مجله فنون ادبی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 7، پاییز و زمستان 1391)

Natural environment, social and physiological factors have impacts on rhyme, identical rhyme and rhythm. The influences of these factors on music of poetry of Khaghani and Masih have been analyzed. First, the rhythm of poems which were selected from two different periods is extracted and classified according to the point of view of scientists of metrics and rhyme. Based on the opinion of sociologist literature rhyme and meter of the poems analyzed. The result shows that more than fifty percent of Khaghani’s poems with the shirt rhyme and more than sixty percent of Masih’s poems with the moderate rhythms hefty have composed, which shows the impact of social factors on rhythms of poems. The effect of social factors on music of poetry is more than physiological effects. This study by research of Masih’s poems in two different social spaces was found that usage of long and short rhythms fifty twelve percent increased by changing the environment.

Romanticism is a literarily movement which in last years of 18 the century, derived from England and changed to literally school in 19 century reaching most of the European countries, western Europe and even Russia. This school has deeply in flounced on different aspects of literature in different parts of the world. Romanticism school pierced into Iranian literature, when Iranian poets and writers got introduced with western literature. “mirzade-ye-eshgi” is one of those poets who we can cleanly see the effects of romanticism school in his poems, since the value of this literarily products owes to romanticism school elements. Revolutionary, creativity, Retiring idealism flash backs to traditional literarily forms national emotions nostalgia creating atmospheres full of sadness and showing sympathy toward the poor, are ports of romanticism school in fluencies on his poems.

According to poems found in many Persian Divans, we find out the poets discussed many literary concepts and terminologies within their works. It is interesting that their views are similar to those of literary critics. However, they have been ignored. Perhaps, the tendency is that literary issues have only been considered from literary critics perspective, not their creators. Apparently, one way to understand the literary issues is to look into these issues based on the perspective of poets. This study investigates the concepts and terminologies associated with the style in the works of Persian poets up until early ninth century. Referring to the importance of style, we have analyzed all of the concepts associated with this term. The oldest of these terms appear in Sayeghe Heravi’s poems, including Tarz, Tarigh, shive, and Rah. Therefore, applying these terms to their poems, the poets mention the past poet whose style is worth imitating and then stress their own style as the best. They have confined the features of their style only to features such as strange, rare, and so on, and have not mentioned any other features that objectively point to their style. Sometimes considering style is based on content; in this case Saadi and Khghani can be mentioned.

Poetic return movement was started by a group of poets like Moshtagh and Shole Esfehani in the second half of 12 century. Their goal was restoring Persian poem and deliverance of Hindi style decline. Esfahan’s poets initiative was considered only in Iran but in other Persian language and literature areas like India, Afghanistan and Transoxiana; it was ignored. After the failure of constitutional Movement in Afghanistan, motion similar poetic return was happened that caused poetic themes, which had gone towards modernism, return to Hindi style again.The present paper attempts to analyze the poetic atmosphere in Afghanistan synchronous the poetic return movement in Iran and investigate socio- political backgrounds of return to Hindi style in Afghanistan after constitution failure.

"Matla" is one of the rhetorical and prosodic works of the seventeenth century in Iran which was written by a literary minister called Razi-al-din Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Shafii Mostofi. He wrote the book by order of Caliph Sultan Mazandarani, one of the Safavid ministers and dedicated to him. The topic of the book revolves around figures of speech including rhetoric, prosody and rhyme. The author of the book has been influenced by the previous works on this subject, including "Meyar-al-Ashar"," Meyar-e-Jamali" and "Hadayeq-al-Sehr". This study can clarify the missing link in between Teimouria and Qajar Period rhetoric in Iran. It can also be a contribution to the direction that rhetorical books have taken.

Verb is one the important categories and main elements of sentence which is sometimes divided in similar types in Arabic and Persian. One of the main types of verb existed in both languages is passive verb. Although this appellation is apparently common in both languages, it seems passive verbs are completely equivalent in both languages; but since passive verb in the Persian language has been discussed from different aspects compared with Arabic, in this article we are looking for some answers to these questions that if we can find other structures apart from passive structure which are accounted as passive in their meanings? Which kind of relationship is there between grammatical and semantic structures of passive verb in both languages? What are grammatical and semantic differences and similarities of passive verb in Persian and Arabic languages? The results of this survey decreased translation errors of students. We also state this example as a result of this research that, not only there is an auxiliary verb in both languages is investigated as a passive-maker but also, there are some planar verbs in both languages and also voice changes are occurred in addition to inflection changes.

Tabari Commentary Translation, which is provided at the time of Samanids, is the oldest Persian translation of Koran and Persian prose books. Reviewing the prose features of this book, which is similar to standard prose of that days and has had no poetic and narrative mode, could well represent the language prose of the early period of Dari Persian. This article considered the six features of transitive and Causative verbs, verb prefix, passive verb and its forms, pray verb, intransitive verb and the use of old and applied verbs in this prose. The translators tendency to use of certain transitive verb, different form of passive verbs, two rare prefix ‘’ Fa’’ and ‘’var’’, various form of pray verbs; and intransitive verbs given the position and apply of objective pronoun are the unique and special features of this ancient translation of Koran.

The contrast of semantic links between words and its important compound of language which in aspect of words studies it’s placed in grammatical part and within meaning its part of Rhetoric issues. Speakers are utilizing these components in their language subconsciously. Because the conflict in the Persian language is completely modular so in many cases is auricular. In some modular structure, in addition to the type of structure, the user, it should also make sense to semantic. The style of relationship companion of the most important factor is in determining the contrast. As opposed to two in all features other than a word that refers to the same specification. the conflict word refers to negative words. The style of relationship companion of the most important factor is in determining the contrast. When it opposite should apply to all non-identical and identical features of two words.Conflict in the Persian language has two main structures: inductive or antonyms derived from a combination of different prefixes with nouns, adjectives, verbs and roots. because there are no conflicting instrument in Persian languages. The second sonic antonyms or compound that when the main focus on the meaning of a word is a constant and a variable component to another. Sometimes contradictory combinations with “vave atf” or without is made. If it this contradictory combinations consists of a single concept of antonyms bring to mind in the paradoxical or contradictory view of is used rhetoric in grammatical books rarely pointed to category of conflict. Scholars typically have not paid to the conflict. In a field study was nearly studied sixty books. A total of them were more than 20-thousand-pages. Less than seven pages of these books was on contrast.