فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 18 (پاییز 1392)

Transportation decisions including transportation mode selection، vehicle routing، and scheduling are directly related to the location and land uses. Changes in location and land uses can lead to considerable changes in transportation decisions at the strategic، tactical، and operational levels. At the strategic level، selection of the appropriate transportation mode is the most important concept in urban transportation planning. Each of the transportation modes has its own advantages، limitations، and characteristics. Therefore any of them can be considered as the best choice under different circumstances. In the selection of a particular transportation mode، all of the corresponding advantages and limitations have to be considered. Although choice of transportation mode may seem simple، but a systematic comparison between modes by using a variety of criteria is required. For this purpose، different criteria including the cost، time and traveling distance، availability، reliability، capacity، and security may be considered. Each of these criteria may conflict with each other. Therefore، identification of the qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria، definition of their interrelations and feedbacks، assessment of their importance، for choosing the best transportation mode is an important problem for transportation planners and decision makers. This problem can be solved using a well known multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) process. Various multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods such as the OWA، ELECTRE، PROMETHEE، TOPSIS، and AHP have been used in past works for comparison and determination of the appropriate transportation modes. In all of these methods، evaluation criteria are assumed to be independent with no dependencies within or between different criteria. But، in many decision making problems including the transportation mode selection، considerable inner and outer dependencies can be expected between the criteria and alternatives. Due to the mutual dependencies and feedback effects of the criteria، the analytic network process (ANP) can be used for systematic evaluation and selection of the most appropriate transportation mode. The ANP is a multi-attribute approach for decision-making which enables consideration of interactions and feedbacks within (inner dependences) and between (outer dependences) the criteria. In this paper، the best public transportation mode in an urban corridor، has been selected using the ANP and TOPSIS Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques and Geospatial Information System (GIS). The Analytic Network Process (ANP) has been used for evaluation of the criteria and determination of the preferences. Then TOPSIS technique has been used for evaluation and ranking the alternatives. Theoretical bases: 2-1- Analytic Network Process (ANP) Many decision problems may not be structured hierarchically because they involve interactions and dependencies between the higher-level and lower-level elements. Saaty propose a network model for structuring these problems. Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a more general form of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)، first introduced by Saaty. The ANP is a nonlinear structure that deals with dependences within (inner dependencies) and among the different sets of elements (outer dependences). Generally، the ANP consists of three stages: first is the network construction، pair-wise comparisons within and between criteria، and relative weight estimation of criteria and indicators، second is formation of the initial supermatrix، and third is formation of the weighted and limiting supermatrix. To construct the network structure of the problem، all indicators are classified to multiple criteria and their interactions are considered. All of these relations are evaluated using the pairwise comparisons which uses the local priority vectors (eigenvectors)، as an estimate of the relative importance of the indicators. To obtain the global priorities، local priority vectors are entered in the appropriate columns of the matrix of influences among the elements، known as the supermatrix. The initial supermatrix must be normalized to a weighted supermatrix in which the sum of each of its columns equals one. The weighted supermatrix is raised to limiting powers to calculate the limiting supermatrix and overall priorities. 2-2- TOPSIS TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is a multi-attribute decision making method to identify solutions from a finite set of alternatives. TOPSIS method chooses an alternative which respectively has the shortest and highest distance from the positive and negative ideal solutions. The positive and negative ideal solutions are respectively composed of the best and worst performance values. Steps of the TOPSIS are as follow:  Formation of the decision matrix،  Normalization of the decision matrix،  Calculation of the weighted normalized decision matrix،  Determination of the positive ideal and negative ideal solutions،  Calculation of the separation measures of each alternative from the ideal solutions using the m-dimensional Euclidean distance،  Calculation of the relative closeness of each alternative to the ideal solutions and the rank of alternatives. The main purpose of this paper was choice of the best public transportation mode in an urban corridor، using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques and Geographic Information System (GIS). For this purpose، a sample corridor in Tehran city was selected as the case study. This corridor is located between Azadi and Pounak Squares and on the boundary regions of 2 and 5 of Tehran. Length of the corridor is 6. 75 km and it contains a considerable daily trips. Due to high travel demand and traffic، development of the public transportation modes is of prime importance. To choose the most appropriate public transportation mode in the corridor، four alternatives including the bus، taxi، Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)، and metro together with the twenty indicators were considered. The indicators were classified to seven criteria including the cost، time، flexibility، reliability، security، pollution، and mode properties. Afterwards، relations and feedbacks between the criteria were determined and a network structure in ANP model was constructed. The decision-making and evaluation processes were implemented in GIS environment. Finally، weights of indicators were obtained from the ANP method. Then، TOPSIS technique was used to evaluate and rank the alternatives. Results of the evaluation showed that respectively BRT، metro، bus، and taxi transportation modes had highest scores in the selected urban corridor. The main contribution of this study was consideration of many detailed criteria and evaluation of the relations and feedbacks between them to select the most appropriate public transportation mode in an urban corridor. The evaluation criteria for transportation mode selection are not generally independent from each other، but they are often interdependent. Therefore، the AHP method that neglects the relations and feedbacks between the criteria is not suitable for solving this problem. To handle the inner and outer dependencies among the criteria، the ANP method was used in this paper. Complex decision making problems، such as the public transportation mode selection، which consist of many interdependent criteria، are effectively solved using the ANP. Whereas the AHP can be only used for the hierarchical decision structures. Suggestions: There are different studies that attempt to solve transport optimization problems، which include the mode choice phase. In the future researches، the weights of the criteria were obtained in this study can be used in different mathematical transportation models. Moreover، Instead of using precise numbers to compare the criteria and ANP method to obtain the weight of the criteria، fuzzy numbers and Fuzzy ANP (FANP) method can be used for transportation mode choice problem. The FANP encompasses and solves the ambiguity and imprecision of the pair-wise comparisons.

Today many countries in the world use of tourism industry for revenue’s main resource، employing، growing the private firms and improving the infrastructures that sport tourism has very important role in development of this industry. In spite of variety and incredible effects of sport tourism on different societies، our country (Iran) is not so developed in foreign sport tourists’ attraction. Therefore the purpose of this study was to analyze the effective criteria on attraction of foreign sport tourists to Iran. Theoretical Bases: and Key Concepts Sport Tourism: Sport Tourism is traveling with trading or non trading objectives for participating or observing the sport matches. Sport Tourist: Sport Tourist is a person that participates in competitive or recreational sport match actively or inactively in out of your habitat. According to this definition، athletes، spectators، referees، coaches، reporters and participants in sport congress are sport tourist. Tourism Attractions: one trait، region or complex of actions that cause to attract tourists to the special area. In this study for access to researches’ purpose، at first stage by referring to scientific resources and also conversation by dominant masters، discovered the criteria of sport tourists’ attraction and organized finally in triple groups: 1. politic، social and cultural criteria (9 criteria)، 2. Those criteria are relevant to infrastructures (4 criteria) and 3. Managerial criteria (7 criteria). In the after stage، two different questionnaires designed in dual comparison of criteria and seven scales forms، translated in three English، Russian and Arabic languages and distributed among 160 persons of sport tourists (research statistics sample). First questionnaire (dual comparison) distributed among whole persons but second questionnaire distributed among four groups with 40 persons (1. European countries sport tourists; 2. Sport tourists of countries with Russian language; 3. The Southeast Asian countries sport tourists; 4. Sport tourists of countries with Arabic language). For analyzing the extracted information of questionnaires used of Analytical Hierarchy Method and TOPSIS Method in fuzzy environment. In the last stage earned the final results by calculating the average of the results of two methods. According to the final results، among political، social and cultural criteria: 1. host people’s suitable treatment and creating the suitable and peaceful environment for tourists، 2- spectators’ suitable treatment in sport matches with foreign tourists and 3- suitable political relevance between two countries; among those criteria are relevant to infrastructures: 1- existence the high level of sport in host countries and 2- existence the advanced and suitable sport places and facilities for exercise and match; and among Managerial criteria: 1- giving the considerable rewards for superior persons or teams، 2- proper advertisement for sport event in international level by host country and 3- proper advertisement for tourism attractions by host country; recognized prior in comparison by other criteria. Suggestions: Suggestions of this study are: 5-1- Financial investment and correct studies for development the country’s sport infrastructure that this issue can cause to develop sport، promote the foreign athletes and teams tendency to travel to Iran and also promote the international games and tournaments، that provide the context of attraction many sport tourists. 5-2- Suitable advertisement in the international level for variety natural attraction، tradition، art and also Iran’s ancient historical places. 5-3- Suitable advertisement for international games that do in Iran. 5-4- Giving the considerable rewards that this issue can simulate athletes or teams for traveling to Iran.

Studies show that economic and social happening and irregular growth of population in cities lead to rapid increase of construction in the district of cities and finally the change to surrounding applicability will benefit the city. The city، in the every stage of development and physical growth، with overcoming of surrounding land، gives rise to shaping of particular pattern from surrounding applicability in different rate and dimensions. This will be in proportion to the past different rates and dimensions. From the main growth characteristic and physical development of city، we can mention influence of change of surrounding land applicability، rapid increase of growth in city district and etc. Studies show that flourishing in border small market and exchange، in a particular border، attracts attentions and assigns a dynamic basis for native inhabitants. This action will cause the attraction of investment from other regions and the consequence will be flourishing of financial exchange and interaction. This financial flourish prepares a way for growth and progress of foundations and city constructions. The urban development is one of the topics. Physical development of Bane، in early beginning of flourishing activities and border exchanges، was done intentionally in the old and central part of city (e. g.) in south. The economic and political- social changes and financial flourishing activities and border exchanges were begun formally and informally from previous decades and with its development in recent decades، give a rise to increase of population، economic power، implement of development projects and finally lead to influx of immigrants to Bane. This migration results in rapid physical development of Bane and at last leads to immediate change of land. Theoretical Basis: Smuggling stuffs is one of the methods of border exchange in broad scale in borders. Because of not having active and enough employment and plenty of benefits and extreme requirement of people to these imported and exported smuggling stuffs، people had to buy theses stuffs at any cost. It can be said that despite of capacity and potentiality in border districts، distance from border regional center is a geographical issue and result from theses regional structure. This from the view point of adoption of developing policies and anti-logistics lead to unfavorable consequences. The most significance of all is extreme limitation and marginalizing of these regions and not settling of these in the waves of logistics of urban development. This issue and lack of useful employment are probably the main reasons of smuggling in these regions. With universal and territorial experience about concepts such as trade، employment، security، investment regions and small market border issues، it can be indicated that development and growth in it real time sense in a region happen when harmony of all forces particularly governmental department is provided. Creating security and giving attention to a region lead to economic growth، inflation decline، population stability and employment and satisfaction of all inhabitants. Therefore، if these examples experience a reverse process، there will be border regional evacuation، regional disappearance، and growth of pressing population to larger cities، informal and slum habitation، inflation and overall lead to collapse of all urban structures. In this research، satellite images، maps and charts and other accessed information are used in order to assess influence of formal and informal border exchanges on physical development of Bane in different time periods and also study the condition distribution of land applicability in extreme scale in outskirts (urban land، agricultural، and …). During 1984 to 2011، the increased change of whole period in order was related to dry farming agricultural land with 1125 hectares and urban built land with 852 hectares. The rate and sort of this change in land applicability during this period of 27 years were brought in the above chart. From one of the factor of these changes، it can be the existence of the plenty of underground water spring especially in Shoe in Bane which is placed in the studies images. This underground water leads to increase of sub-cultivation of this region and also advancement of agricultural tools from traditional to modern. From the main reason of increasing of construction، it can be mentioned the influence of border trade interaction and available small market in region which the consequence of it will be the increase of migration of village to city and acceleration of construction and department stores. Overall، it can be indicated from the maps and images that with flourishing of formal and informal border interactions in recent 10 years، its consequences are rapid increase of population and urban space growth. These rapid changes lead to progress of urban constructions in champing. According to the outcomes of this research، maps، charts، and related diagrams، the most important impact of space extension in outskirts in Bane are on hills and sloping foothills. This factor in Baneh، according to topographical condition of city such as surrounded by Arbaba altitude from the south، Duzin from the north and Babos from the east and special condition of land in west (land belonged to broadcasting center، Avghaf، military garrison) caused difficulties in space development and the most progress happens in northwest to west which in primary stage gives arise to build land development in hills and sloping foothills. It can be concluded from the argument of this research. Suggestions: For sustainable development future town، suggested transfer centers military and installations unnecessary inside tissue town such as vegetable fields، slaughterhouses and… to appropriate locations outside the city limits; codification terms and conditions appropriate to prevent the loss of land allocated for different uses; the use of high buildings densities، high-rise building، miniaturization and reduction occupancy levels in physical growth; more control government over the physical development of the city by applying the such as policies support of mass makers and implementation plans land preparation and also use the remaining lands in parts of the western and north east of the town comprehensive plans and detailed and buildings criteria.

Nowadays the growing tourism industry and its competitiveness need for quantitative and qualitative development and promotion attractions and infrastructure is undeniable need of the tourists. So، know the real level of quality services to tourists is first step to increase their satisfaction. That will result in sustainable development of tourism economy. The economic effects of tourism industry in acquiring foreign exchange resources and promotion of tourism area revenue، in a country like Iran، to create employment and out of single-product economy based on oil sustainable development of tourism is considered as an undeniable necessity. Present unfortunately، tourism trustees and managers in Iran specifically religious tourism، planning to exiting tourism of Iran until the arrival of foreign tourists to the country. Internal cycle of this industry is affected by many factors and still has not economic and income look to international markets and it is great exchange and constructive influence. In this context for the city of Qom that have the religious، cultural، historical and natural numerous attractions and potential tourism development can be very helpful. But acquisition these benefits when possible that it’s appropriate civil institutions and social infrastructure is provided. Unfortunately، the city of Qom despite the tourist attractions still is unfamiliar to foreign tourists and even domestic tourists also are somewhat unfamiliar. Inadequate and unsatisfactory equipments of passenger transport، roads between cities، shopping centers، residential facilities، water networks، electricity، telecommunications، sanitation and hygiene in tourism centers has caused that this city cannot attract the tourists proportionate and its attraction s. Thus، according to the weak infrastructure، facilities and services in a city in relation with tourism can be a problematic issue، identifies these shortcomings in the city of Qom and trying to fix it، and should be managers and custodians of the city''s tourism priorities. Research The purpose of implementation this study، analysis of factors affecting of the foreign tourists satisfaction of tourism attractions and infrastructure (facilities services) in the city of Qom. This paper has been done by survey method and the data collected by the English and Arabic questionnaire and also، an unstructured interview with a sample of 200 foreign tourists in 2010 has been gathered in Qom city. Due to the lack of accurate statistics of the number of foreign tourists entering the city of Qom with recourse to hotels and guest house and foreign tourist’s aggregation centers، these tourists were selected by available method and a questionnaire containing 32 questions among them are distributed and completed. For data analysis is used descriptive statistics-inferential and correlation that used tests of T-Test، Leuven، Pearson correlation، LSD test and neural network prediction method. Based on findings obtained from questionnaires، about 72. 5 percent of tourists were male and 27. 5 percent of tourists were female. 62. 5 percent of the total population had been educated and 73. 5 percent of the tourists without a college education or are illiterate. The numbers of foreign tourists were owned by 26 countries. Totally 143 tourists come from Iraq، Saudi Arabia، Bahrain and Pakistan respectively 86، 23، 19 and 15 people were tourists that more number of tourists to have allotted. This shows that is easy access to neighboring countries tourists and due to being more Shiite population in the neighboring countries of Iran، The number of tourists from these countries is higher than other countries. The number of tourists from other countries such as UAE، Kuwait، India، Lebanon، Syria، Turkey، Azarbaijan، Afghanistan، Algeria، Italy، America، Switzerland، Ireland، Indonesia، Thailand، Germany، Australia، China، Sweden، France، Russia and Brazil has variant from 7 to 1 person. The dominant goal of 85. 5 percent of foreign tourists traveling to Qom، the pilgrimage and visit the religious attractions of this city and 14. 5 percent other tourists has been expressed visit historic sites، visiting friends and acquaintances، Qom in being in communication path and other goals the purpose of his trip. 34 percent of tourists after entered to Qom have accesses very low amount of information about Places to resident of tourists، leisure facilities - recreation، a variety of natural and cultural attractions and facilities and 66 percent of the tourists have a positive and somewhat positive. Tourists who have traveled to Qom 51 percent have been experienced previous trips to this city that most of them belong to the Iraq and Pakistan. 83 present of tourists said that they intend to travel to Qom again. Surely، the satisfaction level of tourists who have traveled to Qom again in the frequency lower than that for the first time they experienced such a trip. Studies show that 0. 8 present of tourists over 7 days، 3. 4 percent of tourists 6 days، 3. 4 percent of tourists 6 days، 5. 2 percent of tourists 5 days، 8. 2 percent of tourists 4 days، 12. 6 percent of tourists 3 days، 22. 8 percent of tourists 2 days and of 47 present of tourists have only 1 day stay in Qom city. Average resides of foreign tourists in hotels، hotel apartments and guest house of Qom city were 2. 15 nights. In interviews with foreign tourists one of the major reasons for their short stop in Qom city express lack or naught awareness of the natural attractions and other extant attractions in Qom and around the of this city. Most tourists especially Arabs tourists express that more stop in Qom، the residence time is getting repetitive. Because، their visited only of religious attractions-pilgrimage attractions and lack of diversity in attractions to visit because they will cause fatigue. Therefore، prefer travel to Mashhad and northern of Iran that which has a diverse natural attraction and even a few days stay in Qom، in some cases up to a month there will be tourism. The results show that among sex، age and tourist’s education and their satisfaction of attractions and tourism facilities in Qom is not difference but among duration of stay and foreign tourists satisfaction there is relation of attractions and tourism facilities in Qom city. Innuendo، the increasing duration of stay of tourists is the satisfaction of tourists. Also، there is relation between source of foreign tourists traveling and their satisfaction of the attractions and tourism facilities Qom city، because satisfaction of Islamic countries and neighboring countries tourism are higher than other countries. Prediction of neural network models indicate that with current status of tourism in Qom، souvenir and shopping facilities have most important and failure to the architecture and landscapes of tourist attractions and create fun places have the lowest levels of satisfaction among foreign tourists. Totally، can be concluded that the Qom tourism needs know the strengths and weaknesses and identify potential opportunities and threats in order to use of city and province ability and increase service and meet the expectations of tourists، especially foreign tourists and decrease the adverse effects of the interaction of tourists and the host community.

Feel the need to contribute of neighborhood residents in process of improvement projects and their cooperation for the realization according to residents and reduce the displacement of people from the neighborhood، that sometimes without back، which causes the formation of this research. Theory and current trends associated with the development of a neighborhood shows how neighborhood social advantage over other aspects of its. So instead of spending a few experts on neighborhood needs and structural design، planning and the interaction step and management، based on empowerment، emphasis on human resources and social capital and collaborative partnership residents of neighborhoods has been emphasized. Given two main concepts of social capital and participation of community-oriented planning،the main question of this research is whether Social capital can enhance the willingness of residents to participate in projects to improve the performance level of neighborhoods? This study explore the relationship between social capital and residents willing to participate in local development plans in Sanglaj of Tehran. «Social capital» and «the desire of residents to participate in neighborhood development projects» are variables of this study. This study has been done in one of the neighborhoods of old Tehran، that has very low quality of housing. The Study space، is part of a historical figure in Tehran and is located in 12 district. Selected area adjacent with Tehran market and has its characteristic identity. Theoretical bases: Studies have shown absence of local residents in projects that prepared for their space life caused people to look at projects and programs as lonely، and planner do not have any familiarity with the issues and needs of residents are considered. The concept of community-oriented planning is new approach in urban planning program، is based on social engineering with the aim of bringing together various groups concerned and public attention to their needs and demands in the formulation of programs. On this approach planning and management focusing on Empowerment-based، asset-based approach، focusing on human resources and social capital and collective participation of neighborhood residents. Social development of sites، is a process based on voluntary participation among residents of a neighborhood، in order to improve physical conditions، social and economic. «Bullen says in this process is important to point out that social capital is a prerequisite for local development» and without social capital، neighborhood development would not be practical. (Bullen، 1999:26). Social capital that is an important elements of community-oriented planning، is defined as: social capital، like other forms of capital، is productive. This means it make possible certain goals that are not achieved in the absence of it. For example، the group that there are loyalty and trust among its members can do more things compared with other groups that there are no trust and loyalty among its members. Neighborhood participation in planning: currently، participation in urban development projects is the icon of urban success and also its one of the evaluation criteria of city''s performance management system. The participation in urban can be defined as participate and the serious presence، active، conscious، voluntary and well-organized and effective of urban unit community means the people، families، groups، institutions، organizations and public and private sectors in urban in economic activities، social، cultural for the urban community''s collective goals. Correlation analysis of indicators of social capital and participation what can be concluded as follows. Results of Pearson statistical correlation techniques Shows that totaly there is a significant and positive relationship between the variables social capital indicators (norms، security، integrity and trust) and participation. The correlation 0. 396 was calculated. This means that enhance or improving any indicators of social capital، household participation in community improvement projects، is also increasing. The regression testing shows that About 16 percent of the variance of the dependent variable (willingness to participation) by four independent indicators of trust، norms، security and integrity is predictable or in other words about 16 percent of the variance of the dependent variable (tend to participation) investigated with independent variables. (R Square = 0،161). (Sig = 0. 000). The research hypotheses test: Test results show that there are significant levels of correlation between participation (the dependent variable) and independent variables (social capital). (Significant level was equal to 0. 000). and the correlation was 0. 396. The increasing of social capital cause increase of tend to participation in the community. This means that probably 99 percent increasing of social capital will increase residents participation in community development projects and improving performance and will be realize the principle of community-oriented planning. The hypothesis test confirm the relationship between social capital and residents tend to participation and this relationship is quite significant. The article results show that Promotion of social capital creates a positive attitude to the environment and the neighborhood. And this positive attitude can be an efficient source of many social interactions، such as social participation. Partnership who as facilitator of Neighborhood development، is an essential element of this process. Although in this study the effect of this relationship is not very wonderful but it can still acceptable and will rely on. 5– Suggestions Since the promotion of social capital creates a positive attitude to the environment and the neighborhood and this positive attitude can be an efficient source of many social interactions، such as social participation، this relationship can be significant from the viewpoint of urban planning. Social participation as a facilitator of community development، is the essential elements in this process. In order to develop a neighborhood، urban space should be revived; It means the open spaces formed to increases the public face communication. The city council and outdoor Leisure centers that by its citizens are organized especially youth، and decision making about local affairs، spontaneous to form the right cycle that promote the place and Increase the quality of the environment، resulting in increased social presence of people in the urban environment and it will increases environmental and social quality.

Rational planning is required for true utilization of urban land، as a valuable and asset. Unsuitable location choice of urban activities leads to having negative consequences، including environmental، social and economical impacts appeared. The provision of transportation facilities is a crucial issue for government، developers and people. A right location choice of these facilities is important to having a viable economy and community. Therefore، the location choice of public bus terminals is a significant topic for urban transport research. This paper attempts to investigate the current distribution of bus terminal throughout metropolitan shiraz then using ANP method، the most appropriate locations for bus terminal will be selected. A review of early research efforts taken on location choice shows that lateral impacts e. g environmental، social and economical were mostly absent، rather quantitaive rigid methods were applied. Nowadays multicriteria approaches such as Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)، using both qualitative and quantitative criteria، are being employed to choose bus terminal location. In this research، Analytic Network Process approach was employed in order to choose the best location for bus terminals in shiraz metropolitan area. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is a generalization of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The basic structure is an influence network of clusters and nodes contained within the clusters. After a survey on existing terminal’s location and vacant land in shiraz، five lots have been chosen as alternatives for terminals. To use ANP model، three criteria and five sub-criteria are considered to form network model. According to comparative matrix، interdependences between criteria and sub-criteria and also between alternatives have been discovered. According to Eij matrix (comparative matrix between alternatives and criteria)، the relative score of each alternative has been computed. At next stage، by constituting super matrix، final score of each sub-criteria is determined. According to this matrix، proximity to residential sites (0. /33) was chosen as the most effective criteria to locate bus terminal. The outcome of the model showed that site A، located on Amirkabir. Blvd، was the most appropriate site to locate bus terminal with 0. 3465 score. Determining appropriate location for bus terminal establishment is a complicated process since its elements all have impacts on each other. This process can be facilitated by taking methods of practical researches in geography and planning. This research first selected the most influential factors to choose a location for bus terminal. To choose the most appropriate site to locate bus terminals، ANP process was employed. Then ANP model was applied to compare the alternative sites and choose the most appropriate one. 5. Suggestions This study can be improved by considering a lager set of variables and criteria. Also، taking different impacts of bus terminals e. g environmental، social and economical aspect could help achieving more precise results.

cities of Yazd is Desert including that due to the uncontrolled and inappropriate climatic conditions that increase the number of visitors to parks and green spaces in this city to have، and Regarding the issue of safety in urban parks and public spaces، especially due to the problems arising from lack of proper flooring in children''s playgrounds، there are toys with sharp and dangerous Waste materials، use of recreational boats worn، regardless of the lamp or electric wire، That questions such as، how the immune status of urban parks and identify important parameters affecting the immune status of the parks; to be a necessity for serious consideration. The city now has 150 parks with an area of 1،863،629 square meters، that 55 park with an area of 1000 square meters and 51 park of with an area of the 130922 square meters، is between 1001 to 5000 square meters. That in between Regional parks in the city (parks Ghadir، the martyrs، the great city، students، revolver and The National Garden) With 708،000 square meters، equivalent to 37/9 percent of the total area of city parks، due to the abundant amenities and services than other parks، the parks of the city population and the highest number of visitors were attracted the evaluation and assessment of safety in the parks، visitors can also enhance the health and quality of life، comfort them in the use of park facilities. Theoretical bases: 2-1- Safety The immune system is defined as the quality of the system that allows the system under predetermined conditions with the least damage from the accident. 2-2- Safety approaches About safety، there are different approaches in the classical approach and systematic approaches are common. classic approach: In this approach certain aspects such as safety، focusing exclusively on technical requirements and obtain short-term results is stressed. System Approach: The safety of this approach، a combination of elements that create a whole. 2-3- Safety management in urban parks Safety management system، a set of policies، objectives، organization and management controls that systematic and explicit manner with a comprehensive process for managing safety risks is applied. Safety management systems in the parks for safety purposes، planning and performance measurement، it is created within an organization. The seven key steps are as follows: - Leadership and Commitment - Policy and Strategic Goals - Organize، References and Documentation - Assessment and Risk Management - Planning - Implementation and Monitoring - Audit and review Discussion show that health and safety indicators with an average rank of 7/49، Physical access، with an average rating of 5/40، Physical safety index with an average 5، Lighting with an average rating of 4/99، Legible design، with an average of 4 and mean safety index rating 3/49 respectively in the first semester of the last and highest to lowest، are affected. In this connection the relevant parameters with significant values of chi-square test (0/000) represents the reliability of the test of level is 0/95. Also check the status of the park shows that a large park with an average rating of 156/76 is in the best conditions of safety indicators، and Parks Tir، Ghadir، the martyrs، the National Garden and the mean scores of students with 150/67، 139/225، 132/51، 107/535 and 75/62 respectively to the second ranked sixth in terms of their safety. Conclusion and Suggestions: Park safety study in Yazd area that addresses issues such as safe drinking water، The park''s circulation system designed and implemented correctly، Machines and other machinery needed relief to traffic in the park، Safety considerations for people with no power cord، Park status to prevent any physical stress، Zaydh lack of sharp edges in equipment and additional park parks play a role in immune status are studied. Among the major parks and parks of the city and students were the best and worst conditions. And Parks National Garden، revolver، Ghadir، the martyrs are in average condition in terms of safety. Suggestions: In this study، in order to increase safety in urban parks، especially parks studied Deployment and utilization of Health، Safety & Environment Management System advantages which the following is recommended: Management and scientific management of urban parks Reduce direct and indirect costs resulting from adverse economic and social. Confidence in management techniques to identify and control hazards and reduce accidents caused by lack of safety. Satisfaction and increase reliability and security of citizens in the park. Parks improve health and prevent disease. It requires the establishment of urban parks system in the initial action is referred to the following: Municipal officials in particular areas and parks officials Andkaran awareness of the merits of this system. Unit Formation Health، Safety & Environment Management System Parks and green spaces in the Yazd of city. also It should be noted that this system of parks، particularly in urban parks Can suitable for field deployment and implementation of environmental management and health and safety standards as being professional

In the term of growth urbanization، especially in developing countries، become a main trend in the world in large scale and huge amount of urban land transform to the urban buildings، always one important thing ignoring: urban spaces identity. Theoretical bases: Urban spaces identity is the most important issue in 21 century in social and physical domain. It is important for tow reason: first weakness of identity-make elements in new development process and second inattention to the identifier motives in development plans from detail scale to massive scale. New towns، specially، lack of this shortage and unsuccessful in population attraction for this are the main sign. The main goal of paper is survey of this subject in ten new towns in Iran (after revolution). new towns in Iran (after revolution) one of the most important policy in urban development process that Affected on urban development and urbanization. Therefore it is important for urban planner and management that be aware from the main current problems that this new towns. One of these problems is town identity and lack of that in case study in this research. Methodology research is combination of quantities and qualitative methods with using of Goular matrix model and questioner technique. The result shows that in final ranking Baharestan new town with 62 prominences of 100 is first based of selected criteria and Andishe and Pardis new towns are next. In the other hand town identity in Baharestan new town is strong in compare with the other cases. It caused by several reasons: first optimize urban planning in such new town، second exist of identifier elements and factors that strengthening the town identity in Baharestan. Notable result that population attraction in these new towns has harmony with results of this paper. Suggestions Based: on research result a framework proposed for Promotion of urban identity in the new cities was selected According to Guler model. In this framework using 8 criteria current situation and desired situation survey and optimized policy proposed.

Urban planners، in recent years، have been dealing with urban issues by regarding it merely economically and physically and، consequently، ignoring social-cultural aspects. The major aim of current research is to attract planners’ attention to non-quantitative aspects and social concepts of urban planning. In this regard، initially the concept of “social capital” is introduced to express an individual’s social ties in a society; a concept which seems should be considered more effectively in urban design and planning. We here theoretically discuss the relationship between social capital and physical quality in urban districts، as a remarkable response to the lack of similar researches discussing both points of view simultaneously. This research primarily hypothesizes that in a district، there is a positive and meaningful relationship between residents’ social capital and the physical quality of that district. As a case study، Aliqoli-Aqa district in Isfahan city has been selected to be the statistical population. The methods applied in this research are library materials and documentary studies as well as field studies and direct observation. Moreover، to measure the main concepts، required data was gathered through questionnaire and was then analyzed by SPSS software and Factors Analysis Model. Afterwards، correlation coefficient and regression analysis has been applied to assess the relationship between variables. Theoretical bases: This section deals with the concept of social capital regarding its definitions، dimensions، formation factors and existing related viewpoints. It gives the level of analysis for this concept and presents a model for its measurement in a district. Then the concept of environmental quality is discussed as a further major concept of this research and criteria for its measurements are given. In this section، the research approach for the variables of environmental quality and social capital are specified and some indicators are presented for their measurement in district level. Then the questionnaire is designed based on theoretical and field studies and distributed in Aliqoli-Aqa district. By the information derived from the questionnaire، each indicator of social capital is measured separately and then the social capital variable is measured as a whole. Through Factor Analysis، the nineteen variables of environment quality are divided into several general factors. Afterwards، each factor as well as environment quality as a whole are measured using the questionnaire information. The research hypotheses were investigated by means of SPSS and Pearson correlation coefficient and it was proved that there is a meaningful relationship between social capital and environment quality of which both are the main concepts of this research. The environmental quality has also a meaningful relationship with retention tendency and cooperation in district improvement. As a result، the quantity of this relationship is then measured through regression analysis and finally a model is presented to explain the relationship among the main concepts of this research. The findings prove the meaningful and positive relationship between two out of four variables of social capital (civic cooperation and trust) and the variable of physical environment quality which، as a result، prove the primary hypotheses of current research. Therefore، it can be stated that a better environment quality can be provided for residents in a district via the upgrade programming of social capital. In addition، there is also a meaningful and positive relationship between physical environmental quality and the tendency of residents to keep living in a district. In conclusion، although the findings of this case study cannot be generalized، it is expected to be repeated similarly in other places and this reveals the necessity of paying attention to the concept of social capital. Suggestions: According to results، any effort for the enhancement of social capital leads to the improvement of physical environment quality. So، it is suggested to pay more attention to social issues in urban programming especially upgrading social ties and connection. It can be achieved through various types of social networks and groups، for instance regional NGOs or by development of public spaces such as parks، play grounds، and recreational centers in districts.

Nowadays، urban expansion in peripheral lands is one of the most important issues for urban planners in various levels of decision making and decision taking. For recognizing this phenomenon، planners need to understand the current and future state of the urban expansion system. Therefore they require an accurate and appropriate tool for predicting the future. Moreover، plans and programs which are prepared for promoting the present state are failed because of the lack of proper tools for prognosticating the future state of urban expansion. Thus، this study aims to provide a CA-based model through combination of basic rules of CA model and AHP for predicting the future urban expansion in peripheral lands. Theotetical Bases: For the first time the main idea of CA model، has represented by Turing in 1930. After that، in 1940، the concept of CA has been evolved in computer science by Ulam and Newman. Then Conway developed a CA model which is known “game of life”، in University of Cambridge. The application of CA model in the field of urban planning begins with the Tobler’s efforts in Michigan University that is called cellular geography in 1970، and up to now a lot of activities have been done for improvement and making the CA models better for modeling the real world. CA model includes four components: state، lattice، neighborhood and transition rules. Conventional CA model has some limitation. For this reason، in this paper، basic rules of CA model are combined with the AHP and probabilistic approaches to enhance the efficiency of the model. The conventional CA models are unresponsive to the different weights of influential factors in urban expansion process. For this reason and because of the capabilities of AHP model، in this research CA model is combined with the AHP. The urban expansion in peripheral lands depends on factors that influence the probability of transforming the vacant areas to the occupant areas. Therefore، first، the influential factors are extracted from reviewing the literature which is related to the research topic. After that the weaknesses of conventional CA model and the methods for ameliorate them have been determined. Then the AHP method and probabilistic approaches have been chosen for calibrating CA model and attain the transition rules. After the calibration methods the conceptual framework of the model is designed and converted to computational codes through MATLAB programming language. Then the transformation rate was calculated via regression model، and it is imported to the designated model with the maps that were prepared، overlaid and rasterized in GIS. Finally the Kappa coefficient is calculated for examination the coincidence of the results of the model and real expansion. The results show that the combination of CA model with AHP and probabilistic aprroaches provide an appropriate tool for pridicting the future urban expansion in pripherial lands.