فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1394)

Inrtodaction: Although many studies have supported the model proposed by Wells in metacognition, it seems that this model is unable to explain some of the ambiguities were raised in the discussion of individual differences in personality study or cognitive failures. The present study examined metacognitive processing to highlight role of executive functions in high anxiety and low anxiety individuals, then proposed model for the complete Wells pattern about the relationship between metacognition and anxiety. 200 female students in Tarbiat Modares University completed the Metacognition Questionnaire, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire and Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The purpose of MCQ-30 and CFQ were to control the inclusion criteria. Then according to extreme scores in extraversion and neuroticism dimensions of EPQ-R, two groups (each group 15 subjects) including high anxiety and low anxiety were selected. Finally, the Stroop test and the Wisconsin card sorting test completed. Results showed that metacognitive processing in low anxiety was better thanhigh anxiety. It seems that the model proposed in this study is able to answer the questions on metacognition that Wells model is unable to explain them. Although the strength of this model is the need for more research measures.

The aim of this study was to compare the executive functions and working memory in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people. The design of this study is causal- comparative. The statistical society included all patients referred to Iranian health center in semnan in 1393. From this society, 30 people with obsessive-compulsive disorder were choosen with available sampling method. To select individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, people that had been diagnosed obsessive-compulsive disorder by clinical psychologist were interviewed and completed related test again. For choosing comparison group, 30 normal people were matched and selected by available sampling method. In this study, Wechsler digit span test, continuous performance test, index cards Wisconsin test and the test of the Tower of London was used to collect data. For data analysis, multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance was used. Results of data analysis showed that the function of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder in working memory and executive function (the ability of attention maintaining, ability of movement and ability of scheduling) is weaker than normal people. Despite the poor performance in inhibition response by those with obsessive-compulsive disorder than normal controls, difference between two groups was not significant. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder have some deficits in executive functions and working memory.

Depression is a common psychological disorder and there are several methods to treat it. Therefore, it is very important to identify effective and permanent treatment. The aim of present research was to compare the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression symptoms reduction. To do so, 20 patients with depression selected and randomly were assigned to two groups; i.e. cognitive behavior therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory through pretest, posttest and follow up intervals. Data were analyzed using repeated measure of analysis of variance. The results showed that both treatments were effective in reducing depression symptoms. However, no significant difference was found between two methods, but there was significant difference between two groups on follow up scores. The present study indicated that effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy, over time is more permanent than repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

The purpose of this research was evaluating the effectiveness of mindfulness group-based cognitive therapy on reducing anxiety sensitivity and Meta-worry students with symptoms of social anxiety.This study research design was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with control group. Statistical population was all students at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with clinical symptoms of social anxiety in 1392-93 academic year. 30 students (15 groups, 15 groups control)were selected with purposeful sampling. The experimental group received 8 sessions of training, but the control group did not receive any type of psychological services. The two groups completed questionnaires before and after the intervention. Anxious thoughts questionnaire and anxiety sensitivity questionnaire were used for collecting data.The results of covariance analysis indicated significant differences between experimental and control groups in reducing anxiety sensitivity (P<0/01). There was a significant difference between the two groups also in reducing meta-worry (P<0/01). The results showed that mindfulness group-based cognitive therapy was effective on reducing anxiety sensitivity and Meta-worry in students with symptoms of social anxiety.

The purpose of this present study was comparing of early maladaptive schemas and parental origins of these schemas amoung the patients with gender-identity disorders and normal individuals. The present research is a causal- comparative study. The statistical sample included 78 individuals in two groups, clinical (patients with gender-identity) and normal individuals (control 39 people) who were selected using convenience sampling. Data collection of clinical group was done by referring to the legal medical, psychotherapy and psychology clinics and Gender Reconstruction Surgery (GRS) in Tehran, Shiraz and Mahmoud Abad.The samples were evaluated by Early Maladaptive Schema scale (YSQ-RE2 R) and Young parenting inventory (YPI), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) who performance for general group. The data analyzed, since data distribution wasn’t normal (with one-sample Kolmogrov-Smirnoff test and Shapiro-vilk test and probability-probability chart), non-parametric equivalent of independent T test (U Mann-Whitney) and correlation coefficient were used. In this present study, Cranach’s alpha all parts of the questionnaire was gained about 0.78. The survey shows that there was significant difference between two clinics and normal groups among 9. This means that early maladaptive schemas were more in the clinics group. There was significant between two groups of gender-identity disorder and normal people from point of view of prior incompatible parental origins schemas (related to mother and father). The data analyzed, since data distribution wasn’t normal (with one-sample Kolmogrov-Smirnoff test and Shapiro-vilk test and probability-probability chart), non-parametric equivalent of independent T test (U Mann-Whitney) and correlation coefficient were used. In this present study, Cronbach’s alpha all parts of the questionnaire was gained about 0.78. The survey shows that there was significant difference between two clinics and normal groups among 9. This means that early maladaptive schemas were more in the clinics group. There was significant between two groups of gender-identity disorder and normal people from point of view of prior incompatible parental origins schemas (related to mother and father).

The aim of this study was to determine common factors and specific factors of anxiety and depression disorders are based on temperament and character components in Consigner’s model. The study sample included 313 patients who were selected by random sampling. Data from this study, using questionnaires temperament and character Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory and Social Phobia Inventory were collected. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used. Results from Structural equation modeling showed that Harm Avoidance factor has a significant relation with all anxiety symptoms also with Depression. Furthermore Harm Avoidance is the predicting factor for all Depression and Anxiety disorders. Results also showed, there is significant relation between Self-Directedness and depression. Moreover, structural model results showed that low Novelty Seeking is not specific factor for OCD and social phobia. The results showed that Harm Avoidance is common factor between anxiety and depression disorders and primarily is responsible for the observed overlap between these disorders. On the other hand, Results indicated that Self-Directedness factor is specific features of depression.

In recent years, intervention results of children with autism disorder have been examined in many studies. One of the effective interventions for this group of children is Applied Behavioral Analysis method. In number of clinical trials and single-subject studies have been measured the effectiveness of this method on children with autism, that results are different. Therefore, the use of meta-analysis is necessary. The purpose of current study is examining the effect size of ABA on improvement the language skills in autism children by meta-analysis method and with collecting and integrating the results different studies. 10 studies accepted in methodology were collected and analyzed through meta-analysis. The research tool was meta-analysis checklist. Effect size for each study was manual calculated. The mean of effect size of ABA intervention were 1/66 (p≤ 0/001) on expressive language, 1/52 (p≤ 0/001) on receptive language and 1/21 (p≤ 0/001) on composite language skills in autistic children, according to Cohen table is high. Findings of this meta-analysis support of effectiveness ABA on improvement language skills in autism children.

Self-efficacy refers to people’s belief in their ability to perform their duties efficiently in particular contexts and influences their choice of activities and situations. It determines how hard people will try and how long they will persist in the face of obstacles. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Task Self-Efficacy Scale for Everyday Activities)SEEA((Robert, Dolansky, and Weber, 2010(. To this end, and to confirm the construct validity of the questionnaire, 425)207 male and 218 female(older adults at different levels of physical activity)Active, Inactive) were selected by random sampling and then completed the questionnaire. Using the translation-back translation method, the questionnaire was translated from English to Persian and from Persian to English by three sports psychologists and three English-language experts. The content and face validity of the Persian version of the questionnaire was confirmed by the three sports psychologists and the three English- language experts. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) based on structural equations was used for the validation of the structure of the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to validate the internal consistency of the questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method with 4-weeks interval was used to study the temporal reliability of the items. The results showed that SEEA had an acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0.055, CFI = 1.00., TLI = 0.99), internal consistency (Self-care = 0.987, Mobility = 0.986, and the total = 0.987), and temporal reliability (Self-care = 0.74, Mobility= 0.82, and the total = 0.83). These findings indicated good validity and reliability for the Persian version of Self-Efficacy Scale for Everyday Activities for older adults. Therefore, the Persian version of the questionnaire can be employed as a tool to study and evaluate the self-efficacy of Iranian older adult.

The aim of this study was to comparison between men and women which aims to examine relationship of emotional divorce and maladaptive schema in Mashhad. The study of correlation and statistical population of couples who were living in the city of Mashhad, among them 200 patient (100 females and 100 males) were selected by random sampling. The assessment tools were included Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (short form) and emotional divorce questionnaire. Then, data were analyzed by Pearson correlations and multiple variables regression The result showed a significant and positive relationship (p<0/01) between emotional divorce and early maladaptive schemas. Regression analysis shows that social isolation, failure to progress and emotional deprivation can predict the emotional divorce (p<0/01). Result suggested that by identifying and challenging maladaptive schema can increase the level of intimacy and marital satisfaction and reduced emotional divorce.