فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 91 (بهار 1394)

Lake Terraces are geomorphological evidence of climate change during quaternary. Location of this terraces Location if these terraces in different elevation show paleo water lake level fluctuation. Investigation about Urmia Lake terraces was done by Bobek (1973) and he found that terrace in 45-55 meter above Urmia water level on that time. According to bobek development of lake area in paleo Pleistocene period and cold Pleistocene periods caused by reduction of temperature about 5 centigrade and reduction of evaporation. What is important in we have not any comprehensive investigation on Urmia lake terraces and many of these terraces and paleo shoreline are unknown up to now. The aims of this research investigation of quaternary terrace of Urmia Lake، Determining their elevations and reconstruction of area that affected by these fluctuations. Case Study: Urmia Lake Basin is located in Northwest of Iran and in the lowest pat of this subsidence، surrounding by High Mountain with elevation more than 2000 meter. Urmia Lake is the largest inland lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater lake in the world. In terms of construction، Tabriz fault activity causes uplift in this region of northern segment of the fault and the piece above by creating a barrier against the flow of surface and underground، has led to the formation of Lake Urmia. This lake is located in a shallow subsidence with an average depth of 6 meters، but its deepest point is the northwest corner with 13 meters deep. There are 102 large and small islands within the limits of the Urmia Lake. Salt water is more than 350 grams per liter. Data and Geological data، sediment and morphometric data were gathered through library studies and fieldwork. Then Quaternary sediments in the coastal zone boundaries were reconstructed and paleo lake boundaries using GIS and RS techniques were determined. Aerial photographs، satellite imagery and digital elevation model SRTM90 m was used and 10 Meter. In field work lake terraces were detected by investigation of sediment laminations، sedimentological characterizes such as، Granolometry، color، type، location of strata and specially fossils located in the sediment. Granolometry of sediments were done in sedimentology lab of Geological survey of Iran using Vibratory Sieve Sahker. Percentage of sand and silt determined and analyzed using Gradistat 4. Software and the curves were plotted. Binocular Microscope used for paleontology investigation. The elevations of terraces were measured with a differential global positioning System. After determining the height of the terrace، extent of Urmia la ke paleo water level determined using 150 topographic map sheet scale 1:25000 related to the block 1:250000 Tabriz، Urmia، Mahabad and Khoy a digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m were prepared. Urmia Plao Lake extent was reconstructed on satellite images. In recent years، due to the occurrence of hydro- climatic droughts over the past few decades and extensive dam construction on the main river and high water evaporation، the lake area decreased، and have been significant changes in water level lake. The lake terraces are the best evidence to reconstruct the paleo geomorphological situation in coastal environment and occurrences of these terraces shows climate change and tectonic phases. Hence، Identification of the terraces lake Urmia Lake was performed to reconstruct the situation of paleo environment. In field studies، lake terraces were detected by geomorphological، sedimentary structures، sediments grain size and especially fossil collections in the sedimentary layers. Because many terraces are buried in the river sediments، they are very difficult to detect and only in trenches created by the river or human activities such as road construction are considerable. Using a sequence of periods of fluctuating water levels and long dry periods and wet -laying sedimentary sequence lake was reconstructed through them. After identifying the terraces geographic location and the exact height determined using DGPS. In field studies 32 lake terraces were found in Quaternary sediments. Lowest terrace are located in Islami Island in the 1297 meters altitude and the highest terraces in Damirchi with 1369 meters altitude. Elevation of lake terraces are varies from 1297 m to 1369 meter and consequently the areas affected by fluctuations in lake water levels were the different. The maximum extent of lake level fluctuation has occurred in the south part of Urmia Lake. In this region the slope is very low hence، the slightest change in the water level of the lake the large extent of this region be affected by water level fluctuation. In the northern and western parts of the lake due to the steep slope impact of water level fluctuations is low. At an altitude of 1297 meters (terrace Sh-1) area of the lake was about 9،658 kilometers. Extent of lake on that time increased about 6560 square kilometers compare to 2011. Gacha Bashi terrace (height 1311 m) in West Golmankhaneh Peninsula is dates by sabouri (2010) and results shows about 46،000 years before present. The elevation of the terrace after the gathering and corrects errors by GPS dual frequency edited to 1336. 6 meter. the elevation of this terrace almost equal to Schweitzer (1977) terrace that located in 60 meter above Urmia water level in 1977. This terrace belongs to the Wurm I by Schweitzer. At that time not only Minadoab، Malekan، Bonab، Azar Shahr، Naghadeh and Mahabad Cities buried under Urmia lake water، but also it reach near the Urmia city. The highest terrace is located near Tsuj (Ts-2) City in North West of the lake and parallel to Damirchi DM-1in North West of the malekan with elevation 1369 meter. The extent of the lake at that time was about 13141 km and the water reach to Tabriz city.

The dust storms are one of the climatic hazards in the dry climates of the world that cause many damages to the environment and humans. One of the aspects of a study to understand the origin of this phenomenon is the formation of foci in recent years in the areas of research has been done Sorce dust in the central regions of the source video is very clear and the dust storms have gained Ghbardr global scale. This has demonstrated the primacy of the Sahara and has highlighted the importance of some other drylands, including the Middle East, Taklamakan, southwest Asia, central Australia, the Etosha and Mkgadikgadi pans of southern Africa, the Salar de Uyuni of Bolivia and the Great Basin in the USA have been identified (Andrews, 2009: 90). The Asia dust storms most frequently originate in the regions of the Taklamakan Desert of China and the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and peak in late winter and early spring (Huang et al., 2007: 186). West and southwest of the Iranian origin of the dust is a local call. Due to its geographical location in the dry climates of the world, Iran experiences these storms every year; especially in the south west. That is why this study was undertaken to identify the source and track of these storms in the south west of the country. Dust storms in Khuzestan likely emerge from sandy deserts, dried lakebeds, or chemically- and naturally-polluted regions in neighboring countries, are borne upwards and carried by winds to Iran. that airborne dusts in Khuzestan come from the same source, which is likely an eroded sedimentary environment outside Iran. In general, airborne dusts in Khuzestan are geochemically similar to airborne dusts (Zaravandi et al., 2011: 138). Due to its geographical location in the dry climates of the world, Iran experiences these storms every year; especially in the south west. That is why this study was undertaken to identify the source and track of these storms in the south west of the country. For this purpose the daily dust data of 12 weather stations of the study area were extracted for the 1990-2012 period. Then two Significant wave were selected in the region of highest intensity and extent of the synoptic method (to detect other patterns, effectively creating two dust storms) And remote sensing technology (to identify the source regions of dust) was studied as a common method in the weather. Their source region was determined through the use of the NOAA/AVHRR images and their track was identified over the synoptic weather maps of two widespread and intensive storms. The weather maps were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR site. See also maps show that Based on the high altitude and low altitude in northern Africa in the shape of a low voltage level of 850 hPa at sea level in the study area. This low-voltage high-power suction air could dust surrounding desert region of Saudi Arabia, especially in the desert sucks. Check maps for pressure waves of dust in 2012 showed that the pressure difference between the two systems on high altitude and low altitude Arabia and the Persian Gulf in the Mediterranean winds of 850 the surrounding desert region. The storm also showed a map of the surface low pressure hot dry winds Arabia Sudan that are contaminated with dust particles to enter the area. with the dust particles are studied Processing of satellite imagery (SST NDVI)of the Arabian Peninsula (quarter Alkhaly), and areas of Oman, the dust rising introduced. According to the South East Arabian and Oman, most areas of the region are rising and shifting dust particles. The results showed that the frequency of dust storms has increased during the study period. And their spatial distribution increased from north to the south. The synoptic system responsible for the development of the two selected storms was the intensifying of a low pressure over the study period. This system caused the inflow of the dust from the deserts of Arabian Peninsula to the study region. The analysis of the satellite images confirmed this finding.

Iranian northern plain is surrounded by the Caspian Sea at North and part of the Alborz Mountains at South. These two geomorphologically distinct features have created unique climatic conditions. A plain lush with abundant rainfall is a result of the proximity of these two distinct geographical regions. As a consequence, the Iranian Northern plain has been in use by human populations since the prehistoric times. The significance of coastal regions for human occupations has been documented all over the world. Abundance of food resources, access to the fresh water (rivers), and having clear landmarks all have made the coastal regions ideal geographical zones for human populations. In addition to that, proximity to the major water sources (big lakes, seas, and oceans) would regulate the climatic changes, and prohibits drastic alternations of the environment. Archaeological data have shown that coastal regions also have been used for human movements through prehistoric and historic times. Repeated exodus out of Africa is among such events. Caspian Sea is the largest lake on earth, and due to its closed drainage basin, has experienced distinctive fluctuations through time. Paleoclimatic data have shown that the minimum water level of the Caspian Sea was -113m and the maximum reached to +50m. During each fluctuation episode vast areas have been revealed and large land resources were revealed or concealed. Archaeological Research at the Southeastern Part of the Caspian Sea. The Southeastern of the Caspian Sea has witnessed archaeological research since the mid twenty century. Since then, numerous archaeological surveys and excavations have been conducted at this region providing clear understanding of the settlement patterns during many archaeological periods. Among such periods, Bronze Age (3rd millennium B.C. to 500 B.C.) has received the most attention by researchers. It has been proven that the Southeastern of the Caspian Sea hosted some of the most well-known Bronze Age archaeological sites in Iran, which among them Gohar Tepe, Yarim Tepe, Shah Tepe, and Tepe Kelar have experienced several archaeological field missions revealing tremendous amount of data concerning the socioeconomic structure of the people during the Bronze Age. What really did take place after this period is relatively unknown since the size and type of the archaeological settlements were drastically decreased. Some have claimed migrations to or out of the region and some have even proposed a clear change in the life style due to the apparent shift in the climatic conditions. Sea Fluctuations at the Southeastern Part of the Caspian Sea and its Impact on the Dispersal of the Archaeological Sites Climatic data indicates that during the Bronze Age, the Caspian Sea level was more or less stable and was -35m. The sea level elevated only 1m during 500 year period, which implies a stable climatic condition. Around 700 A.D. the sea level dropped dramatically to -42m and finally around 1300 A.D. the region witnessed the largest sea advancement (-22.5m). Interestingly enough no archaeological evidence prior to 1300 A.D. has ever reported from the immediate coastal regions and their adjacent areas at the Southeastern of the Caspian Sea. For years, many archaeologists interpreted this gap as an evidence of abounding the region because of some unknown causes. After reviewing the Caspian Sea fluctuations, this paper attempts to reconstruct the coastline at the lowest and highest volatility. Lines needed for this study were calculated using topographic maps and hydrographic basin of the Caspian Sea with the help of the "National Center for Caspian Studies". After preparation of the GIS maps, the greatest regressions were marked on them. The maps show the coastlines at the beginning of 3000 B.C. have been situated far behind the contemporary sea lines. By combining the climatic and archaeological data, this article has shown that in contrast to the former claims concerning the absence of archaeological settlements at the Southeastern of the Caspian Sea, majority of archaeological settlements have been buried under the sediments left by the periodic fluctuations of the Caspian Sea, which among them the 1300 A.D. advancement has had the most effect. This research proposes that all archaeological surveys at the mentioned region must take the sea fluctuations into account prior to the actual field work.

According to the defined the WMO (world meteorology organization) If the speed of the air ‎mass is more than 30 meters per second, the Jet stream will arise. The core of the jet stream is ‎with baroclinic atmosphere due to the large difference in temperature and wind speed, There are ‎two west jet stream in the northern hemisphere ‎‏.‏the northern jet stream is called polar front jet ‎stream and southern jet stream is called subtropical jet stream. Polar Front Jet Stream product ‎intense temperature gradient is polar and tropical Polar Front Jet Stream is produced by strong ‎temperature gradient of polar and subtropical air.while the subtropical jet stream is produced by ‎temperature gradient in the tropopause and it is limited to the upper troposphere. Subtropical jet ‎stream situation is able to show a seasonal shift, this seasonal displacement of subtropical jet ‎stream Causes to governing the tropical and extra tropical alternating regimes on climate Iran. ‎The seasonal movement of extra tropical jet stream causes intermittent exposure regimes in ‎tropical and extra tropical. When the jet stream is located in the south of Iran in the cold period ‎of the year, extra tropical climatic factors enter into Iran such as westerly winds and cyclones. ‎While jet stream is in northern part of Iran in the warm period of the year, tropical climatic ‎factors will enter to the Iran. Therefore, Recognition of position of this phenomenon is ‎necessary for recognizing of temporal changes of spatial‏ ‏other atmospheric phenomena ‎affecting the climate of Iran. In the other hand if it could be recognized possible behavior in ‎different situations and time by Accessing to the event of jet stream.‎‎ Studies have shown that the mean latitude of the sub-tropical jet streams in both hemispheres ‎have shifted toward the poles over the last few decades while ‏the little change of the jet stream ‎has a huge effects on the distribution of temperature, precipitation and weather patterns. ‎Therefore, the analysis of the phenomenon of climate, more than ever, has become necessary. ‎ In this present research, the related data to the zonal (U) and meridional (V) wind components ‎of wind for 60 years on confine of 20-80 north degree and -10/-120 east degree and in 4 high ‎level (200-500 hap) has been taken from National Center for Environmental Prediction/National ‎Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) in order to investigate the subtropical jet ‎stream’s seasonal trend. Then in order to perform seasonal analysis on the mentioned data, data ‎has separated in seasonal scale by MATLAB software. According to the placement of maximum ‎of speed in all of season in 200 hap high level, the computation of related of process is ‎centralized on these high level’s data. Mentioned computation has accomplished by liner ‎regression and use from Least Square Error (LSE) method. Their result of spatial distribution ‎has mapped by SURFER software.‎ The result of descriptive analysis in this research shows that the maximum of speed has ‎accorded in winter and the minimum of speed has accorded in the summer, also the altitudinal ‎range of this phenomenon in the winter is more than the summer, so that it has been in 500 hap ‎high level in the winter, while it is limited in 300hap high level in the summer. The results of ‎review processing in 4 season has exposed that in the study area, the significant trend is 9.1, 2.9, ‎‎6.9, 3 % for spring, summer, fall and winter. The interesting point in this result is that the ‎maximum occurrence of significant equinox seasons. However, the researches has been on the ‎winter season and there isn’t any research about equinox seasons.‎‎ Overall, the results has featured that subtropical jet stream’s intensity‏ ‏possible reduce in fall ‎and it possible reduce in spring in the future century. Its confidence level is 95%. On the other ‎hand, investigate the zonal and meridional wind component trend of jet stream has displayed in ‎the seasonal changes, the maximum percentage Eastward changes has occurred in winter than ‎any other season of the year that it has surrounded 7.4 percent of area. These are occurred in ‎conformity of the jet stream axis in east of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India. Northward ‎changes has reserved the highest rate in the spring and fall with 10.6, 8.4 percent in the core of ‎jet stream. In summer trend is significant only is 2.5 percent of the study area. Major of them ‎have occurred in the input and output of jet stream core, and eastward changes has occurred ‎only in this season in winter, northward changes has occurred in 0.7 percent of area and the ‎eastward changes has occurred in 7.4 percent of area.‎

Subtropical high pressure is one of the main elements of the general circulation of the atmosphere that it’s annual motion plays an important role in move path of pressure systems and westerly waves. Because of that a large parts of the planet are affected directly and indirectly by this system. Sometimes the high pressure called the subtropical high pressure belt. It’s shown as several cells within Latitude15 - 35 north and south degree on the atmosphere map. According to the seasons, the high pressure could be divided into 5-6 single cell or be merged. Saudi Arabia cell is one of the high-pressure cells in the cold period which generally is an independent cell over the Red Sea to the Indian subcontinent area and appears in warm period over the North-West of Arabian Peninsula, South West Iran and southern Iraq independently or merged cells with Africa desert and Azores. To determine the role of Saudi high- pressure on the southern part of the country rainfall, daily rainfall data for all synoptic stations in Khuzestan, Kohkilooyeh, Char Mohall Bakhtaran, Fars, Busher and hormzgan provinces were extracted in 10 years period (2000-2009). In southern parts of the country rainfall is generally regional. 41 extremely rainfall systems have been determined, if 50% of selective stations have precipitation. Then position of the Saudi high pressure center were determined in peak rainy day of system on the 500, 700, 850, 1000 h Pa level maps. To determine the more precise high pressure centers, contour distances of 5 geopotential meters were selected on geopotential maps. Next, to analyze the dominated patterns in systems arrangement, and the Saudi high pressure role on the precipitation area, one synoptic patterns type which was more similar with other systems in more detailed was analyzed. In this analysis, 500, 700, 850 hpa sea level pressure and elevation maps, and 500،700،850،1000 hpa zonal (U) and meridinal (V) wind components and specific humidity quadruplet level maps were used. The overall results of the study is as follows: 1 - Saudi Arabian high pressure, on the Sea Level Map, just in half of cases had closed center and for other cases doesnt appear on the map and mostly shown as ridge of high pressure on Tibet. 2 – Saudi Arabian high pressure specified on the 500 700 850 hPa maps level and sometimes comes with 4 - 5 closed counter. 3 –Generally high pressure Centers are in 15 - 30 north degree latitudes and 75-60 east degree longitudes (on the Oman and Arab sea). 4-vertical axes the center of anticyclones from 1000hps to 500hpa declination south east word. 5- Abetment anticyclones the prevailing machomise is the air subsidence from upper level of trophesphere to lower level caused the air temperature by debating heating Increased and potential 6 – By Saudi Arabian pressure Eastward movement, Eastern Mediterranean trough developed in lower latitudes and often extended to 10 north degree latitudes. 7 - Zonal currents had East and meridinal current in all levels on Arabian and sea north, while in Saudi Arabia, Red Sea and eastern Egypt and Sudan was south and west. These conditions shows adductive moisture by Arab and Oman warm seas into Sudan systems. 8- U wind over Saudi Arabia is west and V wind is south. This flow indicated a humid fluex in upper level. 9- in all case study the high specific humidity cell are located on Etoupi and south of Sudan. This humidity by divergence fluxed from arabnd Oman warm sea adverted west an south warm then by convection fluxed suddan low received so that specific humidity map showed that this humidity suddan low trough advected over Iran. Saudi Arabia high pressure is one of a subtropical high pressure systems for that affected rainfall area and periods in Iran. Zonal (west - east) and meridional displacement (North - South) is a very important factor in the development, strengthening and accession of Sudan system in cold period. In years that pattern of Saudi Arabia high pressure system movement prevents of formation, strengthening and accession of Sudan system to Iran. the main parts of country is prevented and country is faced with decreasing rainfall while its good position will result in Mediterranean trough deepening ability and Sudan system strengthening.

Climate is a system consisting of atmosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. This system is involved in the exchange of energy and moisture among these five components. The exchanges link the atmosphere of the central component of the climate to other spheres. Changes do not occur separately in this system; rather change in one component contributes to reaction of other components. In synoptic scale, changes in each of these components causes change in atmosphere patterns and change in the climate of regions in areas those are affected by these patterns. In terms of climate, Iran is located in transition zone and is influenced by different weather patterns in different seasons of the year. One of the effective ways for understanding changes and occurrence of temperature extremes is to identify the effective mechanisms in their formation. This study examines the effective synoptic patterns during the different temperature condition between Iran and Europe in order to detection their relation in the past. In order to fulfill the present study, statistical-synoptic methods were used. In order to determine cold and hot cycles, data of maximum, minimum, and average daily temperatures in 30 synoptic stations in Iran and 19 synoptic stations in Europe in the identical statistical period of 50 years (1950-2010) were used. Years and days with a minimum of ±0.2 score in 70% of stations and the average of ±0.5 for the sum of stations in those years and days were selected as samples for examination. After processing the data, a total of 220 cold and 117 hot days were extracted. Principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering was used techniques In order to determine the synoptic patterns of warm and cold periods. Due to the similarity of patterns, finally 6 overall patterns obtained for the cold cycle and 5 overall patterns obtained for the hot cycle. Finally, the data for Earth surface temperature, sea level pressure, geopotential meter height, and V wind were received and the synoptic maps were prepared and interpreted. Discussion and Statistical analysis of the average temperature data for the study period indicates some different situations, including: 1) identical cold period in Iran and Europe, this cold period is more visible between 1956-1976, 2) identical hot period for Iran and Europe, one of the hot periods with a suitable hot sequential is between 1998-2010, 3) the period of hot Iran and cold Europe, recorded in 1963, 1970, and 1987, 4) the period of cold Iran and hot Europe, observed in 1983,, 1989, and 1992. 1972 was identified as the coldest and 2010 was identified as the hottest year for Iran in the study period. Based on the obtained data from principal component analysis and clustering, six overall patterns were obtained for the cold period, with highest frequency in Omega blocking (19) and Europe stack (12). Blocking system disrupts the normal flow of west winds, and turns the dominate flow from U to V state. As a result, the location of blocking system plays an important role in creating atmosphere patterns and climate conditions in its affected areas. Generally, in cold periods, turning of west winds to V winds as a result of the dominance of identified patterns has caused advection and falling of cold air in the shape of North flows to the region under study and recording of temperatures lower than average. In hot periods, based on the results of clustering, factor scores and combination of similar patterns, finally 4 atmosphere patterns were identified which led to strengthening the subtropical high pressure belt on Iran, with two patterns of Europe stack (14) and north position of subtropical high pressure belt (12) with highest frequencies. The abnormality of west winds and their meridional blowing helps advection of hot air in the back of stack and the front of west trough and also meridional direction and strengthening the subtropical pressure, recording temperatures higher than usual. Moreover, it has increased the retreating of west winds, movement and positioning of high pressure belt over summer more northern latitude of the region. Although climatic conditions of any region are affected by various factors and are different from its surrounding areas, some climate phenomena can operate at a larger scale, having the same origin in different areas. The present study aims at determining the identical synchronic temperature cycles in Iran and Europe according to synoptic patterns. To achieve this goal, temperature data of synoptic stations in Iran and Europe and data of various atmosphere elevations were used. Processing of the temperature data of the selected stations in Iran and Europe indicates identical/synchronized and opposing temperature cycles between the two regions. Processing the temperature data in Iran indicates the frequency of cold cycles in the past and significant increase of hot years in recent decades especially between 1990 and 2010, so that 1972 was identified as the coldest and 2010 was identified as the hottest year during the study period. Synoptic results show that formation of blocking systems and movement in west wind contours was the main cause of cold cycles. In cold cycles under study, positioning of the region under study in the eastern part of Omega blocking and positioning of a strong stack over Europe and movement of west wind contours and their stretching towards upper width leads to movement of cold air in the upper width to Iran region. In hot cycle, fostering and expansion of subtropical high pressure centers and belts play an important role in shaping hot abnormal cycles. Synoptic maps during hot cycles indicate the progress of subtropical high pressure belt in U and V directions. Unusual movement of the system contours to north widths in addition to pushing back the west winds by hot air advection in lower width has caused hot years in the region under study.

The land of Iran has significant vast areas of Karst landforms due to the relatively high carbonaceous rocks deposited during different geologic eras. Karst landforms are noteworthy from many aspects. The prime importance of these regions is the considerable amount of underground water stored in Karst formations which are favorable, both in quality and quantity, as human potable resource. In addition to studies performed to identify karstic regions of Iran, studying the geomorphologic aspect of karstic areas could be a noticeable help in studies related to underground water resources. In a total review, necessary and effective factors for karst formation and development are divided into chemical, physical and hydrological groups. Usually seven elements act together to form karstic landforms: precipitation, elevation, lithology, carbonate rock thickness, Carbon Dioxide pressure, temperature and Tectonics. Although all these elements would act as an independent factor, the dissolution of karst in the real world is mainly affected by two major factors: precipitation and temperature. It should be mentioned that when temperature is low, precipitation variation has little effect on karst dissolution rates, but, when temperature rises to 16–20°C, karst dissolution rates rise quickly as precipitation increases. Since the carbonate rocks are solvent to acids, and since the temperature and precipitation cause the formation of Carbonic Acid by solving CO2 into precipitation water, the two mentioned factors highly control the Karst Process. Also, the karst dissolution is a function of water and temperature, henceforth, any factor that could increase the contact between karstic lands and water- such as drainage network, faults, etc…- may also increase karst dissolution. Therefore, in this research, the authors have tried to zone the mentioned basin for karst dissolution using Fuzzy Gamma coefficient. A) Study area:The study area is Seif Abad -e- Laghar which is located between northern latitudes of 27ᵒ50’ and 28ᵒ06 and eastern longitudes of 52ᵒ51 and 53ᵒ16. Seif Abad is a sub-basin of the Mond great basin located in the Kazeroun County having an area of 1244.82 square kilometers and a perimeter of 192.2 kilometers. The average precipitation of the basin is 298.5 millimeters and the average temperature is 22.7 Celsius degrees. There are 12 wells to measure the quality and quantity of underground water in the study area.B) Materials: In order to perform the study, after reviewing former studies, 9 parameters were selected as final variables: precipitation, temperature, sinkhole density, distance from sinkholes, drainage network density, distance from streams, faults density, distance from faults, and slope. To achieve these variables, data were gathered from different sources: climatic data were obtained from Iran’s meteorology organization, hydrology data were obtained from Iran’s water company and Fars Province’s regional water firm. Physiological data were extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) of the region. Then, data were entered into ArcGIS 9.3 to produce the variables using spatial analysis functions and ArcHydro tools. In order to combine the variables, the Fuzzy Gamma was employed. Based on Fuzzy sets theory, a fuzzy set is a set in which the amount of membership for each factor is between zero and one. The membership degree is determined using experts’ ideas. Then, the fuzzy combination functions are used. Five functions of fuzzy subscription, fuzzy community, fuzzy multiplication, and fuzzy sum are used to combine the factor sets. In this research, in order to zone the intensity of karst dissolution, various Gamma coefficients were used. To choose the most appropriate gamma coefficient for such mean, a correlation coefficient between each layer derived from gamma estimation and interpolated Calcium ion layer (as a factor of dissolved carbonate) was calculated. The coefficients showed that the highest correlation exists between gamma 0.4 and the calcium ion interpolated layer. Henceforth, the gamma 0.4 was employed to calculate the final zoning map. Results and After converting the layers into fuzzy layers, and applying the gamma 0.4 and combining the data, the final map was calculated and drawn. Then, the final map was divided into 5 classes of very low, low, moderate, high, and very high based on standard deviation. The results showed that the basin is averagely in a low dissolution rate. Also, the spatial distribution of karst dissolution is heterogeneous. According to the relative homogeneity of precipitation, temperature, drainage density and distance from streams in the basin, these factors do not seem to be as much effective as other factors. Elaborately, regions with high karst dissolution are mainly coincident on areas with high sinkhole and fault density, and low slope. Generally, the main direction of regions with high and low dissolution follows the general elevation and topography situation which is northwestern- southeastern. In a geological view, the area with maximum dissolution rate is located on the terrace deposits. A part of the second erosion area is also located on the terrace deposits and the other part is located on the Bangestan group. Studying the area of each dissolution class shows that more than 80 percent of the basin’s area is of very low and low classes and only 2.82 and 3.93 percent of the basin is in very high and high dissolution classes respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the basin has a low dissolution of carbonate rocks which might be due to the low precipitation rate over the basin. The dissolution of carbonate rocks seems to be significantly dependant to precipitation rate and temperature. However, it is also affected by some other variables such as the purity, thickness, and the age of the carbonate rocks, which are not studied in this paper. In this research, it was revealed that the gamma 0.4 coefficient works the best in predicting and interpolating the carbonate rocks dissolution rate. Also, the minimum and maximum dissolution areas are located respectively in north and southwest of the basin. Besides, the maximum dissolution in non-carbonaceous and carbonaceous rocks occurs in terrace deposits and Bangestan group respectively. Also, the minimum dissolution rate was estimated in Bakhtiari Conglomerate (non-carbonaceous) and Asmari and Jahrum Formations (carbonaceous).

Zayanderood basin is one of the major internal river basins in the central Iran, where the only permanent river, Zayanderood River, flows. Fluctuations in rainfall in recent years have affected different areas of Iran. Because of the dependence of the provinces of Isfahan, Yazd, and Kerman on water resources of this basin, changes and fluctuations in precipitation within this basin have had many social and economic consequences along with bad outcomes in terms of regional, national and international dimensions. aimed to identify the synoptic patterns of precipitation of more than 10 mm as an effective kind of rainfall to provide water supply and understand the origin and characteristics of precipitation patterns that would contribute to more rainfall. This would lead to a better planning process that could facilitate the optimal utilization of water resources in this basin. The research method is an inductive and synoptic method of environmental circulation. The daily rainfall data obtained from synoptic, climatological and rain gauge stations in the watershed basin within the period of 1987-2011 were collected. The days during which at least two stations had more than 10mm of rainfall were recorded and extracted and then the daily precipitation in the basin stations was grouped. Finally, the days mounted to 266. The data file maps of geopotential heights at 1000, 500 and 300mb levels and orbital wind (U-wind) data from http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/data site were extracted. After storing the data within the time period mentioned, the data was taken and sorted and processed by Excel software using writing macros. For the purpose of getting the weather patterns, the S method along with Synoptic and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) without rotation was used for classification. As the last step, cluster analysis with Ward method was carried out on factor loadings extracted and 266 days were classified into 4 groups. The Ward method was used for the determination of the clusters and the Squared Euclidean Distance was used to determine the distance between clusters. Based on the results of principal component analysis, 266 days in a year were summarized in 9 factors. The first factor alone would explain 38.1 percent variation in the data and a total of 3 factors could explain 86.1 percent variation in the data. Therefore, by dividing the days into four groups, the maximum correlation within any groups and the highest diffraction between groups were obtained. Thus, these four patterns of rainfall were found to cause river basin rainfall of more than 10mm.Pattern. 1 Dept trough Siberian - Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Survival of geopotential height maps at 500mb load in pattern 1 showed a curved trough in Northern- East, Southern West, which had been stuck on the Black Sea and East Mediterranean. According to this model, Zayanderood basin was located in the Eastern side of the trough. This process led to the ascent of air over Zayanderood basin and the occurrence of rainfall in the region. Pattern. 2: Mediterranean pattern: This model could explain (21.4%) conditions in the upper, middle and ground surface levels of the atmosphere for the occurrence of precipitation of more than ten millimeters in Zayanderood basin. In other words, the typical pattern of occurrence of this precipitation belonged to the Mediterranean pattern. In this model, the core speeds of Jetstream with little curving to north-east was located between the Red Sea and Persian Gulf lied towards the center-left output of Jet stream axis, thereby influencing air advection ascent on the East axis of Western wind wave. Pattern. 3. Red Sea - Blok Sea trough pattern: Average holding position of trough on this model was on the Red Sea and the average holding position of Jetstream was located between the Black Sea and the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula. Adaptation of the left output to axis Jetstream on air advection ascent in the East-West axis wind led to increased instability of waves and heavy precipitation in this model. The most typical pattern was the Sudanese form in this pattern. Pattern 4: Trough of Turkey – Red Sea: In the map with the height of 500mb, we observed that a trough was located on the Turkey – Red Sea in the West of Iran. This was converted to the stack in the more northern latitudes of Russia. The transition region from the trough to stack was located in the North West of Caspian Sea. A very low core speed at the level of 200mb was obvious above this area. The role of subtropical jet-Stream on daily precipitation of more than 10mm more than ten millimeters that affected the water supply in Zayanderood basin were analyzed in order to come to a good understanding of the effective systems of this precipitation. By using Factor Component Analysis and hierarchical clustering techniques, day’s maps with precipitation of more than ten millimeters were classified in to four patterns in Zayanderood basin. On the other hand, the core position of subtropical Jet-stream in the creation of ten millimeters rainfall was very effective in Zayanderood basin. This was especially the case when Subtropical jet stream core speed composite with the core speed of the polar front Jet-stream was found to have more influence on the creation of an effective rainfall. All models, as determined by means of maps, showed that overlaying of the left output of subtropical jet stream core on the upwelling of westerly winds wave in the left position of trough was very effective in increasing positive vortices and intensifying instability and therefore, the resulting rainfall. Our review also revealed that compliance of the trough axis with the mid-latitude trough in the Western Iran was more important in enhancing and creating instability and precipitation occurrence in comparison to the adaptation level of 500mb of synoptic conditions with the surface pressure.

Science of climatic design is defined as a set of theoretical principles and practical methods of management, that receive its knowledge in order to provide a suitable living environment leading to healthy life based on sustainable development of the coherence relationship between the concepts of climatology, architecture and urban design. are proposed for providing aesthetic elements as the main criteria for the development of a cities along with making profound effects on the use of sustainable energy with thermal comfort and reducing energy costs. So, the metropolitan such as Tehran is evident in this case, The metropolitan which in addition to loss of preparation in providing thermal comfort conditions in the space activities no consistent pattern, standard and desirability are observed for the development of its space, except in special cases. As a result, applying climate issues and principles of climatic design could be used as an important factor considered in the context of solving the above problems. In this case using the Micro-climate simulation models action is necessary for a better understanding and detailed calculations of the way of operation and influence of climatic elements in the design of urban spaces, in order to achieve a consistent and stable pattern by providing thermal comfort conditions. Because, using these models help significantly in estimation of the performance of designed space in order to take the benefit of affective climatic elements influencing thermal comfort. According to what was stated, the presented study focused on assessment ability and rulesof climatic design knowledge in creating a Good Life Center, using three-dimensional microclimate model ENVI_met®. Also, observation of the ability of climatic design principles in creating a real space of the city based on providing thermal comfort conditions was another aspect of this research. In this study, for designing site based on climatic design principles, first atmospheric data on the required variables were collected from Mehrabad Airport Weather Station and analysed in Autodesk Ecotect- Analysis software. Thereafter, output data from Autodesk Ecotect software were merged by techniques of library and studies that finally led to the design of the site. In the final stage, the pattern designed in the Envi-met model (version 4) was simulated. Results of this research article showed that how following climatic design science principles in creation of urban space helps in creating environment based on thermal comfort availability. For example, in evaluating of massing site, deviation of main façade of masses at 40 degrees eastern and 45 degrees western from southward because of Flexibility to use simultaneous from radiation energy and predominant wind flows in company with the use of vegetation in the great green roofs and brick on sidewalk surface covering and applying networks of gullies leaded to designed space having able to create thermal comfort for all seasons. So that, site simulation results in the microclimate model ENVI_met ®showed that temperature and relative humidity of designed space in the warmest month (July) were 24.60 οC and 50%, respectively in comparison with maximum average temperature 37οC and relative humidity 20% and in the coldest month (October) because of fruition of solar energy in noonday, effective temperature level in designed space reach up to 15 οC while maximum average temperature of environment is 9 οC. Thus it can be argued biosphere designed on the basis of principles of climate designing science will be a good bio-climatic. The complex that is agreeable with natural environment and human. Improvement of thermal comfort conditions in urban areas, especially open spaces is the main aim of each bioclimatic design. Thus, the sufficient knowledge about the most important tools of science of climate designing is very important. Results of designing from a real urban project with area of 9207 square meter based on the principles of science of climate designing and simulation in the three-dimensional microclimate model ENVI_met® showed that designing and building a mass-based investment analysis chart (S.R.W.R) is the result of combination of both solar radiation and wind rose region. As one of the tools of science of climate designing, it oriented the urban spatial structure in a forms that sidewalk networks during days of July located in direct sunlight in company with breeze specially, in peak hours of daily temperature and in winter while receiving direct radiation of sunlight at noon increases effective temperature up to 15 degrees Celsius at sidewalk networks. Also use and suggestion of cold traditional flooring techniques in sidewalk networks such as brick in contrast with modern floorings such as asphalt and widespread use of vegetation in green roof patterns and networks of gullies that are supplement to double the effects of designing in securing the thermal comfort conditions in context of site and could be as general principles of rules the knowledge in designing of urban spaces in areas with dry and warm summers, Principles that their applying in designing fabric site created space that average of maximum air temperature of 37 degrees Celsius decreased to 24.60 degrees Celsius in July. In general, there is a claim that use of the knowledge in designing of urban spaces provide stable coherent and pattern in the fabric of urban space and different patterns of fabric and fabric of cities in compare to each others, in addition to supplying thermal comfort conditions.

Alluvial fans are depositional landforms formed where a confined feeder channel emerges from a drainage basin, i.e. between a mountain range and a plain. An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams. If a fan is built up by debris flows it is properly called a debris cone or colluvial fan. These flows come from a single point source at the apex of the fan, and over time move to occupy many positions on the fan surface. Fans are typically found where a canyon draining from mountainous terrain emerges out onto a flatter plain, and especially along fault-bounded mountain fronts.Alluvial fans are gently sloping, cone-to fan-shaped landforms created over thousands to millions of years by deposition of eroded sediment at the base of mountain ranges. They are easily recognized in arid, to semi-arid environments such as that of the bajada of southern Binalud. A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope is called a bajada, or compound alluvial fan. The term active refers to that portion of an alluvial fan where deposition, erosion, and unstable flow paths are possible. If flooding and deposition have occurred on a part of an alluvial fan in the past 100 years, that part of the fan can be considered active. This conclusion can be supported by historic records, photographs, aerial photography, and engineering and geomorphic information. The main objective of this paper is to study the relationship between morphotectonic properties and alluvial fans hazard severity in the alluvial fans located southern Binalud, in order to understand vulnerability of settlements established in these fans. Alluvial fans can be a source of major hazards. Recognizing the type of depositional process (e.g. debris flows, rock avalanches, and sheet floods) in the early stage of urban planning and land development will prevent loss of lives and damage to infrastructure. According to the correlation between active tectonic and hazard severity, has been analyzed urban vulnerability of alluvial fans. In this article to analyze urban vulnerability and hazard severity classification of alluvial fans, in the first step, based on four morphotectonic indices including Vf, AF, Smf and fan conically index, tectonic degree of each alluvial fan was determined. Then, using acceptability index and central weight vector, was measured utility of each morphotectonic index considering weight vector and effectiveness on urban vulnerability. The rank acceptability index describes the share of parameter values granting alternative xi rank r.The most acceptable (best) alternatives are those with high acceptability for the best (smallest) ranks.The central weight vector is defined as the expected center of gravity of the favorable weight space.The confidence factor is defined as the probability for an alternative to be the preferred one with the preferences expressed by its central weight vector.Ultimately three hazard classes were identified for alluvial fan risk. Results indicated that three alluvial fans involving Bozmehran 1, Kharv and Darroud have been gained most acceptability for first rank. Results showed that Vf and Smf are main morphotectonic indices to high acceptability for Kharv and Darroud. This status in the Bozmehran1 was equal for all approximately. The vulnerability classification showed that alluvial fan of Bozmehran 1 has high severity and then population of this region is in face of geomorphological hazards. Also this condition is true for Bozmehran 2.The acceptability analysis for Nishabur city as main settlement established in alluvial fan is different. The result showed that Nishabur obtained moderate vulnerability class which refers to ratio of alluvial fan shape in this area. In spite of active tectonic for AF and Vf, shape ratio 1 for this alluvial fan decline the effects of other tectonic indices. In general landslide and flooding according to the faults and climate conditions in Binalud is probable and possible. So a risk management is needed to mange urban developed on alluvial fan located Binalud. Alluvial fans are flat to gently-sloping masses of loose rock material (largely sand and gravel) that are shaped like an open fan. They form at the base of mountains where fast-flowing streams meet relatively-flat surfaces of basin floors or broad valleys. In this article, has been analyzed correlation between tectonic condition and hazard potential in alluvial fans located south Binalud using acceptability index. Results showed that urban of Bozmehran, Kharv and Darroud are high vulnerable to hazard.