فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 30، تابستان 1395)

Multiple Sclerosis (M.S) is one of the most common chronic diseases of central nervous system. The disease may cause numerous psychological maladjustment in patients that depression has high prevalence among them. This study was conducted to investigate effectiveness of group therapy based on hope approach on hope and depression in women with Multiple Sclerosis.
This research is quasi-experimental study with pretest- posttest design and control group. 24 patients were selected among statistical population included women with M.S in Zahedanʼs M.S Society by using convenience sampling method and criterion of minimum score of 14 in Beck Depression Inventory-II and sample were divided into two groups as experimental and control groups. Group therapy based on hope approach was performed in the experimental group. The instruments were Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Snyder's Hope Scale. Data were analyzed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS 16 software.
Group therapy based on hope approach promoted hope and reduced depression in women with Multiple Sclerosis in comparison to the control group significantly (P Group therapy based on hope approach is effective in promotion of hope and reducing of depression in women with M.S. So it can be applied as useful method of intervention for improving depression symptoms in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Fatigue is one of the most common problems in patients with multiple sclerosis which has several negative effects on their life. The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy based on fatigue on dimensions of mental fatigue in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
This study was single subject design with multiple baselines. The sample of this study consisted of 3 patients who had been referred to Iran Multiple Sclerosis Society and complained of fatigue and also had study's inclusion and exclusion criteria. The instrument in this study was fatigue impact scale. Effect size and cure rate were used to analyze data.
The results of data analysis indicated that effect size in physical dimension of fatigue impact scale after treatment and 45days follow-up were 0.991 and 0.989 respectively. Effect size in cognitive dimension after treatment and 45days follow-up were 0.83 and 0.80 respectively.
Results of this study indicates that cognitive behavioral therapy based on fatigue is effective in reducing of physical, cognitive and social fatigue and can be applied as one of effective options in reducing physical, cognitive and social dimensions of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The aim of present research was to investigate effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on drug craving in heroin addicts treated by methadone maintenance.
The present study was an experimental clinical trial with pretest, post-tests and follow-up phases. The study population consisted all of heroin addicts who referred to substance abuse treatment center in Arak city. The 36 heroin addicts were selected by convenience sampling method and were assigned into control and experimental groups (experimental group=16 patients and control group=20 patients). The Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS) was used in pretest, post-tests and follow-up. The experimental groups recived 8 sessions of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) program between pretest and posttest while control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analized by ANOVA with repeated measure with SPSS 16.
The results of ANOVA with repeated measure showed that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) reduced significantly drug craving scores of experimental group in posttest and Follow-up (p This study revealed that Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) program as modern psychotherapy technique is effective method to reduce drug craving. Therefore, this approach is recommended for these patients.

Sensation seeking has been defined as needs with neurological and biological origin, variety of new, complex and dangerous feelings and experiences. In this regard recent researches also suggest that a high level of sensation seeking is one of the most important factors in vulnerability to substance abuse and alcohol abuse and dependence. Therefore, this study aimedto investigate The Effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies training on reducing of sensation seeking in drug-dependent persons.
The study was quasi-experimental research with the pretest - posttest design and control group. The population consists all of drug-dependent persons who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Marivan city.Sampling was done in two steps; convenience sampling was used in the first step and then randomized assignment was used in the second step. Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale was used to collect data. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze data.
The results showed that emotion regulation strategies training except the thrill and adventure seeking reduce components of prevent deforestation, sensitivity to uniform and total sensation seeking.
Because the sensation seeking trait is one of risk factors for recurrence tendency toward substance abuse, therefore, it's suggested based on research's findings that emotion regulation strategies can be used for controlling this trait is substance abusers.

According to recent studies, rate of anxiety disorders is high and relatively few of these studies have been focused on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy (EST (on worry and anxiety's signs and symptoms in patients with GAD.
The present study was conducted in the frame of single subject design. Two patients with generalized anxiety disorder were selected based on generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis by psychiatrist and structured clinical interview (SCID) by clinical psychologist and inclusion and exclusion criteria and they received emotional schema therapy for 10 sessions of 1 hour. Patients were evaluated 7 times during treatment and 2 months follow up by Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Pen State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Data were analyzed by for trend changes, slope, reviewing of charts; also effect size and percentage of recovery were used to determine the clinical significance.
The data analysis showed that EST is significantly effective in reducing worry and anxiety's signs and symptoms in patients with GAD.
Emotional Schema Therapy could be considered as an effective therapy to psychological interventions for patients with GAD (with caution).

The aim of this study was to determine appraisal of effectiveness and comparison of coping skills and life style training in relapse prevention after detoxify period in addicts under treatment.
In semi-experimental study 39 subjects with diagnosis of opioid dependence Based on diagnostic criteria (DSM) who had been referred to Aftab Community Center of Tehran city and successfully detoxified that were selected by convenience sampling method and also were assigned into two experimental groups (coping skills and life style) and control group. The experimental groups received 12 sessions of coping skills and life style training but control group did not receive any treatment and waited for treatment. All participants were assessed by morphine test in pretest and posttest and 4 months after end of group therapy. Data were analyzed by using descriptive methods, χ2 test.
showed significant differences between groups in frequency of coping skills, lifestyle and e control (p0.05).
Results indicated that coping skills and life style training were effective in relapse prevention in studied groups. Also there was no significant difference between effectiveness of two groups in relapse prevention in follow up stage. According to the findings, it can be said coping skills and life style training significantly prevent relapse in people under treatment.

Prevalence of positive approach to health and mental health has caused more researcher's attention to use measures based on this approach. One of these measures is World Health Organization Five Well-being Index. This study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of Persian version of WHO-5 Well-being Index.
The research method was descriptive and correlation. The study sample included 498 university students who were selected voluntary and responded to World Health Organization Five Well-being Index, Beck Depression Inventory and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ-SF).
Results of exploratory & confirmatory factor analysis showed that factor structure of WHO-5 Well-Being Index was unidimensional. The internal consistency of World Health Organization Five Well-being Index's items was high and its Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 also test-retest coefficient of index was 0.82. Significant correlation between WHO-5 Well-Being Index's scores with Oxford Happiness Questionnaire's scores indicate good convergent validity (0.57) and also demonstrate appropriate divergence with Beck Depression Inventory's scores validity (-0.61). Generally, results showed that WHO-5 Well-Being Index is valid and reliable instrument to measure normal people's subjective well-being and quality of life.
Using of WHO-5 Well-Being Index is reliable independent of culture, unidimensional and short to assess subjective well-being that facilitates clinical and research studies in different medical, psychiatric and psychological fields.

The purpose of present study was to investigate prediction of depression based on components of self-compassion (self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness and excessive cognition) in girl students with emotional breakdown experience in Ahvaz universities.
The present research method was correlational. The participants of study were 180 girl students who have experienced emotional breakdown during past year. The sample was selected by using purposive sampling and snowball sampling method. Data collection tools included 13-item Beck Depression Inventory and Neff Self-Compassion Inventory.
Discriminant analysis method was used to analyze data. Results showed that linear combination of study's variables can predict depression among girl students of Ahwaz universities. Also in stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the most efficient variables in prediction of depression were 1- mindfulness, 2- isolation, 3- self-judgment and 4- self-kindnessrespectively. In investigation of variables separately released that all variables including self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness and excessive cognition were significant prediction for depression among girl students of Ahwaz universities.
Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that self-compassion can predict depression among girl students with emotional breakdown experience in Ahvaz universities.

Anxiety and depression are mostly manifested as comorbid disorders in elderly and are associated with negative consequences in elderly people’s physical and mental health and also poorer response to medicinal and psychological treatments. The present study was planned and implemented in order to investigate structural model of positive and negative affects with anxiety and depression in elderly mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation.
The current research was correlational. 173 elderly people were selected by using convenience sampling method among the elderly population in Minoudasht city. The participants of this study completed Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Anxiety and Depression Scale. Path analysis was used to test the pattern of direct and indirect impacts.
Findings of current study indicated that the data has good fitness with model. The direct impact of positive affect on depression and direct impact of negative affect on depression were significant. Indirect impact of positive affect on anxiety and depression through emotion regulation difficulty was significant. Also, indirect effect of negative affect on anxiety and depression through emotion regulation difficulty was significant. The direct impact of negative affect on depression was not significant. Moreover, findings demonstrate that direct impact of positive affect on depression is stronger than other variable. Finally, 57% of depression variance and 53% of anxiety variance in this model are explained by emotion regulation difficulty, positive affect and negative affect. Positive affect, negative affect and emotion regulation difficulty can significantly predict anxiety and depression among elderly.
Affective style and emotion regulation difficulty should be considered in therapeutic interventions or prevention of anxiety and depression in elderly. Theoretical implications of findings have been discussed.