فصلنامه مطالعات و پژوهش های شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 9 (تابستان 1390)

- Intro duction The issue of citizenship and how citizens make sense of the concept is increasingly the subject of social research. Citizenship as a multi dimensional concept, offers the capacity for an exploration of the dynamics of social division to take in a number of important dimensions (class, gender, race, disability, age and so on) when assessing both the levels and causes of inequality within a society. This research tries to survey women’s awareness about citizenship rights and the effective factors on it. 2- Theoretical Bases In this study, different views on citizenship rights and opinions of Marx (Class, conciseness and citizenship rights), Habermas (civil society and Public Sphere), Turner (Mass media role) and Parsons (Particularism – Universalism) were used to establish a theoretical framework and design research hypotheses including being a correlation between the degree of attending public spheres, socioeconomic status, usage of mass media and awareness about citizenship rights. 3- Discussion This is a descriptive measurement study using a questionnaire designed by the researchers. The study population was all the women employed in municipal offices at the time of the study. Estimating the sample size, we used a stratified cluster sampling method and Cochran formula were applied and 270 people were from current female municipal workers of Tehran in 2010. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. To complete the analysis Kendal's tau-b and Gamma tests, Chi-Squared test and multiple variable regression analysis methods were also used to analyze our data as properly as possible. The dependant variable studied in this research was the level of awareness about citizenship rights which was categorized to civil, political, cultural, social and gender-based rights. The independent variables included the degree of attending public spheres, socioeconomic status, and usage of mass media. The mean score of awareness on citizenship rights was 11.32 with SD=0.726. The range of scores was from 0 to 18. The study showed that 35.2% of participants in the survey had a low awareness of citizenship rights, 45.6% of them had a moderate awareness of citizenship rights and only 19.3% of the participants had a high level of awareness of the citizenship rights studied in this research. 4- Conclusion There was a significant correlation between the degree of attending public spheres, socioeconomic status, and usage of mass media, and level of awareness of citizenship rights which proved the hypothesis. Even by excluding educational level from the data analysis, there was still a significant correlation between the dependant and independent variables. According to regression analysis, the most important predictor of awareness about citizenship rights was the degree of attending public spheres. 5- Suggestions Citizenship and culture of citizenship are vintages of responsibility and commitments of different society elements such as state, private and public sphere that shape civil society. According to results of this study we fallowing recommendations are suggested: 5-1- Strategic education planning for women and other citizens about their rights, obligations and identities. 5-2- Strategic planning for institutionalization of citizenship rights and obligations in public and private sphere, studying citizenship values, reinforcement of universalism and civic ethics to increase awareness about citizenship rights to achieve active citizenship.

Intro duction Tectonic features of the Iran, has raised the earthquake as one of the most destructive causes of destruction of human life. Historical review shows that large areas of Iran have been suffered by natural disasters and caused heavy human and financial loss. Because of this important issue it is needed to reduce earthquake vulnerability. The city of Tehran as one of the largest and most important cities, due to the geographic location of this city on several active faults and historical records of these faults activities can be said to face a massive earthquake in near future, so the 9th district of Tehran municipality, is selected as the study area. In this research TOPSIS Fuzzy model is used to assess and analyze vulnerabilities in the study area, considering different earthquake intensities. 2- Theoretical Bases Basic concept of TOPSIS is based on the belief that selected options should have lowest distance from positive ideal points and most distance from negative ideal points. Since many of the variables related to the issue in the real world are linguistic and qualitative variables, so in these issues it is better toapply Model Fuzzy Decision Model, such as TOPSIS Fuzzy model, which shows the importance of standards and options performance according to the various characteristics, using fuzzy numbers, instead of integers. 3- Discussion The results of the regions vulnerability assessment used shows that 73.66 percent of buildings in this area have moderate vulnerability, that are the northeast, east and southeast parts of this regions that included a maximum number of housing. Then, assessment of different earthquake intensities, the building damages were evaluated in the intensities of 6 and 7 and 8 Mercalli intensity scale. The results show that in intensity 6 of Mercalli scale, buildings damage in ranked between zero and one. In intensity 7, buildings damage was ranked between one and two and in intensity 8 buildings damage was ranks higher than two. 4- Conclusion Many models are presented to analyze and evaluate the seismic vulnerability of cities; and various researches have been done. In those works inside the country the investigated area was not small. Also, in today's world, in many variables related to current issues of real world are qualitative and linguistic, So, in these issues it is better to use fuzzy models, No doubt regional vulnerability is related to human characteristics in that region and a reflection of human behavior and human management practices, because the construction and implementation of engineering principles in construction depend on management comments and thoughts, After so, in any investigation, the applied models shoud be compatible with the study area conditions. 5- Suggestions - Create an organized GIS database of cities, analysis of vulnerability of earthquake-prone areas, designing softwares for vulnerability analysis and assessment based on the analyzed model in this study. - Vulnerability assessment of Tehran and other earthquake-prone regions of the country, to make necessary measures to reduce vulnerability in these areas.

1- Intro duction Mashhad as the second religious metropolis in the world and as the country‘s spiritual capital, is encountered with cost and benefit challenges towards sustainable tourism development. If the present condition continues, all the weaknesses and threats of Mashhad tourism system, will profoundly affect its abilities towards tourism sustainable development in long-term, while the city has competitive advantages in tourism development. So optimum exploitation of its all tourism abilities in a long- term, clear and sustainable framework, can play a noticeable role towards national and regional development goals. According to situation of Mashhad in country’s tourism and urban system and its numerous problems, this research aimed To assess the tourism development model of Mashhad metropolitan area and offering proper strategies. 2- Theoretical Bases Tourism sustainable development approach shows a turn from traditional neoclassic approaches in tourism to a holistic and more systematic approach in which, not only the market needs are respected but also social and environmental necessities are emphasized (Hawkes & Williams, 1993: V). Some authors define sustainable tourism as an approach, which involvs long-term lifetime and quality for either natural resource or human resource (Bram well & Lane, 1993:71). Tourism sustainable development is the process of improving the host quality of life, supplying the guest needs, and as well natural and human resource conservation. (Butler, 1998: 25; Hall & Lew,1998: 24; UNCED, 1992; Hunter & Green, 1995: 22; WTO, 1996). 3- Discussion In this analysis, while tourism supply and demand of Mashhad have been reviewed, SWOT technique and Internal- External Analysis (IEA), and QSPM have been utilized in the line of research questions and objectives. The main results show that Mashhad, as a touristic area, has deep and serious weaknesses compared to its strengths based on the internal factors. Although, the area enjoys strong opportunities as guaranteed religious domestic tourism market, which will provide proper basis in achieving development goals. There is an unexpected point. While Mashhad is counted as one of the main tourism destination in the world, it is faced with key weaknesses in tourism services supply because of low abilities of urban and tourism management system. In this regard, the lack of tourism strategic plans and reliance on fitful and short time actions in destination’s tourism management process are also added to the problems. These weaknesses will interrupt exploitation of current opportunities, which is not sustainable manner in long-term period. This analysis has confronted to some financial-temporal restrictions so the followed affairs are suggested to next researchers: participating analysis methods, feasibility study on establishing the integrated tourism management strategies, respect for tourists attitude to tourism management in the destination. 4- Conclusion The main results of the analysis regarding the internal and external factors show that the destination’s tourism sector confronts to some more strong opportunities and weaknesses than threats and strengths. Enjoying the guarantied domestic tourism market and its growing rate and adapted typology of its tourism market to government ideological principles are counted as some key factors to improving Mashhad strategic situation towards tourism sustainable development. Nevertheless, on the other hand, the world religious metropolitan area faces some serious weaknesses and threats in the field of tourism management. Multiplex tourism management system, poor executive system, growing trend of dissatisfaction of domestic tourists, low ability of urban and tourism management system, and short term and emergency decision making without reliance on strategic plans are some of the key threats and weaknesses. 5- Suggestions Strategic assessment results of present situation of Mashhad metropolitan area show that in a 25 years perspective, WO strategies seems to be suitable tourism development strategies. Establishment of integrated tourism management strategy - among five kinds of alternative WO strategies - aimed to harmonize and clarifiy of goals, policies, and acts of different executive tourism sectors and encouragement of coordinated and aligned movement in the metropolitan tourism management system sounds optimum.

Intro duction Internal migration between regions is an important social process in many countries which reflects the reaction of people against the economic, social and regional inequalities in many aspects of the life. Intense migration started approximately 300 years ago in European societies; however, in developing countries it has been begun since 1960(Lucas, 1381: 156-163). The d ominant form of migrations in developing nations in past years has mainly been rural -urban which has led to the rapid expansion of cities. The outcome has mainly been problems such as deprived rural areas, over crowded cities, poor social services, increasing crimes, low quality of environment, lack of sanitation and shortage of safe drinking water, (Sheikhi, 1380, 107). As one of the important social issues in Iran, migration and its consequences have posed serious challenges for administrative managers during the recent decades. The main objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of migration in West Azarbaijan Province (WAP) of Iran. The research method is mainly descriptive and several statistical measures have been used to analyze the data. Most data employed in the study comes from official records. In addition to the analysis of net migration over the last three decades, the major population links of the WAP with other provinces as well as the underlying factors of urban and rural migrations have been discussed.

Intro duction Isfahan due to inappropriate location of industrial centers, has excessive air pollution. According to EPA announcement, Isfahan is the second pollution city after Tehran. Isfahan had gardens and green spaces in the east and in the Safavid period, they paid more attention to the importance of green space and its role in the beautiful city and people health than any other period (Mojtahedi, 1379: 4). But today with creation of industrial complexes and lack of proper planning, it not only has its past glory and beauty but also faces severe environmental pollution but. Unfortunately, in recent years, Isfahan, with all these advantages is developing thoroughfares, streets and highways in accordance with a outomobile oriented function and has paid less attention to pedestrian places, bike paths and green rouds. Of course, Isfahan urban management efforts in promoting cycling shoud not be avoided because, in recent years, promoting cycling in Isfahan has been considered seriously to the extent of increasing bike stops three times as much as now. This article attempts to describe the situation and position of the bicycle transportation system in Isfahan using statistical methods and questionnaire. 2- Theoretical Bases 2-1 - A bicycle is a light vehicle with two wheels that moves with the power of the leg muscles and has a wide variety. This means has indispensable role in the development of tourism activities, increasing the value of urban land and occupation of less space, increasing employment and local business (Gozar Rah Consulting Engineers, 1384: 29).2-2- Special Bike Path (Green Roads): The linear open spaces formed along natural or artificial factors and generally any direction in the city and suburbs which is dedicated to pedestrian and bicycle and is environmentally appropriate, are called green road and areused to link togeder, urban hotspots such as shops, public transportation stations, schools, factories, parks and suburban landscapes are linked. Thus, a person can walk or bike in complete security, these spaces and, (Soleimani, 1381: 13) 2-3- Historical usages of bicycles: Bicycle usage in Iran was before World War II. But because of it limite number, it was an expensive device that only some people could use it. After World War II, imports of bicycles increased and the prices also declined. Even in some cities, especial bike paths were built in the streets. So except for a limited period at the beinging, bike was not a means of luxury and leisure. With rapid increase in the number of cars in 1350s, lack of safty for cyclists and paying lessattention to it in planning, its importance was reduced (Gharib, 1383, 20). Although in many of the world's major cities, especial paths have been considered for bicycling and walking, but in most streets in cities of Iran, expanding the number of cars, increase of the speed of urban traffic, lack of attention to the role of human-oriented spaces and interactive spaces have cause severe reduction of bike using. However, in recent years, with increasing fuel prices and growing environmental pollution, some activities have been done in this area in some cities.

Intro duction Tourism plays a growing role in developing countries and is accounted as a way of government deficit reduction, gaining foreign exchange and employment increment. In addition it is viewed as a channel of getting away from single product economies. In fact, an industry with multi dimension impacts is looked. Really, tourism is one of the most profitable activities such that many countries have invested on it. This industry is labor intensive and is one of the employment generation effective ways. Tourism is beyond an economic and industrial activity but what may surcharge its influence is the lack of fundamental possibilities providing tourists welfare in clouding scarce of suitable staying places. Bandar Turkman as an attractive site for tourists is faced with scarce suit staying palaces. Thus this study intended to estimate travel demand function of this city to assign the importance of paying attention to this matter. Therefore the demand function was estimated by travel cost method. 2- Theoretical Bases The basic premise of the travel cost method is that the time and travel cost expenses that people incur to visit a site represent the “price” of access to the site. Thus, peoples’ willingness to pay to visit the site can be estimated based on the number of trips that they make at different travel costs. This is analogous to estimating peoples’ willingness to pay for a marketed good based on the quantity demanded at different prices. 2-1- Options for Applying the Travel Cost

There are several ways to approach the problem, using variations of the travel cost method. These include: - A simple zonal travel cost approach, using mostly secondary data, with some simple data collected from visitors. - An individual travel cost approach, using a more detailed survey of visitors. - A random utility approach using survey and other data, and more complicated statistical techniques. 3- Discussion By arranging data in the regional format in the EXEL enviorment, the relation between journey demand and travel cost, mean age, mean education, and mean income level veriables were estimated. The results said that although the coefficients are in line with their theoretical bases but are not statistically significant. Then once again the relation was emtimated omitting meaningless veriables, the products result was as the following equation: VN1=12.0990618474-1.05527220477e-05*TCI The consumer surplus of such traveling is aproximatly 6879208 rials 4- Conclusion Results show that if travel cost to this site is zero, maximum demand for visiting is twoelve per one mellion of population. Per 1000 rails travel cost increment would reduce this rate by 1/0553e-2. 5- Suggestions Due to this matter that the people can gain relatively high surplus welfare by traveling to Bandar Turkman, it is recommended to those involved in the affairs of this field, to provide appropriate measures and suitable residential sites for the passengers coming. In this survey, beside age variables scrutiny such as literacy and income level as social indices which have determining role in the chosen destination, have shown that these kinds of variables have less dividend in the direction impacts on using or not using this place as promenade. Individual income is one important factor in promenades economic appraisal and the impact of such a factor on journey demand. Most of Talabe Gomishan visitors are set in the 400-600 thousand toman income range and with income mean increment, the number of visitors have been reduced. It’s necessary to mention that although wealthies have financial strength but they may not have enough time for recreation or May chose other palaces for this intention. For providing merrymaking possibilities and visitors needs, aging classification recognition is also is another important factor which in the direction of social survey of promenade place is searched. Scrutiny of results of aging groups has shown that most people responding questionnaire lie in the range of 25 to 29 year-old. It means that most tourists are young. This matter can help programmer for such environment provision which is suitable for young people.