فصلنامه گیاه و زیست بوم
پیاپی 44 (پاییز 1394)

Phenology is the study of the repeating events in plant life cycle such as leafing, flowering, etc. Thus far, the phenology of Iranian Tamarixramosissima has not been addressed in the research. In the present experiment, the phenology of this species is explored. The study was carried out for one year in the areas around Abyaneh village. Data were collected every month through recording and photographing. Finally, the raw database was categorized and the onset and termination of every phonological event was concluded. Pictorial time series were used to produce quantifiable data. Photoshop software was applied to determine R.G.B. digits for every color of the plant components and the results were depicted descriptively and quantitatively. Descriptive phenological monitoring indicated that bud formation takes place during late February-early March. Flowering and fruiting occur in early and late April,respectively. Seed scattering happens in August.The charts of leaf color change showed that the red and green curves collidefrom late September to early October, which illustrates leaf color evolution. The flowering chart demonstrated that, parallel with the onset of flowering during early April, the three curves get close but as flowering continues in the plant, they diverge from each other. The fruiting chart indicated that the red curve was above the other curve during fruit’s lifetime.

Hop (HumuluslupulusL.), fromCannabaceae family, is a perennial herb and dioecious climbing plant, and native to the Northern regions of Iran. In most parts of the world, it is grown for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. Considering the lack of scientific data with respect to the morphological characteristics of this plant, it was explored and the anatomical characteristics of the leaf, stem, and pollen grains of hopswere studied. The anatomical characteristics can also be effective in identifying plants. The characteristics of pollen can be used for different purposes. The plant was collected from ZarrinGolregion, its herbarium specimen was prepared, and it was identified.The epidermis was separated and the samples were carefully observed under light microscope andphotographed after sectioning and staining them with methylen blue and carmen aluminize. The pollen grainswere taken from anther and were acetolyedusingErdtman method. They were also photographed by means of light and electronic microscope. The anatomical structure of this plant is similar to other dicotyledonous plants. The vascular bundles cover a continuous and significant area of the stem. The middle part of the stem contains pith and the anatomical structure of the leaf isdorsiventral. The midrib is prominent and its vascular bundles are continuous and arched. The vascular bundles in the petiole are ring-shaped and discontinuous.The pollen grain istriporate, spheroidal in polar view and oblate in equatorial view, with warty-like bumps in itsscabrate.

Through a floristic study and plant sample collection during two growing seasons in 2008 and 2009, a total of 157 plant species was detected in BagheShadi protected area. These species belong to 44 families and 112 genera of plants. Most of the species belong to the family of Asteraceae with 27 (17%), Poaceae with 16 (10%), Faboideae with 15 (9%), and Rosaceae with 12 (7 %) species of the total. The classification of plans with respect to the life form was carried out according toRaunkiersystem. The Hamaephyte form is the most common and consists of 41 species (41% of total species) and closely next to that are Phanerophytes and Hemicryptophytes forms respectively with40 and 29 species. After these are Therophytesand Geophyteswith 27 and 10 species, respectively. The classification of plants based on the growth form shows that most of the plants in this area, which is about 40% of the total area, are herbaceous. Next to that are the bush, shrub, grass, tree, and the climbing forms with 27%, 17%, 9%, 6%, and 1%, respectively. The last experiment related to the analysis of the plants with respect to the durability of their life which indicated that the species with a few years of lifespan are the most frequent, comprising 53% of all species. Next to them are the perennial, annual, and two-year-old species, respectively with 26%, 16%, and 5%.

The present study was carried out to study germination and growth capabilitiesof three plants including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), flax (Linumusitatissimum L.), and wheatgrass (Agropyronelongatum (Host). Beauv) for the refinement of petroleum sludge of Isfahan Oil Refinery and their growth response to petroleum pollution under greenhouse conditions.For this purpose,the air-dried petroleum sludge sample was added to the uncontaminated soil of the lands around the oil refinery – at ratios of 0 (control), 10, and 20% (w/w) – mixed thoroughly, and placed in plastic pots. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized split-plot design with three replications. The results indicated that germination percentage of wheatgrass significantly reduced (at P≤0.05) with an increase in sludge level from 0 to 10 and 20 %. This reduction was not significant foralfalfa and flax. The average height, root, and shoot yields of wheatgrass significantly reduced in 20% petroleum sludge treatment compared to the control. Accordingly, considering the growth, the high yield of the dry-matter, and the higher ratio of root to shoot in wheatgrass which results in more reduction of the total petroleum hydrocarbons, the application of this plant is recommend for phytoremediation of refinery petroleum sludge.

Dam is one of the manmade structures that, despite its positive effects, brings about several destructions in the ecosystem one of which is the changes made in the vegetation and usages of the lands located in and around the reservoir of the dam. The aim of this article is to explore the changes in the land use and the destruction of the vegetation around Molasadra dam (in Fars province) in a 24-year period by means of Landsat satellite images. For this purpose, two satellite images taken in 1986 and 2010 were applied and geometric and radiometriccorectionswere made on the images. Using Fuzzy method, the land use images of the region were prepared for the two periods. Theircontrol accuracy and Kappa coefficient were above 86%and 0.78, respectively. Post-classification techniques were applied to detect the changes in theland use. The results indicated that the construction of Molasadradam has destroyed several range and agricultural lands (comprising 791 ha). Furthermore, the lands without vegetation in the region have increased (from 101.43 to 1618.74 ha). The rangelands decreased about 6% (from 9189.81 to 8622.9) and the agricultural lands decreased to about 1730 ha. The findings illustrate the essence of the environmental analyses prior to the construction of dams.

Nowadays, the risk of severe infection resulting from industrial sewage which contaminates the surface and groundwater resources of the country has become a national concern. Hence, finding solutions to address these problems before the occurrence of an environmental disaster in many parts of the country appears to be essential. Using plants which have the capacity to grow, adapt, and absorb metals is considered a clearing method in the ecosystems polluted with heavy metals. In the present study, the concentration of heavy metals in two plant species, i.e. Trapanatans and Phragmitesaustral, was explored in three (eastern, western, and southern) parts of Anzali wetland. The atomic absorption of the concentration in two essential (i.e., copper and zinc) and three nonessential (i.e., lead, cadmium, and chromium) metals was measured using the spectrophotometric method. The results indicated that the concentration of the heavy metals in the three parts of the wetland followed Cr Keywords: Anzali wetland, Industrial sewage, Spectrophotometry, Trapanatans, Phragmitesaustralis