فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 22 (پاییز 1393)

Quick growing of cities especially big cities، with traits like great population and activities focus، have had negative affection on urban environment. On the other hand، happening of environmental tension and weakness of global environment basis have been effective on advanced «environment quality» as part of comprehensive concept of «Life quality». in this situation and with respect to comply needs and fundamental motives of human in urban environment have been attended concept of city environment quality in planning، Designing and city engineering literature. The aim of this article is evaluation of urban environmental quality of Narmak neighborhood and determination of responsible factors on quality urban environmental quality of this neighborhood. in this respect have been used for collecting data، library and survey method. The sample size of this project had been 380 cases of Narmak''s residents. It has been used One – Sample T test -and hierarchical multiple regression analysis methods، for evaluating formations. The results of study show that urban environmental quality of Narmak contrary to fact don’t have high quality and the residents of this area are not content from quality of urban environment of it. Among the factors that are under studding just access and road network، finance services and transportation، quality of environmental health and Interior dwelling specifications، have had fine quality. Regarding physical - spatial characteristics، accessibility index has greater impact (β=0. 518). Based on functional - structural specifications، social welfare indicator، have greater value (β=0. 531). Taking into consideration content indicators، environmental health criteria with magnitude of (β=0. 680) respectively possess the highest impact. Interior dwelling specifications in Narmak represent (β=0. 569) respectively and has the greatest impact. This findings in Cognitive - Psychological Perspective show that among the factors which are under studding، some factors have more affection in mental vision correlative with urban environmental quality of Narmak neighborhood between residents. The mental image formed from area، in process of persons'' environment understanding from his or her area، with respect to personal traits of them and environment factors traits، mainly is under affection of some factors in different levels. The important scale of factors is different from one person to another and from one neighborhood to another. The base of this difference is the process of persons'' environment understanding from his or her area.

This article aims to determine ratio and trend of gardens and urban green spaces destruction in the city of Maragheh in recent decades and analyze effective factors on destruction and changing of land use of gardens and urban green spaces and finally investigation of effective factors on preservation of gardens and urban green spaces in garden city of Maragheh. In this research level and reasons for destruction of green spaces of Maragheh during years 1994 to 2006 and land use changing or preserved spaces have been investigated. The research is comparative and analytical. The data were collected by library and measuring method. In this relation، in addition to documentation of urban plans the researched lands (190 usage change cases) have been investigated. The statistical population involves total city district، residence population، gardens and urban green spaces inside the city and connected to the district that are under changing of usage. The research location is Maragheh as the center of city and second city of the east Azarbaijan province by area of 2500 hectare involving population equals to 151486 persons in 2006 (Iran censuses center، 2006) that is successful in preservation as Maragheh national park in spite of encountering to destruction of gardens phenomenon. Accordingly the gardens located in west part of the city by area of 91 hectare have been changed to city great park in order to preservation according to paragraph 15 approved in commission of article 5 of province in 1995/9/13 and the mentioned district has been established by increase to 125 hectare as national park usage outside of the city district in new master plan. This research was conducted during1994 to 2006 based on time of preparation of two master plans of the city and the mentioned documents and findings of these plans have been used for study. Adjacent of Maragheh to agricultural gardens has provided the context for urban expansion inside and outside of the gardens and in some cases it has been led to surrounding of plots in the city that has been changed according to usage. These land use changing have been caused to reduction of gardens area from %18 in city district in 73 to %10 in 85. The investigations show that change of usage and destruction of the gardens and green spaces have done in two ways in Maragheh. The results indicate that %65. 5 of change of usage and destruction of the gardens and green spaces in Maragheh have been done by governmental organizations according to legal regulations and %32. 6 is because of illegal conduction of owners and %1. 9 is because of undefined reasons، that it is warn for specialists and policy makers of urban development for encountering to green spaces destruction in urban expansion trend. The other considered points it can be referred to effective factors in preservation during the studied years that a few spots of gardens and urban green spaces are seen on the map of the city that the reason for preservation is impossibility of destruction of them.

Introduction and Theoretical Bases: Since citizens spend considerable amount of their time interacting with urban environment، analysis of effectiveness of environment on different aspects of life is of utmost consideration. Health is one of the factors which is endangered or threatened by urban environment. Modern issues such as healthy city and pedestrianization represent these aspects. Structural-spatial conditions of urban sidewalks have significant effect on environmental health of the citizens. Research Design: The aim of present research was to evaluate the relationship of structural environment’s conditions and health rates and to adopt a method for assessing the health of urban setting in response to the following questions: 1-what are the most important challenges of citizens’ health using sidewalks? 2-What criteria are involved in improvement of health of urban sidewalks? 3-How we could evaluate the rate of urban sidewalk’s health using these criteria? According to the mixed-methods design، qualitative content analysis and survey was conducted. Using a researcher-made checklist، the required data were gathered from 150 pedestrians of 17thShahrivar St. and 50 related officials and experts as research samples. Discussion and The obtained results indicated that، in terms of health criteria، the overall status of 17thShahrivar St. was low and bad which brings about lower rate of users’ satisfaction of space and environment and hence further decline of environment quality. All four aspects of health namely، physical، social، spiritual، and psychological health، were realized as significant factors in determining the environment’s health. Physical and social health was in the worst condition، and spiritual and psychological health was relatively better in 17thShahrivar St. Suggestions: Various structural and physical strategies were suggested for of citizen’s health promotion. In addition، some suggestions for further research in this field of study are presented.

The supply of affordable housing for every citizen is an important governmental policy with a particular consideration of low-income groups. This group of residents would not be able to provide independent housing without governmental intervention. Social housing program is regarded as an effective policy in the pursuit of justice in accessing to proper housing in many parts of the world. The Mehr social housing program as supportive housing and social policy has been implemented to meet the housing needs of low-income classes since 2008 in Iranian major cities. So far، the Mehr housing project has been influential in changing many aspects of the urban systems، and consequently impacting on social، economic and environmental characteristics of them. The evaluation and criticism of this policy from different aspects to set up the goals and actions for the future planning is essential. According to the evaluation report of the Iranian Ministry of Road and Urbanism، by the end of 2012 Fars Province ranked the third in terms of social housing production. And at the end of 2012، the average progress in the implementation of housing projects in this province was reported by 80 percent. Totally، Fars province authorities are committed to build 112 thousand units. The structure of this paper is as follow: the first part includes the introduction، state of the problem، the objectives of the research، and the theoretical and conceptual background of the research. Subsequently، the method of the research and analytical approach of the collected data are presented. Discussion and conclusions are provided in the final section.

Historic monuments in each land are the documents of its identity. Here the architecture and urbanism works have significant role in transmission of cultures and ideologies. Historical fabrics and in the better expression، historical cities were formed with consequent of varied and multipe factors and this makes them unique and non-reproducible. However، in our country (Iran) in recent decades، the historical cities seriously damaged because of different factors including new infill constructions. Therefore it is necessary for the formation process of new buildings in historical cities that be considered and guided in the right direction to conserve what remains. In this field، international documents as a global convergence and consensus on the conservation of cultural and historical heritages can be referred to extract useful guidelines for Iranian historical urban fabrics. This paper is an attempt in this direction. 2. Theoretical bases This paper is organized in special view to three topics; first: the concept and action of infill buildings، second: the concept and value of historical urban fabrics، third: attention to the context of new architectural work. Thus the formation of new infill building in historical fabric is as replacement new architectural word in a strong and valuable existent historical «text» or «context». Naturally this requires special sensitivity and precision. This paper follows the sensitivity and precision that above mentioned، referring to international declarations and charters which are the result of consensus of experts from different countries، and obtains the intervention guidelines from them. 3. Discussion Contents of international agreements، declarations and charters have different approaches to historical monuments and urban fabrics، but their overall process shows a gradual focus on context instead of building and then importance of historical city as a whole. Many of international related documents have a special attention to features of historic townscape of old cities and their historical urban fabrics. This matter and the importance of maintaining the environment around monuments and their panoramic views، have create the principles and criteria for interventions such as new construction near historical monuments. These principles and criteria could be explained in attention to values and historical unique character of cities، the harmony and companionship of old and new elements together as well as special attention to the context of the new buildings. 4. Conclusion Despite a wide range of rules and criteria discussed in international decisions for intervention in historical contexts and cities and diversity of their approaches، but the most important results achieved in surveying of such documents related to infill buildings in historical urban fabrics، can be can be found in a few cases with greater emphasis are: 4. 1. Special attention to the «context» as an active، effective and non-passive ground 4. 2. Special efforts to the «continuity» of place، architecture and city identity in the context of time (history) 4. 3. Attention to new buildings in coordination with historical monuments of an old city and their «integrity» 4. 4. Inspiration of old patterns of native and vernacular architecture in each of the new creations without requiring imitation 4. 5. Special efforts to improve the quality and absorption of life in historical cities 5. Suggestions Considering the importance of preserving the remained small parts of historic cities of Iran، referring to international viewpoints، it is suggested that the principled conservation of historic cities should be placed in plan of action. Particularly، the principles and criteria which extracted from international documents for guidance of new infill buildings – that are necessary for continuing the life in historical urban fabrics – be operated and performed. 5. 1. Trying to registering valuable urban fabrics in national or international heritage list 5. 2. The necessity of codification a national charter for conservation of historical cities 5. 3. Adapting of theory and practice in new infill buildings in historical contexts 5. 4. Avoiding any non-qualified or huge-scale infill developments in historical fabrics 5. 5. Studying and use the methods and experiences of developed countries without any necessity of imitation.

One of the main problems that reduced the use of urban green spaces is the unequal spatial distribution of land uses in urban areas and also inequality to compliance with the principles of green space planning in developed and less developed areas of the city. For this reason، the present study tried to comparative analysis safety indicators in two urban parks in both developed and less developed regions. Theoretical views used in this article، were social justice and this concept was compiled in geographical literature in 1960 and it looking for a fair distribution of resources and space between urban regions and citizens to achieve them. Methodology in this study is descriptive – analytical that the data collection is the documents (the library) and survey that were collected through questionnaires، interviews and surveys. The study population was all visitirs of Koohsangi andVahdat parks. Estimating the sample size، we used Cochran formula were applied and 384 questionnaires that we complete 190 questionnaires for each park. Indicators used in this study included five indicators، feelings of safety، sanitary safety، physical safety، lighting indicators and physically accessible. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. Also the one sample t-test and paired t- test was used to complete the analysis. Compared to the safety indicators in two parks، Koohsangi and Vahdat with together، considering all five indicators، the result is a significant difference between the two parks and the analysis of individual indicators، the feelings of safety and safety access Indicators are at the same level in both parks but the sanitary safety، lighting safety and physical safety indicators have been different that Koohsangi park represents a higher level than Vahdat park. In general، the metropolitan area is more developed، park s Safety Indicators show that the higher level.

Today، urban areas، due to rapid growth and relatively high population and rapid industrial and economic policies and rural-urban migration have a rapid growth. Rapid urban growth is mainly related to the concentration of population in urban areas. One of the major issues that are seeking to expand Kermanshah has been occur is the lack of compatible land use and degradation of aquatic ecosystems and soil resources in the surrounding town. increasing population and the need for the Inhabitant caused to Gradual expansion of the city and this expansion resulted to reducing th physical distance between village and the city. Kermanshah expansion while destruction of farmland and gardens caused to non-optimal use of land and thus، decrease the effectiveness of lands، because of do not use the lands within the city limits. This study done to determine the appropriate direction of Kermanshah expansion and explanation the role of models in prediction of urban development. Thus it was necessary to determine the proper direction for the future growth of city and can help planners to make appropriate decisions in order to control its development.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of participation in infrastructure to promote innovation in pardis scientific and technology. The objective of this study was to assess the current situation and offer solutions to improve it is to participate in Tehran. This study utilized a mixed methods research that involves quantitative and qualitative studies based on systems thinking is done. Data from small studies (Cronbach''s alpha of the questionnaire، 825%) as well as information obtained through descriptive and inferential analysis of qualitative research (interviews with eight experts from the park) through the coding and analysis of the results of the analysis and the final model was outlined. Media participation and the creation of science parks and technology noted. these factors contribute to the strengthening of the innovation indicators in urban conservation. It also became clear that the current situation is not conducive to Tehran''s involvement in infrastructure and innovation infrastructure upgrades will not dramatically.

Life quality is a complicated، multi-dimensional، and qualitative item regarding conditions and position of a population in a particular geographical scale، such as city، district، etc. This item depends both on subjective or qualitative and objective or quantitative indicators. Life quality is not a new concept، the concept has existed in Greek philosophy and Aristotle has mentioned the topic of happiness. Life quality of rural people is dependent to many factors like employment، income، access to services such as education، health، environment، security and a strong association. Although life quality of urban people is dependent are also the­se factors but challenges of measuring prosperity and a better life in rural areas is very different. Therefore، given the importance of life quality in development and well-being of human communities، measurement of life quality and explain the factors affecting their is very important.

Protecting civilians is one of the most important goals in passive defense in order to mitigate vulnerabilities. Building safe spaces and shelters is an action to achieve this goal. According to expensive costs of building such structures، if they are simply built for military crises time، it will not be logical and economic so that there will be problems to build them. Hence، it is logical، economic and prevalent to build multifunctional spaces so that in peace time they have normal functions and in crisis time they turn into a shelter or a safe space. Appropriate site-selecting of public urban spaces such as parking are strongly needed in the city of Tehran. According to each zone requirements and considering passive defense principles we could have multifunctional spaces as parking-shelters during the war. The purpose of this research is the site selecting of a multifunctional Requirement in zone 14 of Tehran city municipal with the ArcGIS software that conducted by Needs assessment would be a parking in peace and it will be a shelter in times of crisis. In this research we have tried to create layers corresponding to each index in GIS software by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and weighting to the Positioning index. The final location is detected and introduced by the overlaid layers.