipolar patients differed significantly from normal people by higher mean scores on the cyclothymic and irritable temperament and most of the early maladaptive self-schemas (Abandonment/ instability, Mistrust/abuse, Social isolation/ alienation, Vulnerability to harm or illness, Enmeshment/ undeveloped self, Entitlement/ grandiosity, Approval-seeking/ recognition-seeking, Punitiveness). The present study showed that affective temperaments and maladaptive self-schemas are more severe in borderline patients than in bipolar patients. These findings point to Distinction between the two disorders and therefore can be concluded that the two disorders differ from most of the same. Overall, there was a noticeable relationship in the high levels of affective temperaments and maladaptive self-schemas with the borderline personality disorder. Finally, Particular combination of sensitivity affective temperaments and maladaptive self-schemas was relevant with special psychopathology species.

The purpose of this research was to compare theory of mind and executive functions in obsessive Compulsive, schizophrenia, bipolar, and normal subjects. The study's research design was causal-comparative. 80 subjects (20 from each group) were selected via convenience sampling. The participants were assessed using first and second false belief، advanced theory of mind task and Wisconsin Card Sorting test was used. The data analyzed by MANOVA and LSD POST HOC statistical test showed that performance Obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia compared to normal subjects, there are significant differences in theory of mind and executive function. Between groups of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar obsessions - practical, the schizophrenic patients showed greater impairment of theory of mind and executive function. The results of this study indicated that patients with OCD, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as compared to the normal theory of mind abilities and executive functions have poorer performance. Also, it can be concluded that the poor performance of the task theory of mind and executive function in these patients is related to severity of impairment in cognitive abilities.

The purpose of this study was to examine effectiveness of expressive art group therapy on increasing behavioral and emotional components of self-concept of girls living in family-like centers of Mashhad. The present study was administered with a quasi-experimental design. Statistical society included all primary school parentless and poor-parenting girls living in family-like centers of Mashhad. 28 persons were chosen by available method among two eligible of these centers and placed randomly into experimental and control groups. Children Self Concept Scale (1969) was completed by participants in two stages, before and one week after intervention. Expressive art group therapy as an intervention was given experimental group in 10 sessions, two sessions per week, each session, 90 minutes and data were proceeded by repeated measures analysis of variance. Result showed that children of experimental group in Behavioral Adjustment, Physical Appearance and Attributes, Freedom from Anxiety and Happiness and Satisfaction were superior to children of control group, but scores of Popularity were not significant in two groups. It seems that expressive art group therapy can be useful to increase behavioral and emotional components of self-concept of girls living in family-like centers.

The purpose of this research was to compare thinking rumination and defence mechanisms in individuals suffering from major depression disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder with normal persons. The descriptive research was acausal-comparison kind. The sample included 30 clinical depressed people (women), 30 clinical obsessive ones (16 women,14 men), and 60 unaffected people (45 women,15 men). The clinical sample was selected by purposive sampling method and normal sample was selected with purposive form and by screening method using MMPI questionnaire.The used instruments included thinking rumination questionnaire(RQ), defence mechanisms questionnaire (DSQ40) and MMPI 71 question questionnaire. For data analysis, the multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) was used. The results showed that the amount of thinking rumination in depressed and compulsive group was more than the normal group (p<0/001). The amount of using immature defence style in affected groups was more than normal group (0/001) and the amount of using neurotic style in depressed people was also more than the compulsive (P<0/01) and normal group(p<0/001). Besides, the results showed that there is a significant diference among the three groups in Projection, Devaluation, Acting out, Somatization, Autistic fantasy, Splitting, Passive aggression, Displacement, Isolation, Suppression, Sublimation, Humor, Anticipation, Pseudo-altruism and Denial mechanisms (P<0/01). On the basis of research findings,thinking rumination and defence mechanisms have an important role in temperamental and anxiously disorders. The effort for reduction using thinking rumination and immature and neurotic styles, can be an important step to promote the patients`mental health.

Positive interventions which focus on positive aspects and strengths of people are kinds of relatively new interventions in psychology. This research has been conducted in order to investigate how effective the positive intervention is in decreasing dysfunctional attitudes and in increasing level of happiness in adolescent girls. Using available sampling method, 31 girls were selected and randomly assigned in experimental and control groups. Trainings based on positive therapy were given to the experimental group during eleven weekly sessions of two-hour duration each. During this period, control group was given no training at all. Dysfunctional attitudes were measured by using Weissman scale of Dysfunctional Attitude and the rate of happiness was measured by using Oxford Happiness Inventory, and both were done before and after intervention, 4 and 9 months after the intervention ended. Repeated measures showed that in comparison with the control group, positive trainings significantly reduced dysfunctional attitudes, and increased rate of happiness. Based on these results, it can be claimed that positive intervention not only decreases dysfunctional attitudes, but also increases happiness. Therefore, this method can be used to reduce psychological problems which underlie psychological disorders. This intervention can also improve quality of life.

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) may enhance psychological flexibility and subsequently better coping with chronic pain and its difficulties and disabilities. The present research was conducted to study the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the rate of pain intensity in females with chronic low back pain in Isfahan. This study was a semi-experimental research, and a pre-test, post-test, follow-up design with control group was applied. Statistical universe included all women with chronic low back pain in Isfahan. 40 women with chronic low back pain were selected using convenience sampling as well as based on entrance and exist standards from three clinics and private offices of orthopedics and spinal column in "Isfahan and randomly were assigned into two 20 persons control and experimental group. The measurement tool was Multidimensional pain inventory-screening that was completed by the participants in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Then the experimental group received ACT for 8 one hour sessions. For statistical data analysis, variance analysis with repeated measures is used. Results of data analysis indicated that there is a meaningful decrease in pain intensity in experimental group in pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. According to the results, this therapy method can decrease the rate of pain intensity in women with chronic low back pain and represents new horizons in clinical interventions and can be used as an appropriate intervention method.

The purpose of this study was to comparison of attention performance between dependent and non-dependent individuals to Methamphetamine. The research design was a Causal-Comparative research. From rehabilitation centers in Saveh City, 30 men based on psychiatric diagnosing interview and DSM-TV-TR criteria selected with convenience sampling method as methamphetamine’s dependent group. Then, 30 normal men who were matched by age, gender and educational levels with dependent group, selected as an independent group. To collect data, the Stroop test, spatial cuing and Simon effect which are a part of Coglab software, were used. Data analyzed by, multivariate analysis of variance, analysis of variance tests. The result showed that dependent individuals’ to methamphetamine attention function was different with independent individuals, in selective attention based on response choice (tested with Simon effect), valid situation and invalid situation of spatial cuing which assessed by visual attention, and also selective attention (which is tested by Stroop effect) based on stimuli recognition. But, both groups didnt show any significant difference in visual attention when there was not any sign for stimuli position (neutral condition). According to these findings, methamphetamine has significant effect on weakling attention function.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders in freshman college students in Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences. In this cross-sectional study, 500 students of Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences were selected by sampling a share. Participants by trained interviewers with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) were interviewed. The demographic questionnaire was completed. The results showed that percentage of psychiatric disorders on campus students, male students, and lower educational level is higher. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in students as one of the educated class of markedly high.