مجله فنون ادبی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 11، پاییز و زمستان 1393)

In all Arabic and Persian books on rhetoric، vocative sentences are considered as performatives and the very presence of interjections or the vocative intonation in a sentence makes that sentence a vocative one which has secondary meanings and intentions. The issue of vocatives in language deserves contemplation. Investigation of evidences shows that vocatives are of different types and there is no single rule for all of them because each of them has its own features which should be studied on the basis of both rules of Persian grammar and secondary intentions. In this article، first، vocatives are classified according to Persian grammar and some suggestions are made in this classification with regard to features of each type. Then، regarding the semantic load of each type، some points are proposed about the secondary intentions of each type. This article tries to provide appropriate answers for the following questions: 1) Are interjections such as “ey”، “ya” and “e” always used for vocative purposes? 2) Are there different types of vocatives in Persian? 3) According to the definition of vocatives in rhetorical books، do they always have secondary intentions or these intentions are determined on the basis of sentences which follow the interjections?

Structural Stylistics, based on linguistic methods, is stressing that understanding of any text depend to comprehend its components and its relationship with context. This school tries to organize relationship between structure and theme in literary works. In this method, first of all, the phonetic, lexical, syntactic and rhetoric systems are analyzed, then its influence in literary context will be investigated. Based on this approach, In this study we have focused on two sonnets of the Kaiser Aminpour and Ali Reza Qazveh with Holy Defense topic. The conclusion of the study indicates that: the surface and deep structure have coherence with its theme in this two texts and all of the phonetic, lexical, syntactic and rhetoric systems, parallelisms and deviations suggest the same emotional influences.

Diversity of «Ya» is one of the most important issues in the Persian language that has been less studied to this time، This study intends to rely on various books of grammar and common language of the people، to find all kinds and types of «Ya” And present a complete classification of the it، Classification according to the authors، is comprehensive and complete The main findings of this study that has been written by the analyzing and decrypting method indicate that there are very types for» Ya«that have been neglected.

Caesura is a pause in a line of poem that be found in many different literatures. Caesura and its relation with poem meter In Persian poem are unknown. In Persian Prosodic poetry، the most important position of caesura is between two hemistiches and in a hemistich with cyclical meter. In this article، we will study the other caesuras in hemistiches. We can divide caesuras، according to their relations with poem meter، in two kinds: obligatory and optional. Obligatory caesura is belonged to the meters consist of sole long syllables. In these meters، caesura is a main factor of meter and moving. it will damage the poem meter. The other، is optional caesura that be found in the meters consist of both short and long syllables. Caesura in these kinds of meter plays the role of companion and complement of meter.

Poetic figures of speech are among the factors which their prominence in a poet’s poetry makes up his/her specific style. One of the figures of speech and poetic techniques is allusive figures of speech or amalgamated allusions. As the name entails، these are types of figures in which allusion is located at the center and amalgamates with other figures. Such amalgamation brings about a novel complicated figure of speech. One special type of allusive figures of speech is an allusion which is occasionally amalgamated with metaphor and ambiguity، and at times in addition to metaphor and ambiguity with simile. The origin of this figure، which is recently referred to as “metaphoric ambiguous allusion، is traced back to Hakim baz in Persian literature. Although، poetry of Hafez is replete with metaphoric ambiguous allusion، it is considerably ubiquitous in Indian style in a way that its ignorance especially in Saeb’s poetry implies the denial of one of its foremost stylistic qualities. Such amalgamated figure is formed when a poet grants an allusion to a phenomenon which in reality the phenomenon owns such quality but in a different conceptualization. Supposedly، the given figure was Saeb’s major artifact which helped him to fulfill his distinct poetic quality i. e. unsurpassed power of creating vivacious contents. The present article intended to conduct a supplementary reanalysis of “metaphoric ambiguous allusion and its different varieties and examined it in Saeb’s Poetry.

Khlashalmqamat is a synthetic cell consisted of three papers about the status of Sheikh Ahmad jami containing 34 sections and one chapter. Inspired by his serious reference in 840 A. H and in the period of Bahador Teimori (14 Rabi al-Sani 776- Zel Haje 850 A. H)، Alao Al-Molk Jami - of the descendants of Sheikh Ahmad Jam - wrote this book and presented to him. - Alao Al-MolK has used In writing this book in addition of Mohammad Ghaznavi''s Maqamat - which is a description of the Ahmad jam'' s Maqamat –of four Maqamat the namas: Imam raziod- Din Ilyas Taybady'' s maqamat، Sheikh Ahmad Trkhestany'' s maqamat; Tajeddin Mahmoud buzjany'' s maqamat and Darwish Ali buzjany'' s maqamat. Also he has benefited of Khaje Mohammad Heysam tarikh،jameol –osull Some of sehahe sette and masanid arba-e، and apparently Several court poets Including Sheikh Attar Neyshabury also some Sheikh jam'' s writings (onso at- taebin serajo as- sayarin rovzato al-moznebin konuzo al-hekme meftaho an-nejat and beharo al-haghighe and Sheikh jam'' s poetry collection. In addition The book contains mystical benefits، geographical، historical and Specific characteristics of style and language Which is referred to in article. From kholasat- almaqamat is available several manuscrips; including manuscripts of the Lahore a preserved manuscriot in theology faculty of mashhad and digital library of parliament the Islamic Assembly pointed out that the article is in place to introduce them.

Simile، the most prominent feature in Kelileh and Demneh *M. Mahmoudi Abstract: Kelileh and Demneh is one of the outstanding types of Persian technical prose. Using various literary devices and figurative speeches such as simile، metaphor، Mojaz and metonymy are among characteristics of the book. Among literary devices، Simile as the most effective means of imagination play a major role in this book. In the present article، simile and its different types in Kelileh and Demneh has been studied and analyzed. Simile has been extensively and intensively used throughout the book. The extensive domain of Likeness as the major focus of simile needs considerable attention. In using the means of comparison (like and as)، attention has been paid to the beauty and delicateness of speech. Intellectual simile has been used more than sensual simile; furthermore، compound simile and allegorical simile have special place in different form of comparison. as a result، the present study indicates that simile in the book of Kelileh and Demneh along with other imaginary literary forms is a powerful means for expressing didactic thoughts and concepts. However، aesthetic aspects also have been taking into account.