فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 37، بهار 1397)

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most prevalent anxiety disorder in clinical centers and students population that is frequently observed in its chronic form. The main aim of the present study was to explore the Adlerian Therapy effectiveness on the clinical symptoms and the life satisfaction of the generalized anxiety disordered students.
Using a semi experimental design a sample of 30 students of Neyshabur city, suffering from GAD were selected among students admitted to the counseling center of Azad University and Payam-e-Noor University of Neyshabur based on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and clinical interviews. Students then were randomly divided into two 15-member experimental and control groups and undergon ten 90-minutes Adlerian therapy sessions. The students were presented with the Diener's Life Satisfaction Questionnaire and Spielberger's State-Trait anxiety Inventory in the pretest and posttest, stages and the collected data were analyzed using covariance analysis.
The results of the study showed that Adlerian therapy could reduce the mean score of the state and trait anxiety in the experimental group compared to the control group, no difference was found for the life satisfaction variable.
Adlerian therapy can be effective intervention in reducing the severity of clinical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Application of this intervention is recommended to clinicians for reducing GAD symptoms in students.

Divorce is considered as one of the leading factors for mental disorder in persons ‘ life. Mental disorders is more frequent in divorced persons than married people. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused psychotherapy on decreasing depression and anxiety in divorced women.
The method of the study was non-congruent multiple baselines experimental single case design. Four divorced women were selected using convenience sampling method. Participants participated in the several baseline steps, 8 intervention compassion-focused therapy sessions and 2 follow-ups. The instruments used were Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using Visual Drawing method, Permanent Change Index, and Percentage Improvement Formula.
The results showed that compassion- focused therapy significantly reduced depression and anxiety symptoms of divorced women. A follow-up of two or four weeks also indicated the sustainability of the therapeutic changes.
According to the findings of this research, compassion-focused therapy could significantly affect depression and anxiety in divorced women. Consequently this treatment is recommended as a useful intervention and a new method for reducing depression and anxiety to psychotherapists and family therapists.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system that affects the quality of life of individuals. Acceptance and commitment group therapy is one of the treatments of the third wave of behavior therapy that leads to improving the quality of life in people with chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment group therapy on improving the quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis.
The present study use a semi-experimental design, with a pretest-posttest and control group paradigm. Among patients referred to the Semnan MS Society, 30 patients were selected and assigmented randomly to the research groups. The Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to examine quality of life of MS patients. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment group therapy in ten sessions. Following the therapeutic intervention both groups were filled questionnaires again and extracted data were analyzed by a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance.
The findings showed that the acceptance and commitment group therapy was effective on the health status, severity of burnout, pain effects, mental health and perception of subject, whereas no effect observed for supportive contexts and sexual satisfaction.
Based on the findings of the present study, acceptance and commitment group therapy can improve the quality of life in the patients with multiple sclerosis and is recommended to clinicians.

Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by epileptic seizures that are identified by suddenly attacks, usually without eliciting external event, along with disorder of consciousness and involuntary movements. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on improving the inhibition of childhood drug-resistant temporal lobe Epilepsy.
The present research use a single subject design. The research population included all clients referred to the clinic of Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad, in 2015 to 2018 and were diagnosed by an expert neurologist with experience on drug-resistant temporal lobe Epilepsy. The age range of subjects were between 6 and 18 years old and 5 patients were selected. The research tools were Porteus Maze Test and the Go-No Go Test. The final results were analyzed using a visual analysis chart and a recovery percentage formula.
Results were shown that in the Go-No Go Test, for the majority of subjects the commission error decreased. The percentage of recovery for 3 subjects were over 50 percent which is a sign of clinical recovery. The other two subjects revealed a lower recovery in commission error.
This study suggest that tDCS intervention play a significant role on improving the inhibition of epileptic children. Hence the use of such a new therapies as tDCS that requires no medication will have beneficial effects on patients’ lives and their mental functioning.

Autism is a kind of progressive disorder that children suffer from anxiety in their personal and social life. The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of 8 weeks of Spark Traning Program along with Neurofeedback on the cortisol levels of autistic children.
In a semi-experimental design, 24 autistic children aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (1-Spark training 2- Neurofeedback 3-Spark training Neurofeedback and 4- control group). Three groups undergon 45 minutes 2 days per weeks therapeutic sessions in 8 weeks interval, whereas no intervention received by control subjects and just engaged in their routine activities. Cortisol measurements were administered in pre-test and post-test under the same conditions from all four groups.
Applying Analysis of Covariance on the resulting data showed that mean scores of the cortisol levels significantly decreased in the spark training group, neurofeedback group, and spark neurofeedback training group, and the most effectiveness was the combination of Spark and neurofeedback training, whereas no important changes detected for control group.
It could be concluded that receiving isolated and adjunct Spark and Neurofeedback training effectively reduce cortisol level in autistic children. Adjunct training however had robust effects.

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the psychological flexibility of elderly women in Tehran.
We conducted our study with a semi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and follow-up fram. A total sample of 50 elderly women referred to health centers in Tehran were randomly selected and assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 45 minutes acceptance and commitment therapy, while no therapy administered on the control group. The psychological flexibility of the subjects was assessed using the Dennis and Winder Test in three stages of the research. Final data were analyzed by Analysis of Covariance as well.
Comparison of the study groups indicated significant difference for experimental group who received ACT. There was a significant difference in the psychological flexibility in the post-test, and this difference was stable in the follow up stage.
It could be concluded that the ACT intervention effectively increase the flexibility of the elderly women and is recommended to clinical psychologists for increasing the elderly women flexibility.

the purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ABA and PRT on life orientation, unconditional acceptance and social anxiety in mothers of autistic children.
This research applied a quasi-experimental designs with pretest-posttest frame. By a convenience sampling method among a statistical population including all mothers with a autistic child who attended to the exceptional children education centers in Sari town a sample consisted of 24 subjects were selected and divided into three groups (1 control and 2 experimental). The first group were treated with ABA and the second group received PRT while no intervention made on control group. Unconditional acceptance questionnaire (USAQ), life orientation test (LOT) and social phobia inventory (SPI) were used in pre and post test occations.
the results of a GLM: MANOVA showed that there was no difference between experimental groups and control by controlling the effect of pre-test in study variables (Orientation of Life, Unconditional Acceptance, Social Anxiety). However, a clincaly positive trend was evident relative to the control group for social anxiety score.
ABA and PRT could not affect considerably the orientation of life, unconditional acceptance and social anxiety of mothers with autistic children. However a significant clinical trend was evident rather than the control group in the social anxiety of mothers after ABA intervention. Further research in this field is recommended to future researchers for likelihood of more effective administration of these interventions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance and resiliency with test anxiety in male students.
By a correlational design among statistical population including all male students of 12th grade in the academic year 2015-2016 of the 1st region of Ahvaz city a total sample of 103 male students were randomly selected, and asked to complete 3 scales of Anxiety Sensitivity Scale, Acceptance and Action Scale, Resilience Scale, as well as, Test Anxiety Inventory.
The results showed a significant positive relationship for anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance with test anxiety, as well as, a significant negative relationship for test anxiety and resiliency in students. Experiential avoidance was the best predictor of the test anxiety in students. All 3 predictor variables culd predict 49 percent of test anxiety in students.
Based on the findings of this research could be concluded that the experiential avoidance was the strong predictor of the test anxiety. Hence the consideration of experintial avoidance into acount in students with test anxiety is recommended.

The goal of this study was to investigat the mediating role of internal and external motivation in the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism, as well as, society-oriented perfectionism with academic burn-out in students of the Farhangian University in Semnan city.
regarding the purpose of the study this is an applied research, while in data gathering view could be considerd as a descriptive-correlative. Statistical population includes all the students of Farhangian University in 1394-95 academic year. Study sample were included 240 students (144 male and 96 femal) who were selected by a stratified randomized sampling method. All participants completed scales of perfectionism, academic motivation and academic burn-out and the dataset was analyzed with a Pearson’s correlation and a path analysis statistical model.
Study results were indicated a significant negative correlation effect for self-oriented perfectionism and academic burn-out in the students. Self-oriented perfectionism indirectly and with mediation of internal academic motivation was negatively related to academic burn-out in students. A significant negative effect was evident for society-oriented perfectionism relating to students’ academic burn-out as well, whereas no significant effect was found for society-oriented perfectionism with external motivation mediation.
It could be concluded that personality factors such as self-perfectionism and internal educational motivation cosiderably affect academic burn-out among university students.