نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 15 (پاییز 1394)

Equal access of human beings to health services has promoted health level for social activities and has created growth and development space in society. From the perspective of social justice the present study aimed to analyze health services of 24 cities of Khuzestan province regarding health indicators and using TOPSIS model. It was determined that Ahvaz enjoyed more favorable status than other cities of province. Then using Morris model the development level of cities was divided to four groups, developed, developing, least developed and poor and their distribution was revealed using geographic information systems. And considering all cities of province, results showed 6 developed, 8 developing, 8 least developed and 2 deprived cities. Regarding the results of coefficient variation, the highest inequality belonged to Bawi with 3.118 and the lowest inequality to Ahvaz with 2.194 and considering indicators, the pharmacists with 3.351 and care home staff with 0.274 had the highest and lowest coefficients respectively. Finally the results of Pearson correlation test showed there was a positive and significant correlation between the degree of urbanization and enjoyment of health indicators among the cities of Khuzestan province.

Drought is defined as lack of rainfall and increase of temperature occurring in any climate. Drought is often described as a creeping phenomenon because it operates gradually and in a partly long time its effects may appear after several years and with more delay rather than other natural disasters. Also its effects are non-structural. Therefore its damages are noticeable in different sections such as agricultural, social, economic and environmental parts, etc. This article aimed to study contrast strategies with drought in rural areas from the view of agriculture experts of Isfahan province.The research is applied and its method is analytic-descriptive. The statistical population of this research included 356 agriculture experts of Fars province where 175 experts were selected to perform the research using Morgan and Krejcie's tableand simple random sampling. The data collecting tool used is the researcher's questionnaire and its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts. Studying guide in a region similar to statistical population was conducted with 30 questionnaires and reliability of the questionnaire was determined 0.81 using completed data and special Cronbach’s alpha formula in SPSS software. Factor analysis model was used to analyze data. The results of this model indicated that the most important guidelines to contrast the drought of studied region included six components (economic diversification and payment of subsidy, empowerment and capacity building, local management for drought, reinforcement of risk management for drought, institutional building and reinforcement of independence of villagers and promotion of knowledge related to management of water). The value of variance and cumulative variance explained by these six factors involved 77.27 and eventually practical suggestions were presented based on the results of the research.

Monthly data of numbering trend of thunderstorm days connected to 50 synoptic stations of Iran during 1/1980 to 12/2010 were used to do this research. One matrix with dimensions 372×50 was created where there was time (months) on the rows and columns were located with place or analyzing synoptic stations. Nonparametric Mann Kendal test was used to analyze variance of numbering trend of thunderstorm days. The significance of trend at confidence level was 95% of test. The Sen Estimator was applied to estimate variance rate. The results of this study showed that the frequency of thunderstorms days of Iran experienced a significant variance during analyzing period. The frequency of thunderstorms increased on synoptic stations during most of the months of the year. The increasing trend of most stations located in northwest, west, north and northeast was significant at 95% confidence level. The extent and increasing rate of frequency of thunderstorm days in spring was more than other seasons. In contrast to other months most of western stations experienced significant decreasing trend in March. It seems that the reason of these variances in frequency of occurrence of this atmospheric phenomenon resulted from variance of reaction of synoptic systems of effective scale on climate of Iran. The increasing reaction of Siberian anticyclone results in other conditions over northern parts of country during spring and summer and it results in increase of thunderstorms occurrence over northern parts of country. Also decreasing trend in March is resulted by decreasing trend in Sudan and Mediterranean cyclonic systems activity.

Due to increasing population growth and urban development, solid wastes will be produced by daily activities of humans. They will be variable about both production sources and physical and chemical properties. Health burial of these urban wastes is the last stage of waste management which includes important and exact steps such as site selection, preparation and operation of site that each of them requires extensive study and proper planning and management in order to suffer the minimum losses in different environmental, social and economic aspects. Regarding this necessity in Iran, this research aimed to consider various aspects of proper burial of urban wastes in Miandoab. The research is applied and its method is analytic-descriptive. Library and field studies were used to collect data. SWOT model was used to analyze data, too. The results showed that there were seven strengths against ten weaknesses and also seven opportunities against nine threats in the studied region. In other words, fourteen strengths and opportunities and nineteen weakness and threats were recognized. Generally the region had unorganized situation and environment was highly vulnerable and it needed proper management and policies to solve current situation. Lack of proper places to bury wastes, high cost transportation and long distances from city are among the reasons that the related authorities do not attend to move this place's waste burial.

Urban Safety is one of the most basic assumptions of international community for anthropocentric planning. Passive defense against the dominant patterns of urban risk is the most important strategy to secure urban areas. Considering the importance of research and having development-applied approach and combination of applied and descriptive research methods, the present research was conducted in metropolis Ahvaz. Therefore, 32 variables of physical and social body were used to achieve the research objectives. They determined vulnerable situation of Ahvaz metropolitan areas from the perspective of passive defense. Finally, Using Vikor model and Gray relationship theory (GRA) and GIS, Visio, Grafer, SPSS and EXCEL software the data were analyzed. In the present study, the regions 6 and 2 of metropolis Ahvaz had the highest and the lowest vulnerability. Also region 6 with the amount of 0.928 had the most damage in passive defense approach based on GRA-VIKOR model of social body. And the minimum GRA-VIKOR model number of the physical body equaled 0.166 related to region 2 of metropolis Ahvaz. It should be noted firstly, in this study to determine the vulnerability the amount of influence of each index was determined. Then, taking into account both the weight and the distance from the ideal the amount of influence was determined. Meanwhile to have necessary planning and policy to reduce vulnerability, the conditions of VIKOR model were used.

Tourism as the greatest service industry in the world can play an undeniable role in development of rural areas. Therefore adopting a comprehensive and prepared program is required for dynamism and optimal development of tourism as an activity with several sections and different relations and complexities which is not only realistic but also prospective, guarantor the future and provider the needs of beneficiaries. In this regard the applied present research with its descriptive-analytic method collecting data using documentary resources theoretically and interview and distributing questionnaires between 100 tourists, 30 authorities and 261 local people practically used strategic planning method and its efficient tool, Swat technique, to present a prepared program and determine strategies for dynamism and favorable development of tourism in rural areas of Khaw and Mirabad having this hope applied programs to develop tourism are prepared knowing existing status without mental reviews. Selection sample population has been using Cochran formula between local people, and because of shortage of exact statistics based on the views of cultural heritage and tourism experts of the town between tourists and distributing questionnaires between all managers of related organizations of rural development and region tourism between authorities. The results indicated based on placing on international border and high activity of the market and region's customs competitive strategies and between them business tourism had executive priority. In this regard the future prospects of tourism development of the region and time schedules for implementation of these strategies were formulated.

Increasing population growth and wasteful development of cities, along with negative ‎consequences resulting from development approaches focusing on the economic growth and ‎emphasis on social aspects of development, have highlighted the element of life quality ‎as a criterion for assessing and directing development programs and policies and ‎strengthening new approaches with the focus on social development. Life quality studies are important because they can result in identifying problematic areas, prioritizing services to ‎citizens and devising management and planning strategies. Accordingly, the aim of this ‎study was to assess life quality in Yazd districts to achieve ‎sustainable development. The research is applied and its method is descriptive- analytic. Sample districts were determined using cluster sampling with several stages of research's statistical population(all Yazd districts). In this research required data were collected from households living in sample districts using questionnaires after estimating the sample size using Cochran formula equals 322 people. Then entering collected data resulting from questionnaires in SPSS software, the initial decision-making matrix was ‎established. In next stage the studied districts were evaluated in terms of life quality indices using Vicor ‎method which is one of decision making methods with several criteria. The results showed that life quality in different districts of Yazd was various. Therefore, campus community, Silo and Afshar were best districts and Maryam Abad and Charkhab were worst districts. Recommendations presented in this study can enhance the quality of life in ‎studied districts and other neighborhoods.‎

In recent decades, the lack of planning and preparation to deal with the consequences of the earthquakes in urban areas with high population density and lack of physical and social infrastructures have resulted in high volume of Casualties and financial losses. The basic need of earthquake's victims is shelter. Creating suitable places for temporary accommodation of victims is not possible after the earthquake. It is necessary to provide appropriate places for victims before the earthquakes. Determining the vulnerability of the urban fabrics before the earthquakes is one of the requirements that must be evaluated to predict optimal spaces for temporary accommodation after the earthquake. The purpose of this study was to predict temporary accommodation sites at different intensities. This research is applicatory and its method is descriptive- analytic. The used data were documentary and field. The results showed temporary accommodation sites have been predicted as optimal spaces for temporary accommodation of victims which include eight sites in earthquake with an intensity of 6 Mrkaly (Mellat Park, Wasteland located in the southern part of the neighborhood Amanollah, Green space of border of Kurdistan crossing and prayer, Shahid Chamran Park, Vanak Park, Behesht Madaran Park, Gholhak garden and Arghavan park), four sites in earthquake with an intensity of 7 Mrkaly (Mellat park, Green space of border of Kurdistan crossing and prayer, Behesht Madaran Park and Gholhak garden) and only two sites in earthquake with an intensity of 8 Mrkaly (Park Mellat and Behesht Madaran Park).

Kermanshah province has various morphogenic regions due to its special topographic and climatic features. The aim of this article was determining and identifying the morphodynamic and morphogenetic regions of Wurm glacial stage and the present status of Kermanshah province using Peltier model. The correlation coefficient and regression line equation of temperature and precipitation with elevation were calculated in the region and then the temperature and precipitation of Wurm last and present glacial stage were obtained using data analysis in SPSS, Excel and ArcGIS. The results showed that the elevation factor is the main controlling parameter of the intensity of the weathering process in the region by changing temperature and annual precipitation parameters. Studying morphogenesis and morphoclimatic areas in two periods indicates that the ocean area has been eliminated at the present time and there was no dried area in Wurm period and also the changes in the boundaries of different areas have not been the same. The highest and the lowest changes have happened in Sawn with 1200 meters and in semi-arid with 384 meters. Glacial regions boundaries were 800 meters lower than present. In a comparison between Wurm stage and present, the most decrease and increase extent of morphogenic regions have happened respectively in glacial areas with 127 times decrease and semi-arid area with 53 times increase.