مجله الهیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1389)

Excessive sanctity of the oral tradition (Talmud) among Rabbinic Judaism, sometimes, which marginalized the Holy Scriptures among Jews, caused appearance of a sect that rejected the oral tradition. It was the Karaites sect that appeared in 8th century; the century of Messiah movements of the eastern Jewish society. Among the causes of these Messiah movements are the appearance of Islam, and reestablishment of the traditional style of leadership of the Jewish society; and the appearance of social-economical riots as consequences of this kind of leadership. Responding to these crises some Jews found some reforms necessary in their religion. Among these was Anan Ben David. The general rule of Anan was rejection of oral tradition, and returning to the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). He believed every individual is required to take responsibility for interpreting the Scriptures, which resulted nothing but a lot of divisions in his newly appeared sect. But Karaite scholars prevented the sect from experiencing more split, by approving a series of interpretation rules. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Karaite literary men like Kirkisāni, David b. Boaz, Japhet b. Ali, Joseph Al-Basir and Jeshua b. Judah appeared; and laid the foundation of Karaite's theological philosophy by getting help from Mutazilah theology. And after this period, Karaite scholars just engaged in translation, explanation and interpretation of the rich works of this period and created the most useful Jewish philosophy in Middle Ages.

Religious pluralism looks for an answer to prove various religions truths and salvation for their followers. John Hick is called the greatest supporter in the present time.According to Kant's wisdomology, He claims that the followers of different religions. But they receive absolute action. He has known kant's wisdomology higher than sensory experiences. There are differences among culture and perceptions for this reason, there are multiple discussions for it.To prove the viewpoint, Hick analyzes other reasons, such as religions, leading principle of God, Differences in religions language, share doctrine. But he cant defend his pluralistic process. Since it was dependent on Kant's viewpoints, there were criticism for Kant. He has been criticized in proving truth of various religious experiences. In addition, each of his rules can be criticized.Seyd Hosein Nasar as a traditionalist defends the pluralism religion. He supports the viewpoint through using Islamic knowledge. But there are some criticisms for viewpoint an compatibility with traditionalism and it is one of the biggest criticisms. If we want to compare religious multiplicity the two thinkers process, we will consider religiontruths and salvation of their followers and similarity and use of Hick's view about experiment, different religions, rectification, modification, Divine religions and their retouching that they (all of them) include main differences in two great thinker's viewpoints.Mokhtar follows as multiple religions, Islam truth and excusableness (no truth) as other religious followers.

Abraham was one of the ol Al Azm prophets whose name is repeatedly addressed in the Holy Quran. He is a clean-soul Muslim which bowed to nothing except the unique God. A prophet who was trapped and every time found himself proud of Divine test closer to his idol. He achieved the (Khollat) title from his God and crowned the divine Khalil (Nesa,125) and his ethic is glorified with the "Hanif " attribute in some places in the Quran(Nesa,125-Al, Umran,95- Nahl, 123). His life story has come within the merciful Quran in details. Interpreted texts are of most important religious sources of Muslims that according to merciful Quran studid this Divine prophet. on the other side, the mystics that consistently have introduced Quran characters as the best role models too, have particular view on the character of Abraham. Since these texts have special importance in Persian literature, their attention to the story of this Divine Prophet gets attention to. Commentators and mystics view of this story, although similar in some short hints, are different in the majority of the materials. In this paper, it is attempted to investigate one of the most important stories of the merciful Quran in one of the most important mystic and religious(literature) sources.

The properties which were related to Christian Logos in Christian theology are very similar to Mohammadan Reality's properties in Islamic Sufism. The Logos or Christian Reality (as I say), is the term by which Christian theology designates the Word of God, or Second Person of the Trinity. The Gospel of John identifies the Logos, through which all things are made, as divine (theos), and further identifies Jesus as the incarnation of the Logos. The Christian Reality's properties in Christian theology are such: Logos or the Word, God or Second Person of the Trinity, creative of World and all thing in it, an uncreated, immaterial, eternal, everlasting being, cosmic designer, king of cosmos, divine self-revelation. Similarly Mohammadan Reality in Islamic Sufism has most of these properties other than Mohammadan Reality is a created being and The Christ Reality is an uncreated being. Mohammadan Reality is the primary creation of unique God, creative of World and all of the things in it, an immaterial, eternal, everlasting being, cosmic designer, king of cosmos, divine self-revelation, God's Supreme Name, locus of manifestation of the Names and Attributes of Allah.

According to one of the historical reports, the of knowledge of Kalam is started with question about the quality of divine Kalam and this knowledge is called with this name; when some of Muslim thinkers emphasized the creation of Divine Kalam and some others the ancientness of that. Some groups allowed the title of prolocutor to God's essence and some others who considered the nature of word the combination of Phonemes and letters, didn’t allow the attribution of this trait to God because acceptance of this believe necessitates that God exposed to events and so signs of possibilities affected his majesty. This Study tries to investigate and ingeminate the quality of Divine Kalam based on two verbal views of Asharites and Mutazilites, then with a brief references to some of Imam's word and by mentioning two points that universe is the word of God and word of God has hierarchies, explains this notion.

on Gnosticism school and Batinis religion, have common belief that Quran have esoteric meanings on words and verses, therefore, those two methods have specific approachs to finding the real meanings of this verses. With exact focus on the texts and Sources of this two methods, we faced with Similarities and differences of hermeneutic on three specific Gnosticism Aspects A) finding the meanings on context of verses, B) by moral edification to achievement this meanings, C) by passing through apparent feeling and reaching to spiritual feeling of real meaning of verses. In the Batini ’ s beliefs, the main specifications of paraphrase are: a) Specifying the antitye of the words in the Qoran. b) Education of Paraphrases. c) Specifying the relation between feeling and spiritual meanings and vice versa. This Study, at first, has abigated to explane the meaning of paraphrase and allegory, and eventually, reviewed to similiarities and differences between them and Quran explanation, in addition we doing a arbitration between them.

The issue of “everlasting torment in Hell for some wrongdoers” is rooted in Quran and Hadith. Such a torment for sins which a human did during their short life is unreasonable and is against the Quranic verses which emphasis on vast remission of sins by Allah. It is also against the verses which assign the likelihood of everlasting torment to Allah’s providence and will. Mulla-Sadra tries to solve this controversy in his book called “Asfar va Al-Shavahed Al-Robubiya”. However dispite his novelistic interpretation, he is not able to solve it. He states in recent book “Arshiya” he states his last book that his final opinion matches with those verses which correspond with everlasting torment. However, his theory is not helpful to resolve the issue. Taking in an overall cosideratin of the corresponded verses and hadiths the current study attempts to solve the aforementioned controversy.