فصلنامه گیاه و زیست بوم
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1389)

The Zizphora L is one of the genus of Labiatae family with four species and ten sub-species. Ziziphora tenuior L is one of ‎‎this genus members, which naturally grows throughout Iran. These plants have medical values in traditional medicine of Iran and used as food spicies aswell. In this study in order to investigate the effect of various ecological factors such as height, kind of soil, water, air and metals on morphological structure, 12geographical population‎ of this species had been collected from their natural habitat and 17 qualitative and quantities morphological attributes with 4 repetition from growth and productive organs had been studied and the dendrogram had been drown on the basis of the above-mentioned attributes. The results of this study showed that the environmental factors and adaphic independent of each other and with each other affect the morphological properties of these plants and give rise to varieties in form. Among the environmental factors under consideration, the genus of soil had the minimum of effect and the type of habitat and height had maximum effect on the growth and production organs. Based on the results of this study, it can be claimed that: species which have a wide range of spreading in the nature and grow in different geographical regions are not consistent in the range of spreading, but rather under the influence of different ecological factors adapt themselves to their habitat and varieties in the morphological form of plants they, will create‎ and cause phenotypic plasticity which we can consider them as types of adaphic and geographical ecotypes.

Super absorbents could be able to absorb and keep it the water several times of their volume. The following research has been carried out with purpose of investigating the effects of different levels of water deficiency stress and super absorbent on yield, antioxidant enzymes activity and cell membrane stability in mustard in field experiments in research station of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. The plan which was taken advantage of in this research was factorial randomize complete block design with totally random blocks repeated three times. The treatments included five levels of water deficiency stress (Irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from class A evaporation container, cut irrigation from booting stage, flowering stage, silicling stage and grain filling stage) and three levels of applying super absorbent (amount of 0, 5 and 7 Weight percentage). The traits underwent the experiment were: the performance of the seed, biological performance, harvest indicator, the weight of one hundred seed, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and super oxide dismutase) and cell membrane stability. The conclusions showed that effects of water deficiency stress and super absorbent was significant. The mutual impact of water deficiency stress and super absorbent weren’t significant for any treats. Normal irrigation and usage of concentration of 7 %, level 3, of super absorbent with mean of 5.803 and 25.78 ton/hect showed the most seed and biological performance. Cut irrigation from booting stage without applying super absorbent with mean of 206.1 and 5231 u/mg.protein showed the most activity of catalase and super oxide dismutase and with mean of 2683 µs/cm showed the least cell membrane stability.

In order to ‎‎compare the effects of salinity arise of Ca2+, Na+, and K+ salts on ion accumulation in sunflower ‎an experiment of factorial design‎ with randomaized complete base designe with 3 replications in greenhouse was conducted.For this study was prepared soil sample was prepared and put in plastic vases at 20 cm diameter and then ‎sunflower seeds planted ‎in vases and put in greenhouse.This experiment included 9 salinity treatment and salt kind. The salinity treatments were prepared by KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 salts in three levels, 3,5,8 ds/m.After the experiment‎ the amount of Na+,Ca2+,K+ and K/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ ratio was calculated, then data variance analyse table was prepared by SAS software and compared by Duncan test. The results indicated that the effects of salt kind factor and interaction effects of salinity factor and salt kind was significant on K+ percent of leaf at one percent level.The Effects of salt kind factor and salinity factor and the effects of their interaction was significant on leaf Ca2+, K+, K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ at one percent level. The results showed that by increasing the salinity of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 salts increaced Na+ ion,K+ ion,Ca2+ ion respectively in salts mentioned. The KCl and CaCl2 salts had positive effects on absorption of each other and negative effects on absorption of Na+ ion by plant root.

The leaves and flowers of Sambucus ebulus were collected from Ramsar Province of Mazandaran in September 2008 at flowering stage. The essential oil of each part was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The obtained oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The chemical constituents of each oil was characterized by comparison of achieves mass spectra and relative retention indices with authentic references. Among the fifteen characterized constituents in the oil of leaves that representing 99.99% of total oil,α-pinene (kI=939) (46.5%),β -pinene (kI=979) (10.2%) and Limonene(kI=1029) (8.84 %) were the main components. Nineteen compounds representing 95.4% of the oil were identified in the oil of flower with α-pinene (kI= 939) (27.7%), palmetic acid (11.3%) and Spathulenol (kI= 1578) (8.74%) as the major constituents.

This study was done in order to determine the effect of salinity on the germination and early growth of Cuminum cyminum L. in Botany laboratory of the Islamic Azad University – Shahr-e- Rey Branch in 1387. The Experiment was carried in factorial with randomized complete block with four repetitions. Seeds of Cuminum cyminum L were treated with six levels of salinity including 30,60,90, 120,150 and 180 mole/L containing of NaCl and CaCl2 (Ca:Na=1). The effect of salinity was studied on germination percentage, seed vigor, length of rootlet, length of stem.The Results indicated that the effect of salinity was significant. The monitoring of different characters in different repetitions showed no significant difference.

The‎ allelopaty effect of 2 species of Eucalyptus on germinate 2 species agropyron was studied in laboratory the seed of 2 species Agropyron elongatum and Agropyron intermedium was prepared and studied in the germinator. Water extract obtained from wet and dry leaf Eucalyptus regnans and e.st.johanii in some different concentration.for analys In this study the complete block coincidence in 3 replications with softwar minitab and SAS was used. ‎The results showed that the leaf extracts Eucalyptus regnans had greatest rate of inhibitor and speice Agropyron intermedium was most sensitive.The greatest rate of inhibitor was observed on extract dry leaf on 4% concentration in the seventh day on E.regnans.

In order to study the limited irrigation effect on agronomic characteristics and yield of four sunflower cultivars, a split plot experiment on the base of randomized complete block design in three replications was done during two years in agriculture research field of Kaboutar Abad, Isfahan. Experimental treatments were: irrigation as main factor including three levels of optimum irrigation, mean limitation of water and sever limitation of water (Irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from evaporation pan, class A, respectively) and sunflower cultivars secondary factor including four cultivars (Master, Lakumka, Favorit and Berezanski). Compound analysis results showed that the limited irrigation effects were significant on all criteria such as plant height, head diameter, seed yield and oil yield (p<0.01). Total seed number in head had not been affected by this treatment. Yield components such as 1000-seed weight and the number of filed seed in head caused 26 and 40 percentage reduction of seed yield in 90 and 120mm evaporation respectively, as compared with control. According to the correlation between oil yield with seed yield and oil percentage 33 and 53 percentage reduction of oil yield were observed in 90 and 120 mm evaporation treatments, respectively. Cultivar effect was also significant in all criteria (p<0.01) except oil percentage. The most seed and oil yield in optimum irrigation and 90mm evaporation treatment was observed in Master cultivar but in irrigation after 120mm evaporation, was observed in Lakumka. also, Berezanski had the least seed and oil yield in three irrigation levels.

To study the effects of herbicides and planting date on weed control in corn, an experiment was conducted during 2002 growing season in agricultural education center of Saveh. Experiment was split plot design with‎ a completely randomized block design. The experimental treatments were two planting dates of corn as the main plots and five control treatments as sub plots. The control treatments were hand weeded and no weeding controls, eradican+ atrazine, 2,4-D + atrazine and alachlor+ atrazine. The corn cultivar was “single cross 704”. According to the results, weed number and dry weight were significantly less in the first planting date. Considering weed control, the hand weeded control had a better performance than other treatments but not significant in compared with alachlor + atrazine and 2,4-D + atrazine. Also seed yield in first planting date with 7586 (kg) is better in comparison with 2n planting date too. Weed density and biomass in two herbicide treatments: atrazine + 2,4-D and atrazine + alachlor showed no significant difference with hand weeded control. Treatments and planting date had also significant effects on height of corn. First planting date with 184 (cm) had maximum height, but weeding control treatment with least height had significant difference with other treatments.

Wheat is one the most important agricultural products that play an important role in the country's economy. The variety of wheat cultivation methods in Iran directed to an applied research for the comparison and evaluation of these methods. This research was done in the agricultural year 2007-08 in order to compare the yield of methods and machines in Shahr-e-Rey area. The experiment was in the‎ randomized complete block design and compared treatments included:1- Combinate2- Moldboard plow + two times disk + centrifugal + one time disk + furrow opener 3- Moldboard plow + two times disk + grain drill + furrow opener4- Moldboard plow +two times disk + grain drillThe parameters of soil surface even distribution of seeds, the even soil depth position of seeds,and the emersence was evaluated and the data was analyzed by SPSS 14 software. The results showed that there wasnot any meaningful difference between the services concerning factors like the evenness of horizontal distribution of feeds in the soil and greening percentage of the shrubs, but regarding the evenness of the depth of the cultivation, the combinate treatment indicated a significant difference with other treatments.