فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 21 (تابستان 1393)

Extended abstract 1-Introduction The need for security and constant search of it، is always one of the character of human life. Peoples have tried to keep themselves from threatens. There for، insurance is one of the basic and valuable earnings of mankind that creating security، especially economic security. Executing the law of social insurance of villagers and nomads is One of the most important measures in the forth plan for rural development. Although this measure was not included in code of executive goals، policies and measures in rural development، but this plan is emphasized in policies of forth plan (paragraph 13،19،21) and especially article 96. In spite of passing over a century of insurance in the country and accessing to successes and taking important measures in addressing insurance services to society، yet there is a big gap to access favorable situation in insuring. Earning success in this case is dependent on expanding the culture of insurance. 2- Theoretical basis Social insurances، called forceful insurances، are often applied for low-paid classes in a society. It means people who are the productive force in a society and think less about their future and their livelihoods. The plan of state insurance protects people in confront with different economic threats and it is necessary for everyone to participate in that plan. Another definition is: social insurances are an insurance regularly that decreased from the income of a worker or employee in a month and after retiring or illness or events will pay to them. These rights in some cases pay the costs of medicine. It is called pension. 3- Discussion At first، in this part، Analysis of the spatial distribution of population coverage in rural areas is done separately for each city and then assessing Social impact on the dimensions and indicators of rural development in the study area. According to result of research Cities with the highest proportion of their Insured are Tafresh city، Khomein and Ashtian in central province، ferdous and sabzevar in the Razavi Khorasan، Mehriz in yazd، Jolfa in eastern Azarbaijan and Baft، Jiroft in kerman. According to the results obtained from the questionnaires: 92. 3 percent of responders are men and 7. 7 are women. Also 87 percent are married and 12. 6 are single. In addition to، 27 illiterate، 30 elementary، 15 elementary، 19. 8 diploma and 8. 2 percentage was higher diploma. In terms of job، 11 pe were farmer، 30 percent worker، 14. 5 shopkeepers، 20. 3 rancher، one percent welder and 23. 2 percent had other jobs. The average age of the respondents was 46 years. According to the results of a questionnaire based on the one-sample T-test results of the research findings، the District Social Friends villagers and nomads، makes an impact on rural development. 4- Conclusions According to research in this area، villagers and nomads social insurance is essential to protect the villagers and Insurance Fund has been able to attract the villagers trust the findings Shafeizada et al (2013) are consistent. With the difference that in this area the upper limit of acceptable social insurance villagers and nomads is high. Also in the study area and the villagers have not been opposing the plan But in some cases، payment of insurance by the insured is faced with the problem Expectations of various disasters are insured in the insurance fund to meet these expectations. They are to trust the findings of Ramesh (Ramesh، 2007) are consistent. Economic and social development of the household also has a large impact on the acceptance of insurance And given the economic and social development of the rural area، the upper limit of acceptable social insurance The findings Rezvani، Azizi (2013) and Sharifi، Hosseini (2009) is consistent. On the other hand، among some insured individuals a sense of distrust of the Social Insurance Fund villagers and nomads. Perhaps due to the low levels of literacy and lack of awareness of the people about the benefits of social insurance laws and tribal villagers who findings Angelini and Hirose (Angelini and Hirose، 2004)، agrees. According to the results of a questionnaire based on the one-sample T-test results of the research findings، the District Social Friends villagers and nomads، makes an impact on rural development and improved social security، economic security. 5– Suggestions - Presenting the education and comprehensive popularization about entity of social insurance and its adventages among rural societies. - Creation of positive attitude and awareness in local leaders (Dehyari and Islamic councils) in comparison to advantages of rurals، social insurance. - Increasing of awareness and creation of motivation in people in order to use advantages of rurals، social insurance. - Balanced distribution of social insurance agencies in rural parts of country - Increasing of publicity for insurance benefits through mass media.

Introduction New urbanism as a movement in designing and city planning was first born in the United States of America in 1980s. New urbanism movement is a reaction against horizontal growth at city suburbs and its unstable costs. Rapid increase in city population، supplying service and providing facilities for them are of those greatest challenges faced by city planners. so paying much more attention to different aspects of urban development and planning a suitable developmental one has been more important. The existence of some essential factors such as the successful experience of new urbanism among cities of differeant countries، emphasis on city identity and returning to traditions، emphasis on city sustainability، following environmental issues and lots of other traits of new urbanism lead city planners to use it in reconstruction and improvement of city fabrics and provision of city developmental plan. Existence of old and marginal urban fabrics، influx of traditional and modern thoughts، imitations in provision of city development schemes and new urban fabrics constructing has made a lot of problems in Tabriz city. Such problems proves the criteria of reviewing in provision of urban developmental plans and provision of traditional and historical fabrics improvement plans based on new theories of urbanism relied on sustainable development، return to traditions، revival of neighborhood structure and urban identity such as new urbanism. Theoretical basis: Since new urbanism has emerged in recent decades all its related issues are in its first steps. in most research and resource of new urbanism just paid attention to general principles and not details. By studying different and various recourses we can express the following principles which some of the criteria are achieved based on the writers’ research that will be discussed in later principle studies. We can divide new urbanism index into three general groups that each index can be divided into different standards and sub-indexes. 1- Physical index which is consisted of mixed-use standards، preserve and enhance of public green spaces and paying attention to local and environmental conditions. 2- Traffic and Transport Index which is consisted of continuous measurements of traffic network، ability to walk and emphasis on public transport. 3-housing index and urban fabric which is consisted of varied housing standards، preserve and enhance of traditional structures، increase in fabric density، attention to historical monuments value and architectural quality. Discussion To study the compatibility rate of Tabriz city fabrics with the mentioned general three-principle of new urbanism، we created a four-level scoring rate according to the compatibility rate. This study is based on compatibility and relativity and the closeness to the ideal standard indicates a greater score which all are different from 1 to 4. Score 4 shows the highest compatibility rate and score 1 show the lowest compatibility rate. Because this movement imported to Iran’s urbanism system and there are lots of difference between their cultural، political and economic conditions and mainly Tabriz city in comparison to the western countries، we can say that none of the city neighborhoods had full compliance with the principles of the movement and none of them followed its standards. In this case the only way to study is through finding compatibility rate otherwise we have to score all the neighborhoods 1 and even incompatible. So in this case it’s impossible to announce the exact compatibility rate in the form of yes-no response and we can’t express compliance or non-compliance of the neighborhood to the determined standards. Each fabric is evaluated based on the presented criteria and sub-criteria and gets one score in comparison to each criterion and the total score and in fact the compatibility rate showed by sum of the scores. Conclusion The Study of triple indices indicates significant differences in terms of compliance with the principles of new urbanism in urban fabrics of Tabriz city. In this study the Zafaranieh 4 neighborhood with the score of 25 shows the most compatibility And the Rezvanshahr 3 with the score of 10. 5 has the least compatibility with the principles of this approach. The Shahnaz neighborhood took the score of 16. 5 and The Magsudiyeh neighborhood took the score of 18. As a general conclusion because new urbanism idea is a recent one and special planning system of this movement، new and designed regular fabrics are more compatible to this movement. In this study the Zafaranieh 4 neighborhood (which is a sample of regular fabric) shows the most compatibility with the principles of new urbanism at neighborhood scale. The Magsudiyeh neighborhood (a sample of traditional fabric)، the Shahnaz neighborhood (a sample of historical fabric) took second and third place of compatibility respectively. And the Rezvanshahr 3 (Suburban fabric) has the least compatibility with the principles of this approach. Suggestions: The following suggestions are offered based on research subject and studied indexes: 1- Tendency toward new ideas such as new urbanism and neighborhood-based in urban planning and preparation of urban development plans. 2- Following per capita standards of urban land application and avoidance of centralization on spatial distribution of application at level of urban developmental planning and level of implementation by urban organs such as municipals. 3-Binding sites within the network of streets in suburban areas to major networks to increase community access to service locations. 4. Paying attention to different patterns of housing in supplying urban development projects and avoid of designing repetitive patterns and following various housing patterns by municipals. According to legal structures and the planning process and preparation of urban development plans in most of the proposals have been considered in the preparation of urban development plans then carried out by administrative bodies such as city councils.

Introduction Informal settlements in urban areas are a reflection of the lack of proper planning. Planning in general concept means an attempt to pick the best programs to achieve specific objectives (Shieh، 2009:86)، While planning has not been to meet the needs of all residents in the city and can be expressed in planning، have been ignored the urban poor. Accordingly discussion on informal settlements at first needs the comprehensive planning، that indicators as the basis of a comprehensive planning and essential tools to express different aspects of economic، social، environmental and physical settlements have a special place in the plan. Study of informal settlements firstly needs to comprehensive planning، Donor agencies and local policy makers، in particular in the developing world، require better information about the different conditions in shelter to implement effective urban policies and reduce inequalities. In the current situation the main issues of informal settlements in Iran is the lack of exponent indicators of this type of settlement. So that the recognizing of informal settlements has become to personalized process and follow certain principles. That this issue have been caused by improper attitudes and misunderstanding associated with identifying informal settlements. 2- Theoretical bases Informal settlements are the residence of part of the urban population in third world that outside of the formal markets land and housing and the basis of norms and special promises is made to their resident’s s in such places (Piran، 2002:8). That as a complex phenomenon are caused in the field due to the effects of the interactions are caused by multiple factors، that sometimes detection of transposition relative to each other is difficult and mislead our in receive and identify appropriate solutions to resolve the problem (Omakchi. 2002:57). Neglect of policymakers and sometimes and denial of making process in the surrounding of some town and cities and extension of urban poverty causes with most delay and after the fixing some of informal settlements be dealt with this problem (Taherkhani، 2009:36). In the past decades usual pattern of life in the communities of informal settlements and conditions and method of its creation has changed. Allotment of people who gravitate on informal settlements of city nearby continuously have been increasing and class households history، origin and social status of them were different. Indeed the communities of informal settlements were having two functions that linked together. First is serving as a model for adaptation to unemployment، and second function is becoming poorer the informal settlements that causes divided the housing of informal settlements that built an overnight and Lease or sell part of it، is as a mechanism or mechanisms to cope with poverty. (Piran، 2007:18-19). 3- Discussion In these research sixteen major features in the informal settlements of Iran has been investigated in three general categories، social and demographic indicators، economic Indicators and physical and environmental indicators in the city of Sanandaj، Kermanshah، Bandar Abbas، Zahedan، Ahvaz، Qom، Karaj. Indeed According to available information resources of informal settlements in each city، the feature of most urban show the distinction of informal settlements with elsewhere in city select as major features of informal settlements of Iran. According to the results of existing data features such as household size، the population density، dependency burden، income، unemployment rate، how to build، price of land and housing، quality of buildings and structural stability، the low per capita residential، access to facilities، network of roads and streets، shortage of therapeutic land use، Shortage of educational land use، and property problems can to consider as main features of informal settlements. And the features such as the sex ratio and the immigration ratio cannot to consider as main features of informal settlements. 4- Conclusion and Suggestions This research shows that although according to the characteristics of each city and the informal settlements، the settlements have unique characteristics and indicators، but general indicators such as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of housing، infrastructure، Common social and economic criteria can be defined for the settlements. Facilities below the city average، low quality housing and informal structure of the building، inadequate health، high density، per capita urban poor، inappropriate location، household economy is weak and dependent on the informal sector of the economy، determined demographic characteristics and captured security، as general indicators are common features.

Introduction With the occurrence of industrial revolution in 18th century، most rapid changes and evolutions happened. Urbanization process and urban growth had impacts on all countries in the world. Urban population reached to 49 percent in 2005 compared to 13 percent in 1900. Recent forecasts show that in 2030، about 60 percent of world population will live in the cities (United Nations، 2010). Although، the urbanization and urban growth are global events، its impacts are more considerable in developing countries. High percentages of urbanization have occurred in developing countries compared with other parts of the world and changes have been considerably different among countries. But totally، urbanization processes are happening more rapidly in developing countries. Evidences about reductions in population growth rate in the largest cities shows that spatial decentralization is happening in the form of multi-nuclei megapoles. But this event does not reject this fact that urbanization is happening in the whole world. Urbanization process in different parts of the world is the result of complex social، economic، political، technological، geographical، cultural factors at global and local levels. This process in different stages through the time، according to the local context، is producing different patterns in different patterns of the world. Opposite to decentralized pattern of urban changes in advanced societies، centralized processes of urbanization and urban growth are dominating in developing world. High level of concentration of population or high share of urban megapoles in urban population is the main characteristic of rapid urbanization in many developing countries. This increasing centralization creates urban primacy pattern. Urban primacy pattern، with its primate city and few other large cities have caused numerous problems in quality of life، national industries، management and institution building، social integration and sustainability. Although، urbanization is a global event، this event is considerably dynamic in Iran، so that a unique urban growth has happened in Iran in the past five decades. During the past 55 years، the urbanization level has increased from 31 percent in 1956، to more than 71 percent in 2011. Parallel to rapid urbanization level، the number of cities has also increased from 199 cities in 1956 to 1139 cities in 2011 (Iran’s statistics Center). In fact، urbanization in Iran، during the recent decades، similar to other developing countries has been increasing and the population has concentrated in urban areas. Despite rapid urbanization and increase in the number of cities in the past 55 years، urban growth rate has not been the same and differences in urban growth rate caused major changes in Iran’s urban system. Some cities have gained higher ranks in the urban hierarchy as a result of economic، political and environmental factors، while some other cities have lost their status. Urbanization processes in different parts of the world are the results of socio-economic، political، technological، geographical and cultural factors at local and global level. These processes are producing different urban patterns in different parts of the world، considering time and context. Current paper is the result of research about factors affecting urbanization، processes and patterns. Results show that urbanization process and urban growth in Iran has passed through two stages of centralization and decentralization. Also، urban primacy pattern is observed and Tehran is the primate city. In 1980s، the problems of centralization in first rank cities ended in decentralization. But this decentralization has clustered dispersions. One of the resulting spatial patterns is Tehran urban megapole. Explorative analysis of spatial data shows the formation of center-periphery pattern in Iran’s urban network. At the national level، Tehran is considered as the center and other surrounding cities are considered as peripheries. At regional level، similar center-periphery pattern is observed. Top rank cities are centers and other surrounding cities act as peripheries. To prevent unbalanced urban growth and its consequent problems، study of the hierarchical network، their functions and their roles is necessary. Literature Review Despite fundamental differences between urbanization and urban growth in developing and developed countries، processes and patterns of urbanization and urban growth pass through similar path. In all countries، urbanization process and urban growth، in their spatial-temporal dynamics، are affected by social، economic، technological، geographical and cultural factors at global and local level. Two major steps of centralization and dispersion occur. Each of these stages follows particular conditions، considering conditions and characteristics of each country. The stage of concurrent centralization happens with urban growth and it is at a time that urban growth happens in a country as the result of internal and external changes and has an ascending trend. In this stage، urban growth happens in large urban centers، drains population، resources، and capitals from national level. The process of centralization causes centralization and convergence of population and activities urban areas، and as a result، formation of megapoles and urban primacy pattern in different countries’ urban system. In other words، the formation of megapoles and urban primacy pattern are a reflection of the spatial centralization in different countries. In this stage، one or two cities’ population grow rapidly and separates itself from other cities. The process of centralization، as a subsection of urbanization and urban growth process، affected by a collection of internal and external factors are replaced by another process، called decentralization. In large cities، lack of economies of scale beyond a point، plus congestion، high land value، pollution، new opportunities for investment in other areas، government policies to direct economic growth in other areas، affects polarization impacts، and the process of decentralization starts. In this stage، decentralization process causes dispersion of population and related functions and changes in megapoles and large centralized cities. Richardson calls this process as the return of centralization or decentralization. Richardson believes that in this stage، secondary cities in a region، compared with major city have faster population growth. In other words، in this new trend، megapole expansion happens in a number of cities and towns within a wider megapolitan region with different distances from the major city. This trend causes the decentralization process. Discussion The result of analysis shows that until 1976، no major changes are observed in Iran’s urban hierarchy. Since 1976، with the major changes as the result of Islamic revolution، Iran-Iraq war، and migration of population from the fighting regions to other cities and rapid urbanization، Iran’s urban hierarchy experienced major changes. Cities located in Tehran megapole and its surrounding cities such as Khom and Khazvin gained higher rank in urban hierarchy and a cluster of cities with high urban growth was formed. This cluster not only had more rapid ascending move in urban hierarchy. But its borders were extended to the surrounding provinces. But، after 2006، with the relative reduction in urban population growth in each year، and reduction in speed of migrations، a shrink happened in this cluster’s borders، and it was limited to Tehran’s megapole. Majority of other cities in the country have experienced stable and descending trend in urban hierarchy. Totally، during 55 years، 1956-2011، evidences of a center-periphery pattern are observed. Tehran megapole، and its surrounding cities have formed a cluster of cities with positive z-score while other cities in the country experienced، descending rank، with negative z-score. Although، the number of cities was increased in Iran، from 199 in 1956، to 1139 in 2011. But the major urban growth has happened in large and mid-size cities. In fact، large and mid-size cities had population growth as a result of natural population growth and rural migration during the past 55 years. Spatial-temporal changes of urban growth in Iran shows that large cities have absorbed the material، capital and population flows and play the major role in their regions. As a result of such flows، urban clusters or megapolitan regions، with the dominance of a megapole are formed or are forming gradually. In this study، DMPS satellite images were used. These images are taken during the night. In fact، the lights during the nights are recorded. Results are shown in figure 6. Dark areas on the map show large urban cores. Further away from these cores، the colors are brighter because the degree of lights during the night decreases with the distance from urban cores. The comparisons of maps show the emergence of major urban clusters between، 1992 - 2012. Conclusion Urbanization and urban growth as a global event، has affected all countries in the world. The degree of the impact of these events، as a country has reached a peak during the past few decades. Knowing and understanding this event and its impacts، needs the presentation of a framework that urbanization and its consequent urban growth are considered as cause and also as effect. The interaction between various internal and external factors and consequent changes، have created the urbanization in Iran and each time period، different stages are observed. The first stage is a process of urbanization and urban growth in a developing country. With the changes in factors affecting the urbanization and urban growth، the process of centralization converts to second stage of urban growth، which is decentralization. The formation of megapolitan regions reflects this decentralization. Results of study show that population urban growth has been transferred to smaller cities. In fact، after a period of rapid urban growth in large cities، higher urban growth rates have happened in mid-size and small cities. But spatial-temporal changes in Iran’s urban growth show important points. Until 1986، no significant stable cluster is observed in Iran. It means that urban hierarchical system in Iran has urban primacy pattern which consists of one city absorbing all flows. After 1986، as a result of implementing decentralization policies، for the first time، significant clusters of urban growth are observed in Iran. This cluster exists around Tehran megapole. In fact، since 1981، because of decentralization policies، decentralization process in the form of cluster dispersion has occurred. Rapid growth has happened in cities around Tehran، and formed Tehran megapole. This significant cluster has been stable through the time and its radius has increased through the time. Therefore، the center-periphery pattern is formed. The same pattern can be observed in many regions within Iran.

Introduction Government ‘e-service’ as a subfield of the e-government domain has been gaining attention to practitioners and academicians alike due to the growing use of information and communication technologies at the individual، organizational، and societal levels. On this basis، an integrated system of e -service-oriented (ICT) focused on the goods to services، product information، advertising and mass transfer is needed. E-services، intended as services provided through the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a recent technological innovation، which is designed to provide real-time، anyplace، 24/7 accessibility and high quality value added services at individual، organizational and societal levels. - Research Questions The questions that this research going to replay are: What are the most important spatial parameters influencing the site selecting of Electronic service comeliexis in the Tehran metropolitan? Which factors is the most value-weighted index of spatial pattern of electronic services in Tehran Metropolitan? - Research Aims and questions The purpose of this research is based on selecting the optimum area for to locate the e-service centers in Tehran by using model of AHP is with combination with ARC GIS10. 1. Also the extraction of effective factor for sitting of Electronic service centers in the Tehran metropolitan is the target of resaerch. 2- Materials and Methods Regarding to topic of research، area of study and complicated existence of city as a spatial and social system، use of different methods and techniques with title of Compound Method is essential. In this study، indicators were extracted by Delphi technique and the studying of records. After weighting of parameters by AHP، the selected indicators were converted to distances maps in GIs software. Finally the final map of optimal area for electronic service centers in Tehran mega city Were prepared. 3-Theoretical framework During the last decade substantial progress has been made in the research and development of methods for the efficient allocation of urban services. This theoretical framework addresses the planning issues of Electronic services locations and service allocations offering several relevant implications for planners، citizens and regulators. In the fact urban service sector is facing important challenges and needs to re-think how services can be oriented towards the creation of public value and user empowerment. On this basis، an integrated system of service-oriented e (ICT) focused on the goods to services، product information، advertising and mass transfer is formed that have two-way conversation and service providers in metropolitan and urban variety of services and convenience of the services with increasing the service efficiency and maintain the satisfaction of citizens. 4- Results and findings The paper provides a framework for investigating electronic service accessibility problems of the previous locations decisions in the primary E services at the city level taking into account the efficiency and equity objectives. Further، we apply a reallocation procedure in a more realistic way via the use of GIS and evaluate the results with a case study. The finding show that sitting of integrated electronic services in Tehran metropolitan is significantly affected by the multifunctional position Tehran and the population density and access to streets got the highest weigh for locating the e-service centers in Tehran. Finally the establishing of electronic services in Tehran can have a large role in developing of worn fabrics.

Introduction In recent decades، it was considered development and strengthening of small towns as a strategy for rural development and stressed that these cities as central places، have the most relations with rural settlements. So they have the potential to play an important role in the development of rural areas. In Iran following the policy of promoting villages to towns، many villages promoted to towns and they are considered as small towns in the settlement hierarchy. Of these towns is the present town of Eij located in Estahban County (Fars province) that has promoted to a town since 2002. So this study aims at examining the role of the present town of Eij in the development of villages in this county. 2. Theoretical bases: There are several basic flows between urban and rural areas such as traffic of people، goods and capital. In this respect، small towns which are mostly rural areas promoting to towns are assigned as a link between rural areas and larger cities. These towns keep an organized relationship between cities and villages and easily transfer the necessary conditions and requirements of development to rural areas under their territories. These towns easily accept developmental incentives and have an effective role in the evolution of surrounding regions and regarding their size and structure، they have an appropriate potential to prevent problems emanating from urbanization. Focusing on the role of small towns in rural development and dealing with it has long been considered as an important subject in the related literature and there are various ideas about their role in the distribution of modernization، their function as service centers and also their role as to prevent rural migration. So، developing small towns which results to upward urbanization is an effective approach for regional development. 3. To show the role of promotion of Eij district to a town in the development of rural areas in this district، we characterized the indices into 6 groups and studied them. Our findings show that the mean value of all these indices is 3. 13 with a 0. 45 standard deviation. Among our studied indices، the highest mean values respectively belong to form-environment، persistence and satisfaction of population indices and the lowest mean values respectively belong to education-culture، facilities -services indices. Not only our library studies suggest population growth of Eij town compared with before becoming a town، but also show an increase in rural population of that compared with before becoming a town. 4. Our results show that promoting Eij to a town has had an effective role in developing the four indices employment، income and living expenses، population fixation and form-environment in rural areas and the other two indices i. e. facilities-services and education-culture had a little role in this regard. In sum، indices of form-environment of village and education-culture are respectively the most and least effective indices among the studied indices and there is a significant difference for all indices between villages of this district. We also found out that on one hand، there is a statistically significant relationship between the level of relations of our statistical population with the town and their evaluation of the town’s role and on the other hand، there is a direct significant relationship between the former index and their satisfactions of promoting Eij to a town. Our results collectively show that following the policy of promoting villages to towns، Eij as a small town center could have an effective role on the development of rural areas of the studied district and our results is along with some domestic literature such as Niksiresht et al. (2012)، Izadi (2001) and Jomehpour et al (2011). 5. Suggestions: Finally، we pay attention to the subject that generalizing our results and adopting the policy of promoting villages to towns in all temporal and spatial situations is not reasonable and acceptable. In this regard، we refer to some domestic studies that have affirmed unsuccessfulness of the policy of transition to a town (Saraei et al. 2007، Karimi et al. 2012). so our general suggestion is that we must deal with time and space factors in the subject of promoting villages to towns.

Introduction With increasing number of automobiles in the recent days and lack of free parking space، especially in metros، the need for developing an automated car parking system which makes efficient use of space and avoids traffic congestion arises (Sumathi، et al.، 2013). Automated car parking system helps to minimize the time taken to check the car parking area. In the modern world، where time is a precious thing، it is very important to mankind and crucial necessity to save the time in modern، big companies and apartments etc (Kumar، et al.، 2012). DEMATEL was established to solve complex problems. It can elevate the understanding of the issues، groups of interacted factors، criteria and provide a feasible solution by building a hierarchical relevant network system (Lin & Tzeng، 2009). in this study، using fuzzy DEMATEL as one of the Decision Making techniques that is suitable for making systematic relationships between variables. DEMATEL method investigates and modeling relationship between the effective criteria of automated car parking. Using results of this study، the management company of automated car parking system will be able to meet its customer needs with limited resources and increasing demand for installation this parking. Finally the criteria influencing the development of mechanized parking ranked using fuzzy TOPSIS. Using this study can priority and weighting the criteria of automated car parking system. 2- Theoretical bases The system is made highly energy efficient by switching ON the lights in the parking area only when a car is on the move which makes it distinctive from most parking systems. The systems that are in existence consist of two types: Semi Automated Systems: The available free parking slots are known to the driver without searching for them but the driver has to park in the slot by himself. Fully automated systems: These are more sophisticated. In such systems the car is parked by itself into an allotted slot through robotic systems. These can save a lot of space and time but would be very costly in practice (Sumathi، et al.، 2013). In order to address the problem of parking effectively، sensors can be utilized to detect and provide information on the location of available parking areas. Among the implementation of sensor based parking system is a wireless sensor system (Al-Absi، et al.، 2010). 3- Discussion and Conclusion Researches in the field of Automated Car Parking related only the type of products in Auto parking and not determine the appropriate criteria in developing Automated Car Parking (Azadi & Tahrkhani، 2012; Bekker & Viviers، 2008; Hassan، et al.، 2012). However، in this study first appropriate criteria Determined with a review of literature in development of automated car parking and to determine the causal relationships between criteria and uncertainties associated with expert opinion using Fuzzy DEMATEL method. Finally، impact criteria Specified by Fuzzy DEMATEL Including quality، after sales service، Market available، the wages of employees، performance and economic justification for the development of automated car parking were ranked using fuzzy TOPSIS. Results show that performance، quality، after sales service and economic justification are ranked first to third respectively. 4- Recommendations It is recommended that future studies combining Fuzzy Taguchi method with multi-criteria decision making techniques can be used to prioritize enterprises of automated car parking. In order to Artificial Neural Networks can used for determine the best operations control procedures identified in during response to customer demand for the use of automated car parks and increasing efficiency.

Introduction The targeted subsidies of scheme، is most and challenging part of the project subsidies economic development plan، which is higher than other scope s of interest are public policy andexpert circles. This scheme Given that this project aims to benefit all mankind social justice implemented، so that the lower strata of the resources they share the need to be certainly more associated with rural community and communication. The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of targeted subsidies to social welfare، in the form of a case study. Social and economic situation of the people in a way that can be compared to the prior payment in cash subsidies to rural reviewed. Investigation of factors Like، Increase or decrease in income، household savings، increase employment، productivity، increased purchasing power، improving the quality of life.. . than before the plan can all be indicative of how social and economic status of the villagers. Thus، by investigating the effects of target orientation on improving or not improving rural community specific and useful for the target orientation، an understanding is achieved. The main research question can be presented as follows; targeted subsidies in improving the welfare of the rural population has been effective? 2-Theoretical bases In light of the unique consensus، targeted subsidies law was enforced in the country. According toGiven the urgent need to justify the implementation of targeted subsidies in the rural sector، there is a point of view on this subject، The negative impact of this project on how is in rural development. Explaination this topic the importance of it is that then this project، has increased، cost the public service in Sectors، water، electricity and gas، in the sense that will increase other goods and services. But on the other hand، the removal of subsidies will on items such as energy، as the need for energy saving and economical، will become more clear. saving energy problem. Targeted subsidy of scheme for rural settlements can certainly provide، influence the social، economic and cultural lot like job creation، increased income، social justice and…. According to some Saying، Cash of subsidies Causereduce the incentive to work and descent producer.; But contrary to some groups believe that the money paid in addition to providing some rural needs، and stimulate the formation of basic activities، especially in the agricultural sector. Hence the need to consider both of these groups of people and special attention should be managed. Because each of these views has a double consequence. Hence، Appropriate management and inject the right amount of cash that can be used as desired. In a way that causes the formation of new usage patterns and improve the quality of life in rural communities to In terms of economic and social 3-Discussion This type of basic research - applied research component of the data collection methods، descriptive - analytical. The research sample is of 1930 households. Based on Cochran''s formula، suitable sample of 234 households selected، And of the questioning was conducted in rural households. Investigation of showed Effect of targeted subsidies to increase the income of rural households، a sample t-test، Although the amount of p-value، less than 0. 05، but the mean variables (2. 97) is less than (3)، is targeted subsidies to increase the income level is low to moderate. Increase in personal savings and family tergeted influence on this variable، is the value obtained for less than 0. 05 of the number (0. 003) and Average variable (12/3) more than (3)، The result targeted subsidies have been effective in increasing personal savings of households and In fact، people are more willing than their savings subsidies. Targeted subsidies and cash payments to villagers on a monthly basis، the consumption of grains، eat whole grains، meat and dairy products، shopping for clothing، household consumption of water، gas، and sanitary materials (soap، liquid toilet and. …)، the impact is low to moderate، And proper nutrition does not show for the rural population. In addition tergeted subsidies، reduction in tobacco consumption according to the p-value (less than 0. 05) and mean values of variables (2. 9)، with the test value (2) has had much impact. According to the values obtained tergeted subsidies in improving the quality of life indicators (3. 29) and increase the purchasing power of households (3. 16)، the effective rate is moderate to high. But in increasing access to health، education، given the p-value is obtained (Namber 1) is more than 0. 05 And it would no significant and Average (2. 3) concluded that in this case the effectiveness is moderate to low. 4-Conclusion The overall results showed that، based on single-sample t-test results targeted subsidies، have been effective increasing income levels، increasing purchasing power، quality of people''s lives. Because in all the variables studied، the number is less than 0. 05 and comparison of variables with Test-Value also this confirms. targeted subsidies at improving access to health facilities، changing trends in the use of energy resources (water، gas، etc.)، improved nutrition and consumption patterns، the effect is less than the average. Due to the short duration of the project، effect is the Favorable and It is expected that in the future، other social occasions، to make the recovery process. However، it can be stated that these targeted، and Despite weaknesses in structure and Its functions، regardless of its negative consequences as any other projects in the rural community، be have effect in different Dimension، economic and cultural، and it gives welfare of the rural community to a certain extent influence and trend of improvement. 5-Suggestions Management to subsidize Payable of rural people in order the cost Appropriate. Using a micro-credit fund subsidy and public participation. Encouraging and guiding people to creating home jobs of using subsidized. Employment with the participation of rural people through subsidies paid to their integration Continuity of Cash subsidies not Goodas food stamps.

Introduction With this trend towards urbanity، the aim of city planning and management should be to lower imbalance، guaranteeing a high level of welfare for people، maintaining justice and looking for new solutions to the city difficulties. So for this purpose the notion of E sustainable development was introduced. Accordingly، also having in mind the rarity of resources (soil، land، air،…)، attention was increased to compact expansion and congestion of the city the utilization of which is considered one of the most important elements in city development. During the last decade the idea of a compact city has been introduced in Iran، this idea as opposed to the sprawl city form and also towards sustainable development and solving existing problems of cities and especially metropolises such as Tehran، Mashhad، Ahvaz and others has been distinguished as suitable. In Ardebil unorganized usage of land or not using the lands in city range has brought about a negative horizontal expansion and in recent decades Ardebil has experienced a fast and rapid growth in population and vastness، so the focus should be on a sustainable compact city form. The main aim of this research is to analyze the process of urbanism and recent trends of development in order to suggest an ideal city form for Ardebil. With regard to the major role of cities in development of a country، the framework، content، function، size and shape of a city has been an endless concern for philosophers and theorists from at least 5 centuries B. C until the current era. Coinciding with progression of the industrial revolution theories related to optimal shape and form of cities entered into a new level. Contemplative theories of Haussmann،- Le Corbusier’s theory of bright cities، Tony Garnier’s theory of industrial cities، Howard’s theory of garden cities، Lloyd wright’s theory of idealistic vast cities and other theories introduced in recent decades، all put the emphasis on city as coordinated whole and a dynamic system and are in the pursuit of the ideal city form and pattern. With regard to the fact that the idea of compact cities and how to reach a stable city form is a new and recent topic، there has only been a handful of researches done on this subject. What differentiates this research which has been done on Amol، Tehran، Marvdasht، … is that for the first time the sustainable city form has been put to test in city neighborhoods by using Spatial Autocorrelation techniques and that the emphasis is on a neighborhood based planning which has been neglected in scientific planning and spatial analysis. The principal question of this research is that، having in mind the current trend of urbanism and extension، what is the ideal city form for Ardebil? The required data for this research has been gathered from the population and housing censuses done between 1956 - 2006 and field researches. According to the essence and purpose of this research، the approach would be analytic-descriptive nevertheless other methods like correlation have also been used. As to recognize the shape of this city and to check its quantity (sprawl from compactness) the method of aggregation degree 2- Theoretical bases There are two main forms when it comes to the shape of a city 2-1- Wide spread city: definition of horizontal expansion goes like this: development without planning، without control، uncoordinated and single land use that does not provide a combined land use and from the functional point of view has no connection to other land use of city vicinity and it looks as a low density، groovy، scattered and detached expansion. 2-2- Compact city: a compact city is a sustainability city which has an appropriate shape and scale for walking، biking and public transportation and also such compactness to prod social interactions. Traits of a compact city are: increased land use of urban space، housing congestion، centralization، compactness، combined land use and a kind of self sufficiency and public transportation. 3- Discussion 3-1- Ardebil’s physical development process between 1956 and 2006 Development of Ardebil started in the center then in other stages of development the surrounding area was developed. Nowadays according to the estimations in the comprehensive plan expansion of the city would occur in west and southwest of the city. 3-2- Analyzing the Spatial Autocorrelation model The concept of Spatial Autocorrelation is that the values of studied features are correlated and that the correlation of them is provable by the geographical discipline of the phenomena. Global Moran With regard to the positivity of Moran، population، practitioners and the area of neighborhoods have a Spatial Autocorrelation and changes in these amounts in relation to each other are systematic. So the hypothesis which says there is no spatial clustering between population، practitioners and the area of neighborhoods is rejected. Also in parameters such as the area، population، working people factors have moved from low grades up to higher ones and the pattern of distribution is towards clustering. Especially the number of working people has gone from random spatial distribution towards clustering. Moran Anselin In the year 1996 spatial population concentration and its clustering has been only on two neighborhoods of Ardebil، yet it has been increased in the year 2006 to four neighborhoods. This illustrates the compactness and the clustering quality of northwest and central part of the city and the population that is not clustered in southern parts and the direction of expansion of the city. Spatial concentration of working people has been the same as population and has moved towards clustering from 1996 to 2006. This shows that working people in southwest and central parts are clustered as opposed to working people that are not clustered in southern neighborhoods and the direction of expansion of the city. In the year 1996 the area of neighborhoods were equal and in the year 2006 spatial concentration of neighborhoods around the shoorabil lake were clustered and were surrounded by similar areas. This shows the compactness and clustered area of land in southern neighborhoods. 4- Conclusion and deduction Results taken from global and local Moran depict the fact that although in year 2006 in comparison with year 1996 central neighborhoods are more concentrated and compact but the horizontal transmittance of the city has increased، actually the city moves towards expansion and this expansion is in the direction of quality agricultural fields. Therefore with the negative results of horizontal transmittance، compact development is suggested as a desirable city in Ardebil. Of course it should be considered that compactness does not only mean increasing density، that we should have in mind other traits of a sustainable compact city such as green spaces and public transportation in order to decrease pollution and maintain the environment. 5- Suggestions One of the most important suggestions of this research is the utilization of smaller city blocks in different regions especially southwest and southeast، also existence of vast arid lands without a plan in northwest، municipality’s prevention of extra expansion of the city and construction on agricultural fields، finding an appropriate direction for expansion according to the comprehensive plan and internal city growth leading the city towards a sustainable compactness along with a high quality of life in city neighborhoods. Keywords: Sustainable development، compact city، Desired urban form، spatial autocorrelation، Ardebil city

The Analysis and Prioritization of Development Grade of Luristan Towns Using TOPSIS Technique Y. Ghanbari، H. Barghi، A. Hajarian Received: April 7، 2012/ Accepted: December 12، 2012، 37-40 P Extended abstract 1-Introduction Regional inequalities in different layers of life like health، education، accommodation etc can show vividly the necessity for development planning in different regions. Identifying the present condition of regions is the most fundamental issue in the plan of regional development which requires the analysis of economical and socio-cultural sections. One of the principles of development is its comprehensiveness and integrity in removing socio-economic imbalances in the regions (Fanni، 1383:2). Thus، impartial distribution of development facilities and outcomes among the majority of population is one of the features of healthy dynamic economy (Friedman، 1699:19). Realizing such a desire، the programmers try to decrease inequalities and lack of balance by executing various plans of eliminating deprivation and expanding all positive aspects of development. The first step in this regard is codifying efficient plans in line with realities، reaching the superior goal of social justice and recognizing the present conditions (Edward and Pool، 1988:105). 2- Theoretical Foundations Regional development is one of the issues which have attracted the attention of programmers، especially regional programmers، in recent decades. The major economic، social، sanitary، industrial etc indices are good criteria for determining the status of regions as well as require paying attention to particular considerations in regional level and determining the compatibility conditions and national-regional adaptability (Hekmatnia، 1383:102). The aim of development theories is to analyze and explain the inequalities existent between countries and regions with regard to development. The theories of regional development were proposed overall after World War II as attitudes for establishing socio-economic justice، optimal and more efficient distribution of resources، re-allocation of resources، more balanced development of regions and decrease of inequalities. The pioneers of such theories are scholars like Walter Izard، Gornar Mirdal، Francois Perru، Freidman and Hirschman. Today the economists favoring balanced development theory propose the necessity of proper regional planning for achieving balanced development and believe that balanced regional development is to provide the best conditions and facilities for all-embracing development of all regions، minimize the differences of intra-regional and inter-regional life quality and finally remove them. 3- Discussion Grading of towns in different districts with regard to priority index (Ci) and development grade in 1385 shows that، according to statistical data of various indices، Khoramabad town has the first rank in relation to educational، infrastructural، agricultural، economic، rural development، cultural، sanitary and demographic sections. Also، at the end of ranking spectrum of TOPSIS method is Selseleh town. Regarding that such ranking has been done based on combinational indices in different sections of development، Khoramabad and Selseleh towns have first and seventh rankings respectively amongst the towns of the province. Amongst the towns of the under-study region inequality and incongruity are absolutely evident with regard to selected indices. No doubt some towns are rich regions with abundant potentials regarding life resources but they are at the end of ranking spectrum due to unprincipled plannings and partial allocation of funds and development facilities. Hence، the main reason behind this is the application of development models with centripetal attitude so that، in regional plannings، peripheral habitations simply play the role of observer of development and expansion of the center. In other words، the center of the province (Khoramabad town) has allocated to itself the major part of investments and a small part of investments and development resources has gone to peripheral regions. 4- Conclusion There are different methods for ranking various economic، social and cultural sections which do not lead to identical answers necessarily. One of such methods is TOPSIS. Using this technique، the towns were ranked separately and combinationally regarding development and according to educational، cultural، demographic، accommodation، infrastructural، rural development، agricultural and sanitary indices. Then، the rate of inequality in the dispersion of facilities and resources was specified via the method of dispersion coefficient. Thus، the aim of this article، in the first instance، is to use a new technique for ranking. The results of this research imply that Ilam and Abdanan towns got ranks 1 and 7 respectively amongst seven towns of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province and the obtained dispersion coefficient was 0. 36 which itself implies the presence of difference and intensity of inequality in enjoying the fruits of development. In all، it can be said that Ilam town (the center of the province) has experienced lot of development and expansion via absorbing economic and social opportunities، facilities، welfare and money، skillful and specialized man power from suburban regions and it has had no useful variance and spatial influences on the development of suburban regions and even it has increased the deprivation of deprived regions somehow. In other words، parallel to the development and expansion of center، its peripheral regions follow an inverse trend so that a kind of divergence and incongruity between regions is seen in the structure of spatial development of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province. Finally، it can be acknowledged that the pattern dominating the spatial structure of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province is subordinate to the system of “center-periphery” and with the continuation of this trend the present gap and inequality is deepened. Thus، paying attention to spatial planning، the study of towns regarding the level of development and identifying deprived habitations in order to plan systematically and proposing proper and executable strategies in order to achieve balanced regional development is an ineluctable necessity. 5- Suggestions - Since the dispersion of population in the province is imbalanced، the officials and policy makers in the province should pay more attention to the allocation of budget and provincial planning. - It is necessary that plannings and policy makings are done according to potentials and restrictions of each region. - Decision makings and plannings should be based on investigating and recognizing the levels of regions’ development.