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پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی - پیاپی 92 (تابستان 1394)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 92 (تابستان 1394)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/06/05
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • حسن ذوالفقاری، امان الله فتح نیا، مژگان شهریاری صفحات 179-196
    افزایش جمعیت و نیاز روزافزون بشر به مواد غذایی، لزوم توسعه کشاورزی را ایجاب می کند. در این پژوهش، نواحی مستعد از نظر شرایط اقلیمی و محیطی برای کشت نخود دیم در استان کرمانشاه شناسایی شد. داده های مورد نیاز شامل بارش سالانه، بارش فصل رشد، دمای کمینه فصل رشد، میانگین دمای جوانه زنی، دمای گل دهی و رسیدگی، میانگین بیشینه و کمینه ماهانه رطوبت نسبی فصل رشد، میانگین ماهانه ساعت های آفتابی فصل رشد طی دوره آماری بیست ساله (1991-2010) برای هفده ایستگاه سینوپتیک استفاده شد. داده های محیطی ارتفاع، شیب و نوع خاک نیز در این پژوهش وارد شد. بعد از تعیین وزن و استانداردسازی، متغیرها در روش تاپسیس وارد شد و پهنه بندی انجام گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد بارش سالانه با0/45 بیشترین و باد با 3/0 کمترین تاثیر را بر تعیین توان کشت نخود دارد. همچنین، 0/1 مساحت استان دارای شرایط بسیار خوب، 26/4 شرایط خوب و 73/5شرایط متوسطی برای کشت نخود دیم دارد. اثر ارتفاع زیاد بر بخش های شمال شرق، شیب تند بیش از 30 درصد در نواحی شمالی و شرقی و همچنین دماهای بیش از آستانه تحمل گیاه در غرب استان در دوره های گل دهی و رسیدگی، مطلوبیت شرایط اقلیمی و محیطی را برای کشت نخود کاهش داده است.
    کلیدواژگان: استان کرمانشاه، توان سنجی اقلیمی، روش تاپسیس، روش دلفی، نخود دیم
  • عطاالله کاویان، محمد گلشن، حامد روحانی، اباذر اسمعلی عوری صفحات 197-211
    با توجه به احداث سد در خروجی حوضه آبخیز هراز با مساحت 401 هزار و 927 هکتار، شبیه سازی رواناب و رسوب حاصل از بارش حایز اهمیت است. برای این منظور، از الگوی SWAT استفاده شد. واسنجی الگو به منظور شبیه سازی رواناب برای سال های 1995 تا 2004 انجام گرفت و با استفاده از نمایه های آماریR2، NS و MSE ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد مقادیر آماره ها به ترتیب در ایستگاه های کره سنگ 0/80، 0/77 و 20/93، چلاو 0/75، 0/73 و1/23، رزن 0/79، 0/75 و 5/91 و پنجاب 68/0، 55/0 و 7/2 بود. همچنین، واسنجی رسوب در ایستگاه کره سنگ برای سال های 2002 تا 2006 صورت گرفت و به ترتیب مقادیر آماره ها 61/0، 60/0 و 60 هزار تن به دست آمد. به منظور اعتبارسنجی نتایج، این الگو برای سال های 2005 تا 2009 اجرا شد. مقادیر ضرایب آماریR2،NS و MSE به ترتیب در ایستگاه های کره سنگ 0/78، 0/75 و 10/17، چلاو 0/83، 0/77 و 0/21، رزن 0/81، 0/72 و 1/34 و پنجاب 0/75، 0/70 و 0/67 بود. برای اعتبارسنجی بار رسوب نیز از آمار سال های 2007 و 2008 استفاده شد که به ترتیب مقادیر 0/68، 0/53 و 136 هزار تن به دست آمد. نتایج نشان دهنده زیاد بودن دقت شبیه سازی دبی جریان به ترتیب در ایستگاه های کره سنگ، رزن، پنجاب و چلاو است.
    کلیدواژگان: الگوی SWAT، حوضه هراز، رسوب، رواناب، SUFI2
  • محمد دارند صفحات 213-239
    برای این پژوهش از داده های ماهانه شبکه ای نم ویژه و نم نسبی مرکز اروپایی پیش بینی های میان مدت جوی طی بازه زمانی 1979/1 تا 2013/12 بهره گرفته شد. به کمک روش ناپارامتریک من کندال، معناداری روند مقادیر نم ویژه و نم نسبی برای هریک از یاخته های مکانی در 9 تراز مختلف جوی در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد آزموده شد. از تخمین زن شیب سن برای برآورد مقدار تغییرات کمک گرفته شد. یافته ها نشان داد اگرچه روند دو سنجه رطوبتی جو در کرانه های ساحلی دریاهای جنوب (خلیج فارس و دریای عمان) و جنوب غرب دریای خزر مثبت است، بر روی اغلب گستره ایران زمین از مقدار رطوبت جوی و نم نسبی کاسته شده است. به لحاظ مکانی، بیشترین مقدار تغییرات کاهشی در هر دو سنجه رطوبتی جو در گستره مکانی بین مدارهای 34 تا 36 درجه عرض شمالی ایران رخنمود داشته است. همچنین، نیمرخ عمودی روند بیان کننده آن است که در لایه پایین وردسپهر، مقادیر نم ویژه و نم نسبی پهنه ایران زمین بیشترین مقدار کاهشی را داشته است. سری زمانی استانداردشده میانگین پهنه ای بیان کننده آن است که به لحاظ زمانی از سال 1979 تا 1998، نا هنجاری مقادیر نم ویژه و نم نسبی جو مثبت بوده است؛ در حالی که از سال 1999 تا پایان دوره آماری، نا هنجاری دو سنجه رطوبتی منفی بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: ایران، داده های شبکه ای، رطوبت جو، وردایی زمانی، مکانی
  • قاسم لرستانی صفحات 241-254
    امواج، جریان های دریایی و باد تحت تاثیر نوسان های سطح آب دریا، تغییرات زیادی بر مناطق ساحلی تحمیل می کند. در این پژوهش، پیش آمدگی دلتای رودخانه ای گرگا ن رود در مصب بررسی شده است. هدف این تحقیق، بررسی مقدار تغییرات خط ساحلی با استفاده از دو روش مختلف و پیش بینی موقعیت آینده این خط است. با تهیه و پردازش تصاویر ماهواره ای در نرم افزار ENVI و رقومی سازی آنها در نرم افزار ARCGIS9.3، بررسی مقدار تغییرات و پیش بینی آینده موقعیت خط ساحلی با استفاده از روش برش های عرضی ارزیابی شد. با توجه به طول پیش آمدگی دلتا در داخل دریای خزر و مقدار تغییر متوسط سالانه 40/2متر به روش مقدار نقطه پایانی، پیش آمدگی قاعده دلتای گرگان رود به داخل دریا طی 112 سال اخیر شکل گرفته است. نتایج نشان می دهد مقدار متوسط تغییرات سالانه در محدوده بررسی شده با روش نقطه پایانی و مقدار میانگین، به ترتیب 40/2و 61/1 متر در سال است. در بین دو روش استفاده شده، روش مقدار نقطه پایانی برای پیش بینی تغییرات دوره های کوتاه مدت و روش مقدار میانگین برای پیش بینی تغییرات دوره های بلندمدت کارایی بهتری دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: برش عرضی، پیش بینی، خط ساحلی، گرگان رود، مقدار تغییرات
  • سید حجت موسوی صفحات 255-269
    مدیریت محیط یکی از شاخه های ژئومورفولوژی کاربردی است که فرایندهای کنترل کننده مخاطرات محیط را در بر گرفته و بیان کننده عملکرد ژئومورفولوژیست ها در تبیین تاثیر احتیاطی انسان روی چشم اندازی ژئومورفیک است. در این زمینه، انسان سعی می کند محیط خود را با روش هایی مدیریت کند که برایش سودمند است. یکی از مهم ترین مسائل مدیریتی مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، شناخت و به کارگیری اصول محیطی حاکم بر رفتار تپه های برخانی است. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین نوع رابطه، نسبت های طلایی و آلومتری بین مولفه های مورفومتری برخان های جنوب شرق کویر حاج علی قلی به منظور شناخت اصول مدیریتی حاکم بر رفتار آنهاست. برای رسیدن به این هدف، ابتدا مهم ترین مولفه های مورفومتری 52 برخان به روش نمونه برداری طولی اندازه گیری میدانی شد. سپس با ارزیابی آنها از طریق آزمون های آماری و ریاضی، به رابطه سنجی و تعیین آلومتری برخان های پژوهش مبادرت شد. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیون نشان می دهد که بیشینه ارتباط معنا دار خطی، بین طول و ارتفاع برخان با ضریب تبیین 0/945 و انحراف معیار خطای برآورد 0/889 وجود دارد. نتایج رابطه سنجی و آلومتری نیز به شرح رابطه های آماری و ریاضی گزارش شده در این پژوهش است که این معادله ها امکان محاسبه به نسبت دقیق و سریع مولفه های مورفومتری برخان های این پژوهش را فراهم ساخته، مبین آلومتری آنهاست.
    کلیدواژگان: آلومتری، برخان، ژئومورفومتری، کویر حاج علی قلی
  • محمدحسین فتحی، عقیل مددی، ابراهیم بهشتی، نادر سرمستی صفحات 271-285
    تغییرات شدید آب وهوایی، کاهش مقدار بارندگی، استفاده از آب های زیر زمینی برای مصارف انسانی و صنعتی، سبب نواسان ها و تغییرات خطوط ساحلی و از همه مهم تر، موجب افزایش پهنه های نمکی در منطقه شمال غرب ایران شده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی تغییرات سطح آب دریاچه ارومیه و پهنه های نمکی اطراف آن است؛ برای نیل به این هدف، تصاویر ماهواره ای چند طیفی ماهواره لندست (1989-2011)، سنجنده هایTM و ETM+ همگام با یافته ها و برداشت های میدانی، پردازش شد. به منظور شناسایی و ارزیابی وضعیت تغییرات محیطی رخ داده در منطقه پژوهش، ابتدا در مرحله پیش پردازش، تصحیح های هندسی و رادیومتریک بر روی تصاویر اعمال شد. برای شناسایی و استخراج تغییرات خطوط ساحلی از روش آشکار سازی تغییرات تفریق باندی و برای بررسی مقدار تغییرات کاربری اراضی از روش طبقه بندی نظارت شده، با الگوریتم بیشترین احتمال استفاده شد. از مزایای استفاده از داده های ماهواره ای و روش های دورسنجی، افزایش دقت نتایج و صرفه جویی در هزینه و زمان است. نتایج، نشان دهنده کاهش ارتفاع سطح آب دریاچه بین 6 تا 7/40 متر است؛ به طور تقریبی حدود 31/64درصد از مساحت آبی و نیز حدود 2/06 درصد از مساحت پوشش گیاهی منطقه کاسته و به همان اندازه، بر مقدار ماسه های نمکی و نمکزارها افزوده شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: پهنه نمکی، تصاویر ماهواره ای، تغییرات خطوط ساحلی، دریاچه ارومیه، نوسان های سطح آب
  • مهدی بلواسی، صیاد اصغری سراسکانرود، بتول زینالی، سعیده صاحبی وایقان صفحات 287-302
    در سال های اخیر با رشد سریع فناوری سنجش از دور در زمینه سنجنده های ابرطیفی، افزایش قابلیت تصویربرداری در صدها باند فراهم شده است. به منظور شناسایی و اکتشاف کانی های هر منطقه با بهره گیری از رفتارهای طیفی منحصربه فرد کانی ها، آشکارسازی طیفی به وسیله این نوع از سنجنده ها که روشی نو محسوب می شود، در اکتشاف معدن و زمین شناسی استفاده شده است. بنابراین، در این تحقیق از تصاویر هایپریون ماهواره EO-1 برای شناسایی نواحی دارای مس در منطقه قزل داش شهرستان خوی واقع در شمال غرب ایران استفاده شد. در این پژوهش، پس از پیش پردازش های لازم بر روی تصویر، کانی های مس در منطقه پژوهش که در عملیات میدانی در تحقیقات پیشین استخراج شده بود، مشخص شد. سپس برای تطبیق امضای طیفی این کانی ها با امضای طیفی موجود در کتابخانه طیفی USGS از نمونه گیری مجدد استفاده شد. در نهایت، با به کارگیری الگوریتم های SAM و SID نقشه ها استخراج و با نقشه های موجود مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که کارایی الگوریتم SAM با صحت کلی 85 درصد و ضریب کاپای 80 درصد از الگوریتم SID با صحت کلی 76 درصد و ضریب کاپای 68 درصد بیشتر است. همچنین، می توان از تصاویر ابرطیفی هایپریون با استفاده از الگوریتم SAM در شناسایی نواحی دارای فلز مس استفاده کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: سنجش از دور ابرطیفی، نقشه بردار زاویه ای طیفی، واگرایی اطلاعات طیفی، هایپریون
  • امیر رضا کشتکار، مهدی پاک طینت، هادی پاک طینت صفحات 303-315
    مناطق خشک و بیابانی به دلیل دارا بودن منابع گوناگون از جمله منابع فراوان و بدون استفاده آب های بسیار شور و نامتعارف، در سال های اخیر در کانون توجه برای اجرای طرح های توسعه ای و کسب منافع اقتصادی قرار گرفته است. اجرای هرگونه طرحی در این مناطق، بدون توجه به شرایط خاص محیطی حاکم و ضرورت نگاه ویژه به اجرای این گونه طرح ها در اراضی مناسب، به گونه ای که از آثار و پیامدهای مخرب آنها جلوگیری کند، اجتناب ناپذیر است. این تحقیق با هدف تعیین اراضی مناسب استفاده از منابع آب شور در پرورش آرتمیا، در پلایای سیاه کوه یزد انجام گرفته است. به همین منظور و برای تعیین عوامل مهم، ارزشگذاری و اولویت بندی آنها و تعیین اراضی مناسب از فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی به مثابه یکی از روش های تصمیم گیری چند معیاره استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از پرسش نامه، معیارهای محیط زیستی، فنی و اقتصادی و اجتماعی معیارهای اصلی در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که در مناطق بیابانی، بهترین و مناسب ترین عرصه ها از دیدگاه کارشناسان، لحاظ کردن رخساره های ژئومورفولوژی مناسب به مثابه اراضی پایه ارزیابی دیگر معیارها و شاخص هاست و دیگر معیارها از جمله فنی و اقتصادی و اجتماعی، در درجه های بعدی اهمیت قرار گرفت.
    کلیدواژگان: پرورش آرتمیا، پلایای سیاه کوه، تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، منابع آب شور، مناطق خشک و بیابانی، یزد
  • ابراهیم شاکری زاده، فاطمه مهدوی صفحات 317-332
    این مقاله به بررسی ظرفیت و توان بوم شناختی شهرستان رودان برای کاربری طبیعت گردی و انتخاب مناسب ترین مکان های توسعه آن با استفاده از روش تصمیم گیری چند معیاره[1] می پردازد. برای این منظور، با شناسایی 11 معیار و 36 زیرمعیار و ارزیابی آنها با استفاده از روش دلفی، 9 معیار و 28 زیرمعیار به عنوان معیارهای مورد بررسی انتخاب شد. سپس با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی[2] و با بهره گیری از نرم افزار [3]EC معیارهای انتخاب شده وزن دهی و اولویت بندی شد و در نهایت، نقشه لایه های مکانی برای معیارهای گزینش شده با استفاده از نرم افزار ArcGIS10 در محیط GIS تهیه و پس از اعمال ضریب اهمیت، روی هم گذاری و تلفیق و مناطق مستعد توسعه طبیعت گردی شناسایی شد. نتایج نشان داد که مناطق دارای درجه توان اندک با 141323/1هکتار و 43/4 درصد از کل اراضی، بیشترین مساحت اراضی را در شهرستان رودان به خود اختصاص داده است. 1/9 درصد از مساحت کل شهرستان شامل 29711/3 هکتار دارای توان زیاد، 57327/9 هکتار از سطح شهرستان معادل 17/6 درصد دارای توان متوسط و حدود 97344/4 هکتار معادل 29/9 درصد آن، اراضی فاقد توان برای توسعه طبیعت گردی است.
    کلیدواژگان: ارزیابی توان بوم شناختی، روش تصمیم گیری چند معیاره، سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی، شهرستان رودان، گردشگری
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  • Hasan Zolfaghari, Amanollah Fathnia, Mozhgan Shahriyari Pages 179-196
    Introduction
    Considering the fact that more and better food production is one of the necessities of today''s world and since the production of the agricultural products of one region depends on the air and climatic factors، it is important to examine the role of climate in agriculture (Mohammadi & et al، 1383:123). In relation agroclimatology، numerous studies by scientists and agricultural climatologists have been carried out in Iran and the world. Tobaybsir (2004) in their research says that in most regions of the country، especially in Lorestan province like the other arid regions in Asia and North Africa chickpea are usually planted in the spring and inadequate soil and water، is the main limitation for this crop production. Chalakyan (1390) using data on annual precipitation، growing season precipitation، temperature، growing season، relative humidity، elevation، slope، aspect and soil depth and wind speed did zoning agroclimatic cultivated chickpea using AHP method in Ardabil province. The results show that the temperature and height of Ardabil Province are the main factors in order to cultivation of chickpea. 120،000 to 150،000 hectares of land in Kermanshah Province is dedicated to planting chickpea and the average yield is 450 kg per hectare (Haghparast، 1391:13). Summarize the literature shows that all the studies conducted on this specific product and exclusively in agricultural areas. This article of using spatial analysis functions of GIS، AHP and TOPSIS model to identify areas to be cultivated chickpea in Kermanshah province to put at the center of their attention.
    Materials And Methods
    The data consist of annual precipitation، growing season precipitation، minimum temperature، growing season، the mean temperature for germination، flowering and ripening temperature، maximum and minimum mean monthly relative humidity of the growing season، mean monthly sunshine during the growing season، the 20-year period (2010-1991) for 17 synoptic stations were used. Environmental data، elevation، slope and soil type were also included in the study. Delphi technique was used to obtain the parameters of the weighting methods of comparing two or AHP (Qodsypour، 1389:7) was used. Pairwise comparison matrix of random variables by 40 rain fed cultivation experts completed، and the final criteria were extracted by Expert choice software. To convert the point data to the surface data، with interpolation methods it was found that the best method for the precipitation، the method of Co-Kriging and IDW methods for other elements. In addition، the DEM for elevation and slope parameters were used. Digital Soil Map of the Department of Natural Resources Kermanshah Province in 1:250000 scales were used. Then according to Login different layers، with the aim of homogenizing values، standardization layers were performed. In this case، each layer in direct or inverse effect determining potentials، while standardization (poor to excellent value from 0 to 1) is considered. The weights obtained from AHP were multiplied by the corresponding layers. Then the positive and negative ideal values for each layer were extracted and entered into the TOPSIS model.
    Results And Discussion
    The results indicate that annual rainfall with 0. 793% the most effective and wind up with 0. 028% the lowest effects have in chickpea cultivation. Rainfall has a positive effect and the precipitation less than 250 mm in the range of not more inhospitable region is not observed in this variable. Western areas of highest power and southwest regions، East and Northeast have the lowest potential for germination. Western parts of the province such as Qasr-e Shirin and Srplzhab due to the higher temperature of 27 ° C for chickpea cultivation stage are inappropriate and southwestern regions; north-east and East provinces will receive the highest score. City of Qasr-e Shirin inappropriate consideration in determining the temperature of the chickpea is grown. Minimum temperature varies between 15-5 degrees; the minimum temperature will increase the growing season to provide suitable environments for the germination and growth of peas، so the western parts of the province are having the greatest potential. Lowest average relative humidity of about 28 percent in the city of Qasr-e Shirin and maximum 52% in the southwest and northeast of the province، whatever the value of this variable increases، the more points will receive. Due to the low relative humidity، southwest and northeast regions points close to 1 and the western parts of the province will receive a score close to zero. In most parts of the study area، maximum relative humidity is 60 percent and the resulting exposure of Kermanshah Province، Songhor، Eslamabad-e-gharb rating is good. The highest amount of sunshine hours per day growing season 9. 9 hours in southern and central provinces and the lowest value of 4/8 time is observed in the North-West Province. The mean wind speed during the growing season، which varies between 3 to 7 meters per second، the highest in the region peers، Kermanshah and falcon are between 7-5 meters per second Kangavar and western regions including Qasr-e Shirin، Srplzhab، Gilangharb and Eslamabad-e-gharb conditions are suitable. The central plains of the province with an elevation of 800 to 1،500 meters and has better conditions in terms of slope، mostly between the levels of 30-0 per cent. By exploring the soil، Kermanshah province is in moderate to good conditions.
    Conclusion
    Integration of environmental and climatic GIS layers with TOPSIS model and incorporate layers of dry land farming it was found that 4 factors including above 1500 meters northwest and northeast areas، slopes over 30 percent except in the central area of the high temperature at flowering and maturity in areas West Province (Qasr-e Shirin and Srplzhab)، resulting in unfavorable conditions for chickpea cultivation. In other regions of Kermanshah provinces، regions prone at a high level with 0. 073%، good 26. 43% and average 73. 48 % are included. Lands with very good features are located in Nosoud and Ravansar cities. Areas with average ability are located in Harsin، Kangavar and parts of the southern province and areas with good potential are located in some parts of the Eslamabad-e-gharb، Kermanshah and East of Sarpolzahab.
    Keywords: Chickpea, TOPSIS Model, Delphi Technic, Climatological Potential, Kermanshah Province
  • Ataollah Kavian, Mohammad Golshan, Hamed Rouhani, Abazar Esmali Ouri Pages 197-211
    Introduction
    Simulations of rivers flow and better understanding of different components of hydrologic cycle are Important in order to programing the conservation aspects of water resources. Since the study area is located in the site of dam construction، and in order to better management of water resources، the estimation of rainfall runoff and sediment yield are very important. Therefore، in this study، the SWAT model was applied. SWAT model is one of the Multippurpose simulation models for management of the watershed. The main objective of hydrologic models is the simulation and prediction of the behavior of the catchment basin of the effect of the variable on the watershed system. Hydrologic models to simulate land surface hydrological processes are to improve water resources management. Today، GIS tools are commonly used in natural resource management; especially in watersheds with the several banks are linked information such as digital maps. GIS to predict the results of management activities designed and developed. For situation awareness systems، we need to add the elements of system dynamics. SWAT model is an advanced communication window، possible to combine a set of models and GIS data in groundwater and surface water flows and flood flows are provided.
    Materials And Methods
    Study area between 539،022 to 622،236 Eastern longitude and 3،923،033 to 4،009،208 north latitude is located. Haraz watershed with an area of 328527/2 hectares is located to the south of the province and the Amole city. The minimum height of 300 meters and a maximum height of 5600 meters is the area. Calculating runoff in SWAT model Simulated runoff by SWAT model can be done in two ways: Grien Amped and SCS curve. SWAT model to simulate the hydrological cycle on the water balance equation is based. SWt=SWo+∑_ (i=1) ^t▒ (R_day-Q_surf-Ea-w_seep-Q_gw) Predict the rate of soil erosion caused by rainfall and runoff in SWAT model is based on equation MUSLE. In this method، surface runoff is used as an agent of erosion. Sediment transport lag in the effect of snow cover on erosion، sediment and groundwater lateral flow is also calculated. In order to improve the quality of model calibration and uncertainty analysis in SWAT-CAP software sufi2 method was used. SUFI2 program combined calibration uncertainty and tries to determine parameter uncertainty، so that most of the observed data in the region of uncertainty can be determined.
    Results And Discussion
    Using ARC- SWAT software watershed study area was divided into 25 sub basin. Because of the diversity of land use map and soil the sub basins was divided in 91 hydrologic units (HRU). In the following the calibration and validation، during the first stage 20 variables were selected and the initial values are based on a list prepared by the guide table SWAT، the application entered SWAT CUP. After 600 iterations each algorithm separately SUFI2، 8 parameters for simulating runoff and sediment load parameter 5 as sensitive parameters were determined. Then model was calibrated to simulate runoff for years of 1995-2004، and evaluated using correlation coefficient (R2)، coefficient of Nash – Sutcliffe (NS) and Mean of Squared Error (MSE). The results showed that the values of mentioned coefficients in the Karehsang station are 0. 80، 0. 77، and 20. 93، in Chelav Station is 0. 75، 0. 73، and 1. 23; in Razan Station is 0. 80، 0. 79، and 5. 91 and in Panjab station are 0. 68، 0. 55، and 2. 7 respectively. Also sediment yield was calibrated in Karehsang station for years of 2002-2006 and statistical coefficients (R2) and NS obtained by 61 and 60 percent، respectively. In order to validation، the model was run for years of 2005-2009. Results showed that mentioned coefficients are 0. 87، 0. 75، 10. 17 for Karehsang station; 0. 83، 0. 77، 0. 88 for Chelav station; 0. 81، 0. 72، 1. 34 for Razan station، and 0. 75، 0. 70، 0. 17 for Panjab stations. Validation of sediment yield was done for years of 2007-2008 with coefficients of NS and R2 equal to 53 and 68 percent.
    Conclusion
    The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of SWAT model in simulating runoff and sediment yield Haraz watershed gauging stations within the basin. In the sensitivity analysis of various parameters for runoff curve number (CN)، base flow alpha factor for reserve side (ALPHA-BNK) and hydraulic conductivity effects (CH-K2) are of high sensitivity. The high sensitivity of the CN parameter in the domain studied the role of environmental factors and land use on runoff areas is studied. The results of the study whit results of studies Panagopoulos and colleagues (2011) and Parajuli and et al (2013) are consistent. For predicting sediment Parameters for the simulation of sediment load SPCON، SPEXP and SOL_AWC is more sensitive. According to the figures، the values of peak runoff and soil loss estimates are close to the observed value. Finally، results indicated that model has a high level of performance in simulation flow discharge and sediment yield simulation، and it can be used in order to operating watershed management strategies.
    Keywords: Runoff, sediment, SWAT model, SUFI2 algorithm, Haraz basin
  • Mohammad Darand Pages 213-239
    Water vapor is an essential climate variable. Water vapor through latent heat exchanges is the principal method of energy transport through the global atmosphere and it is a dominant greenhouse gas (Held and Soden 2000). Over the oceans، warmer surface temperatures will likely lead to increased evaporation and therefore greater specific humidity، but an approximately constant relative humidity (RH); the greater concentration of water vapor will in turn warm the surface further، since water vapor is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) (IPCC، 2007; Dessler and Sherwood، 2009). As temperatures rise، the atmosphere’s capacity to hold water increases. As water vapour can be transported vertically through convection and subsidence، and horizontally by atmospheric circulation، changes in surface absolute moisture can effect changes in moisture aloft (McCarthy & Toumi، 2004). The Clausius-Clapeyron relation yields exponential increases in the atmosphere’s water holding capacity with increasing T at approximately 7 % K-1 (Manabe & Wetherald، 1967; Allen & Ingram، 2002; Trenberth et al.، 2005). Knowledge about changes in water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is important because it can result in strong alterations in radiative forcing، hydrological cycle، precipitation intensity، human and biosphere. The aim of this study is analysis spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric humidity of Iran during 1979-2013.
    Keywords: Atmosphere Humidity, Gridded Data, Spatiotmporal Variation, Iran
  • Ghasem Lorestani Pages 241-254
    Introduction
    The coastal zone is one of the nation’s greatest environmental and economic assets. In coastal regions the natural forces that cause shoreline changes are embodied in waves، currents، wind and other factors. Gorganroud River Delta is located in 53°57 to 54° 1 E and 36°56 to 37° N in Southeast of Caspian sea. In this study، gibbosity of Gorgan River delta at the river mouth has been studied. The Gorganroud river basin from the Caspian Sea catchment basin is located a large part of it in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. The total flow rate of Gorgan Bay Rivers Catchment is about 500 cubic meters and total of their discharge is 3. 5 million tons per year. The beach is average slope of 0. 1 percent that Denotes the slope of the study area is very low.
    Methodology
    The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of change of coastline and its predictions with two different methods. The reason of selection area of Gorganroud coastline is a very large amount of change over different periods of time. This research is mainly based on an analytical method is based on using mathematical and statistical methods that Using topographic maps 1/250000 and 1/50000 is characterized general delimitation of the study area. Initially the satellite images of TM، MMS،ETM sensors were obtained from Landsat and Images coastline in 2005 and 2013 from the Google Earth software. The shorelines with digitization of images were extracted and converted into a linear files in Software ARCGIS9. 3. To investigate the rate of annual change of the coastline، two methods have been applied. Methods used to evaluate the rate of annual change in shoreline and Predict the rate of change in the next years were Based on the use of transect. According to the curve enormous coastline، Cuts perpendicular to the coastline drawn at even intervals of 500 meters To analysis the rate of change within Gorgan River Delta. The first of the methods used is End Point Rate (EPR). The End Point Rate is calculated by dividing the distance of shoreline movement by the time elapsed between the oldest and the most recent shoreline. The major advantages of the EPR are the ease of computation and minimal requirement of only two shoreline dates. The major disadvantage is that in cases where more data are available، the additional information is ignored. The second method for Changes Rate prediction is The Average of Rates (AOR). The Average of Rates method calculates separate end point rates for all combinations of shorelines when more than two are available. A minimum time criterion is introduced to filter the available shorelines and it is a function of measurement errors and the magnitude of the rate of change. The main advantages of this method are that all “good” data that pass the minimum time criterion are used and the sensitivity of the method to substantial shifts in trends and data variability. The main disadvantages are that small time differences between the shorelines produce a long minimum time span and there is not a computational norm for modelling the minimum time span equation.
    Results And Discussion
    The largest distance is between shorelines between the years 2001 -1975 that use in SCEmethod. Based on the maximum distance between the coastline is shown in transect of 11 with distance of 3938 meters. The results of the NSM method is shown that maximum distance between the shorelines is in transect of 11 with distance of 3200 meters. The results of the EPR shows that Most changes in the coastline is In the middle of a Gorganrood river delta The range of 63. 7 – 84. 2 meters per year. The results of the AOR shows The range of 60. 4 – 90. 8 meters per year.
    Conclusion
    According to Sea water level measurement station of the Caspian Sea to Baku and Anzali Since 1882 sea level change is more than 3 meters. This change is Significant impact on a coastline profile and its surrounding landuse. Evaluation of methods to assess shoreline change rate indicates that EPR and AOR methods Are considered Due to cyclical changes. Considering the Delta jut into the sea and Annual average rate of change 40. 2 meters، with EPR method، gibbosity Gorganroud River at the mouth of the river have been added to the coastline the past 112 years.
    Keywords: Transect, Prediction, Coastline, Gorganroud River, Changes Rate
  • Seyed Hojjat Mousavi Pages 255-269
    Introduction
    Managemental principles predominated on the development and evolution stages of the geomorphic landscapes are different، because landscape evolution، its relationship with other system components and its response to environmental changes and feedback is varied. One of the most important methods of management of geomorphic landscape are the study and evaluation of morphometric parameters and determining alometry between them. Alometry is the investigation of relative changes between system components، and represent the development of a system component compared with development of entire system or other components، also. Therefore، the study and evaluation of barchan morphometric parameters and alometry between them will help to managers and environmental planners achieve the unified and accurate recognition from landscape، on the one hand، it may be effective in the determination of stability، equilibrium and threshold of barchan system. One of the most important problems of management in arid and semi-arid regions is the identification and application of environmental principles governing on the behavior of Barchan dunes. Barchans are one of the windy depositional features that are forming in regions with medium sand and same direction of privalling wind. The aims of this study are the determination of the most important morphometric parameters of Barchan dunes in the southeast of Haj Ali Gholi playa and the recognition of relationships type، the ratio and alometry between them، in order to identify management principles governing on Barchan dunes.
    Materials And Methods
    The study area in the research is barchan field that is located in the southeast of Haj Ali Gholi Playa. The area with extent about 25260 hectares، is one of the most important ergs of Haj Ali Gholi playa that is located irregularly along northeastern - southwestern edge of playa with 10 to 12 km length. This region is located at Eastern longitudes between 55° and 55°، 10΄ and at Northern latitudes between 35°، 45΄ and 35°، 50΄. At first، studied area is recognized via topography maps and Google Earth images. Then barchans morphometric parameters are measured along 10 transects that were covering entire extent of the erg. Measurements are based on figure (2). This figure shows types of barchan morphometric parameters and method of their measurement. We define for each barchan dunes، the lengths La، Lb and the widths Wa، Wb independently. Furthermore، this study introduces the length of the slip face Ls and the length Lo from the dune’s toe on the windward side to the brink. Finally، the height of the slip face H is defined at the highest point of the brink، which is the intersection of the brink and the longitudinal centerline of the dune. The total width (W) of a barchan is the sum of the widths Wa & Wb. The overall length (L) of a barchan is the sum of the length (Lo) from the windward foot of the dune to its crest، the length of the slip face (Ls)، and the average of the horn lengths [(La + Lb) / 2]. Then from measurement and determination of morphometric parameters، for recognition of type and intensity of relationships between them، we have been reexamined these relationships using SPSS software and regression analysis technique. Finally، with analysis and evaluation of the obtained relation using mathematical tests، the ratio and the alometry of morphometric parameters of studied Barchans have been defined and determined. Findings and
    Results
    In the study area، several barchans can be observed that they have the same form and shape generally. The barchan dunes of the southeast Haj Ali Goli playa have heights between 1. 2 and 17. 9 m، lengths between 19. 5 and 307. 9 m، and widths between 6. 3 and 165. 6 m، mainly (Table 1). The results obtained from statistical modeling by the regression analysis are presented in tables (2) and (3). Models Summary is described in Table (2)، in which the correlation index، determination index، adjusted determination index and standard deviation of estimation error are reported. Also، the values of model parameters (coefficient and line slope)، t value and their significant level are demonstrated in table (3). Totally In this study، the most important and the most suitable of relationships are following from simple linear relationships. So، in the results part، only، these relationships are presented (figure 3). Comparative evaluation of similar studies results reveals the achievement to different equations in other regions. As، quantitative researches of the morphology studied by other researchers، show the specific relationship between barchan morphometric parameters in their study area. Table (4) presents the results of this study as compared with others. As mentioned previously، Alometry is the investigation of relative changes among system components، and represent the development of a system component compared with development of entire system or other components، also. In the study، to determine the ratio between morphometric parameters of the studied barchan and identification of alometry between them، first was attempt to determine the types of their relationship، and then conclude the ratio from them. The obtained results are illustrated in the table (5). Discussion and
    Conclusion
    The results show that the obtained relationships from relation assessment between morphometric parameters of studied Barchan represent a maximum significant linear relationship of Barchan length and height، with determination index 0. 945 and standard error of estimate 0. 889. Also، the obtained relationships from relation assessment and alometry among Barchan morphometric parameters are statistical and mathematical models reported in this study. The mentioned models provide the possiblity of rapid and accurate calculation of Barchan morphometric parameters، and illustrate the alometry among them. The recognition of morphometric parameters of barchan dunes and their alometry can act as an index in order to determine the condition of barchan system and also shed light on the thier trends. Furthermore recognition and estimate of these indexes is a consequence from rate of threat and distribution and provide for environmental managers with the same، that their investigation determines different region from the view point of environmental management and prioritize them.
    Keywords: Allometry, Barchan, Geomorphometry, Haj Ali Gholi Playa
  • Mohammadhossein Fathi, Aghil Madadi, Ebrahim Beheshti, Nader Sarmasty Pages 271-285
    Introduction
    Lake Urmia in the northwestern corner of Iran is one of the largest permanent hyper saline lakes in the world and the largest lake in the Middle East. It extends as much as 140 km from north to south and is as wide as 85 km east to west during high water periods. Qualitative and quantitative degradation of water resources is one of the major challenges in the way of sustainable development، Baghvand et al.، 2010; Nasrabadi et al.، 2010a; Nasrabadi et al.، 2010b; Rowshan et al.، 2007; Serbaji et al.، 2012; Guinder et al.، 2012; Li et al.، 2012; Siddiqui، 2011; Pei et al.، 2011; Ying et al.، 2011،. Features and phenomena in the earth’s surface have been changed over time; the lakes as one of these features and due to having a closed environment are not considered as an exception. Due to climatic changes such as reduced rainfall، increased temperature and also uncontrolled use of surface water resources in watershed areas، distinguished changes are exposed، Sadatipour et al.، 2012; Sandeep et al.، 2012; Madani et al.، 2012; Mirbegheri et al.، 2012; Arias et al.، 2012،. Monitoring such changes should be considered as an important issue in the national and regional development and natural resource management. Currently، monitoring the coastal areas and extraction of water at different intervals is regarded as an infrastructural research interest due to the significance of coastal zone management and dynamic nature e of such sensitive ecological environments، Reveshty and Maruyama، 2010; Nasrabadi et al.، 2009; Pamer et al.، 2011; Kavian et al.، 2011; Karbassi et al.، 2011; Mortazavi and Sharifian، 2011; Lei et al.، 2011; Hudak، 2011،. Urmia lake is the twentieth largest lake of the world and at the same time one of the most unique and invaluable global water ecosystems، Karbassi، et al.، 2010; Ahmadi et al.، 2011; Ahmadzadeh Kokya et al.، 2011; Farzin et al.، 2012، . The lake’s surface area has been estimated to have been as large as 5620 km2 but since 1989 it has generally been declining and was estimated from satellite data to be only 2032 km2 in August of 2011، Land sat data،. The decline is generally blamed on a combination of drought، increased water diversion for irrigated agriculture within the lake’s watershed and mismanagement. The main sight of this study are to Assessment and analyze of Urmia water levels fluctuation and increasing salt area، to model the lake surface fluctuation regime by linking the observed data to satellite data in the north west of Iran.
    Materials And Methods
    Lake Urmia is an endorheic or terminal lake meaning that water leaves the lake only by evaporation. As is generally the case، this leads to a saltwater body and in the case of Lake Urmia، salinity is quite high. The lake is bounded between 37°5´ -38°16´ latitudes and 45°01´ - 46°longitudes at 1275 m above sea level. Its surface area ranges from4750 to 6100 km2 and the average and greatest depths account for 6 and 16 m، respectively. In order to study the fluctuations of Urmia Lake surface area، multi temporal Land sat Images، ETM، TM sensors، over a 23-year period، 1989 to 2011، were used. In the present study، the coastlines extraction for each year was done in two major steps using the ERADS software & ARC GIS. Firstly، geometric and radiometric corrections as well as different filters on the selected images were applied to make the spectral difference of objects more clear. Secondly، supervised classification method has been used to extract coastlines. To use the supervised classification، the preparation of the training area from the lake surface has been carried out. The reflection values in these areas have been generalized to the entire lake surface using the software and thus، the border between the lake and surrounding areas has been set precisely. Finally، through the algorithm for conversion of two vectors، the coastline limits have been drawn for different years. To carry out the analysis of images the ARC GIS software has been used.
    Results And Discussion
    Satellite altimeter data measured the lake’s level in 1989 to be at its highest level of any time in the past 30 years. This is in agreement with Hassanzadeh and others، 2011، who state a measured water level of roughly 1 278 m above sea level for the same time. Both measures show a steady decline from that year forward with the most recent satellite altimeter data indicating a drop of approximately 7/40 meters between 1989 and 2011. Because Lake Urmia is a terminal lake with no significant water outflow the only way water leaves the lake is by evaporation. Therefore، if the lake declines it is either by increased evaporation or a decrease in water coming into the system. The Zarrineh Rood River is the largest of the thirteen main rivers discharging into Lake Urmia which are the source of the majority of the Lake’s water budget. Additional input comes from rainfall directly over the lake، floodwater from the immediate watershed and a very small fraction from groundwater flow.
    Conclusion
    The main objective of this study was to assess lake water levels fluctuation using satellite images and geographic information system. To achieve this goal along with field observations and the satellite images of Land sat Multi-spectral images of the years، 2011-1989، sensors، TM، ETM +،. were used and processed. Based on the results achieved during the 23-year-old when the final models، an indication average height Lake water level to the level of 7/40 meter and the decrease in 3588 square kilometers of surface area of Lake water and land turned into the arid soil and sediment salts salt in the last few decades. Most changes due to water loss height، especially in the South East and the east coast of the lake is visible. The rise of water level fluctuations during the study period was significantly accelerated change and backward along the coastal lines 1 to 8/5 km coastline is.
    Keywords: salt area, satellite image, changes coastal lines, fluctuation of the water, Urmia Lake
  • Mehdi Belvasi, Sayyad Asghari Saraskanroud, Batool Zeinali, Saiedeh Sahebi Vayghan Pages 287-302
    Introduction
    In Recent decades، many of different science experts such as geology and mine have intentioned to Remote sensing technology as one of the most important instruments of information receiver. Access to hyper spectral data is one of the main evolutions in Remote sensing technology. The main feature of Remote sensing technology is its application in identifying of minerals that this is great help in detection of minerals. Existing narrow and high spectral bands of hyper spectral images provide possible of Geologic and mineralogy studying of area with better results. Pay attention to existed maps of mineral distribution have been provided by classic method، so new sensor such as Hyperion have provided new capabilities in planning and providing of Biophysical and Biochemistry features.
    Materials And Methods
    Ghezel Dash area is in geography longitudes 44° 28´ – 44° 41´ and geography latitude 38° 43´ – 39° 06´ that is in 68 KM of Khoy city Northwest in west Azerbaijan. Used Satellite image in this research is Hyperion sensor of EO-1 satellite with 242 spectral bands. Satellite image of Landsat 7، ETM sensor، band of 8 has been used for geometric correction of Hyperion sensor images. In this research، after necessary preprocessing including geometric and radiometric corrections on Hyperion images were used SAM and SID Algorithm for detection of minerals. Spectral angular mapper (SAM) is an automated method of algebraic that calculates Similarity of the spectra between the spectrum of a pixel and the reference spectrum. The similarity between the two spectra is expressed as theirs mean angle. Spectral Information Divergence (SID) is a probabilistic method that calculates Spectral similarity between two pixel vectors based on difference in the probability distribution obtained from their spectral signatures. The smaller divergence is more the probability of similarity of pixels.
    Results And Discussion
    In this research Spectral Library of America Geological Survey (USGS) was used for matching of unknown spectrum. Then، resample was performed by hyper spectral data of Hyperion with 142 bands. Minerals map was detected after running the algorithm SAM and SID by spectral signatures of USGS spectral library and Hyperion images spectra with the aim of detecting minerals. Results indicate that Chalcopyrite، Pyrite and Bornite have the maximum value in both methods respectively but their amounts are different in two algorithms. In these maps، secondary minerals such as Malachite and Azurite are very slight. In order to assess the accuracy of these algorithms، were compared the results of these two algorithms with the maps that have been produced in this region. Results indicate that maps of SAM and SID methods have accuracy of 85 and 76 percent respectively.
    Conclusion
    Comparing maps produced by the algorithms used in this study with available maps Indicates that The minerals present in the study area Map of West Azarbaijan province confirmed of Industries and Mines and minerals malachite and azurite are the Geological Organization report was not confirmed. Based on the results of the present study and evaluate the overall accuracy، Spectral Information Divergence method (SID) can be used as an efficient method in classification of area based on exited minerals for detection of metal mines. The results of this research correspond whit the results of Amer et al (2012) that had used classification methods of SAM and SID for Classification of alteration zones associated with gold.
    Keywords: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing, Spectral Information Divergence, Spectral angular mapper, Hyperion
  • Amir Reza Keshtkar, Mahdi Paktinat, Hadi Paktinat Pages 303-315
    Introduction
    The major threat to habitability may be the degradation of arid lands in developing countries where many people depend upon restricted resources for their livelihood. Although land degradation process in arid regions (desertification) is not new or site specific، the environmental awareness in a world board scale has extended and generated a wider public interest، extensive to the scientific circles and governments. Desertification affects the livelihoods of millions of people، including a considerable proportion of the poor in arid lands which occupies about 41% of the Earth''s land and are home to more than two billion people. The persistence of unresolved stabilization of these fragile environments and the substantial decrease in the provision of ecosystem services as a result of intensive use of resources، incapacity of wide spread suitable technologies for providing rose supply of food، forage and fuel، water scarcity، and climate change puts desertification in among the main environmental challenges today and a major impediment to getting human needs. Recently، arid regions and desert ecosystems with including several potential and various resources such as unconventional water became remarkable area for economic projects. Regarding to desert condition and in order to guarantee both rich and sustainability and prevent undesirable consequences of these economic projects، addressing the suitable areas for aquaculture is very vital consideration in any aquaculture activities. Relatively rarely، in the case of suitable site selection research، the researchers apply Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based MultiCriteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis to determine suitable sites in aquaculture in Iran. Therefore، this study was conducted to identify suitable sites for Artemia farming development in SiahKouh Playa، Yazd using Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM).
    Materials And Methods
    The method is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. Analytical Hierarchy Process usually includes three phase: first، the decomposition of a complex problem into a decision hierarchy in order to determine the main components of the problem، second the evaluation of options (comparative judgment) by means of a pairwise comparison، which enables the decision maker to assess the contribution of each criterion to the overall goal، and finally third the synthesis of the priorities، so as to identify the relative preferences for the chosen policy options. One of the major advantages of this method is that it considers the interrelations between different levels of decision as well as the interconnection of the decisions in one level. Following determining the decision makers group، the most important criteria effective in determination of suitable area in study area were identified through comparison questionnaires filled by the experts and researchers. The second questionnaire was designed to determine the rate of each criterion to choose the best alternative. The thematic layers of slope، geology، geomorphology، soil، vegetation، climate such as isohyet، hydrometery، land use، power lines and management quality indices are the main data required for determining the suitable area for Artemia farming. These layers were extracted and manipulated from the available topographic، geologic maps، aerial photographs and field survey data analyses. Spatial analyst function in Arc-GIS 9. 2 software was used for matching the thematic layers and evaluating the aquaculture indices.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that three main factors are effective in suitable area determination for aquaculture units in desert ecosystem. These factors are as follow according to their importance، environmental، technical، and infrastructure، socio-economic. The environmental criteria were included geomorphological faces and rangeland area. The indices in the technical criteria were slope percentage، soil texture، unconventional water resources and climatology factors such as evaporation، rainfall and temperature. The indices in the infrastructure، socio-economic criteria were based on distance to cities، roads and power sources and also land use. Finally those criteria and indices were applied to address the optimal areas for Artemia farming by using weighted linear combination assessment. In the final result of this study، suitability levels were determined as suitable area (area with high potential، located east and eastern south of study area) and non suitable area.
    Conclusion
    The results of this study indicated that the best choice among three alternatives is considering the geomorphological faces as assessing and monitoring unit of other criteria in arid and desert ecosystems. Also، using multi criteria analysis methods will help to make better decision and choose effective alternatives.
    Keywords: Artemia, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Desert ecosystem, Saline water, SiahKouh Playa
  • Ebrahim Shakerizade, Fatemeh Mahdavi Pages 317-332
    Introduction
    Tourism is a process which has existed with all its specific forms from the ancient times so that the mental، cultural، social and economic demands of the human beings can be met. One of the growing branches of this industry is named as ecotourism. Nowadays، tourism has become one of the main levers of economic and social development in many parts of the world. Tourism in the regions should be based on the sustainable development to preserve the nature as well as preserving the region’s historical and cultural heritage as well as the intellectual application of the natural resources. Ecotourism development aligned with eco-environmental potential of the land as an effective tool and approach plays a major role in sustainable development، promoting the life standards of human society and maintaining the natural equilibrium. Assessment of ecological potential is an effective step and suitable tool in order to direct the present activities and functions which have been done for the land toward a sustainable development. One of the ways for identifying and evaluating the ecological capacity of each region is the application of the multiple attribute decision making method (MADM) and compare it to other indices. This method has identified the sites with the ecotourism potential in the city of Roudan and ultimately، suggests the appropriate locations for ecotourism development in the city.
    Methodology
    The studied area in this paper is the Roudan city where located in the east of Hormozgan Province and is situated at the geographical coordinates ranging from 56 degrees and 50 minutes to 57 degrees and 29 minutes of eastern geographical longitude and from 27 degrees and 5 minutes to 27 degrees and 59 minutes of northern geographical latitude. This research is considered as one of the descriptive studies and it is of applied type in terms of the effect and relationship and in line with this. In this regard، first of all، different parameters used to select these sites by different local and foreign authorities were gathered by means of a documentary review. Therefore، at this point، 11 major parameters and 36 sub-parameters were selected then the chosen parameters were assessed using the Delphi technique and the final attributes of ecotourism development including 9 major parameters and 28 secondary parameters were identified and formulated. In the next step، by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and preparing AHP questionnaire، the relative weights of major parameters and sub-parameters were determined. After determining the parameters، they were incorporated with each other and the appropriate regions for tourism development were determined.
    Results And Discussion
    The results of this study، which is an attempt for reviewing the parameters experienced in Iran and throughout the world، aiming at localizing it for the site selection application for the ecotourism in the city of Roudan، demonstrated that both parameters and sub-parameters extracted from different resources are applied for identifying the appropriate regions for ecotourism in the city of Roudan including 9 main parameters and 28 sub-parameters. The studies showed that the natural recreational resources have 77% of relative weight and has enjoyed the highest degree of importance and in practice، 56. 4 % of the experts and respondents have identified this parameter as one with the very high level of importance، 25. 6 % of the experts identified it as the parameter with high importance for selecting ecotourism’s appropriate regions amongst the natural ecosystems. Based on the obtained results، the regions having a low potential level of 141323. 5 hectares and 43/4 % of the total lands have allocated most of the land areas in Roudan city. 9. 1 % of the total area of the city including 29711. 3 hectares has high potential، 57327. 9 hectares from the surface of the city equivalent to 17. 6 percent has average potential and about 97344. 4 hectares equivalent to 29. 9 % of the lands do not have the potential for ecotourism development.
    Conclusion
    According to the results and the implementation of the regions apt to tourism in the geographical information system and other existing information، it is clear that the central regions and the regions close to perennial streams have the most potential in terms of ecotourism application and the reason for this، is the concentration of tourism targeted villages of Abnama، Ziarat Seyed Soltan Mohammad، Ziaratali and so on in this district of the city. The study of the map of the regions apt to develop the tourism in the city of Roudan، indicates consistency of high potential regions with the current utilization including the pilgrimage and touring status of Abnema and Seyed Soltan Mohammad villages as tourism sites and the villages that are placed amongst the high capacity regions in the obtained map. Besides، the existence of the natural resources in the city، it is identified as the most important determining attribute of the regions. Amongst the most important resources and facilities of the city، the existence of perennial streams of Roudan and Jaghin is considered as the important factors of tourist attraction. It is suggested that the researchers study the ecological potential and capacity of the other regions of Hormozgan province in terms of the ecotourism applications.
    Keywords: evaluating the ecological strength, tourism, Multi, attribute decision making method, Roudan city, Geographical information system