نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 17 (بهار 1395)

Employment and unemployment are the most important issues to create a prosperous society should be considered, because the most important condition for the growth and development of any society is creating jobs. Therefore, the development, reduce unemployment and create sustainable employment as one of the major topics considered. This study is descriptiveanalytic, in order to determine Spatial analysis have been done the status of Golestan province in terms of employment indicators. In order to achieve the objectives of the 21 indicators used in the field of of employment the data usedwas prepared from the Statistical Center of Iran (Golestan Province Statistical Yearbook). For data analysis Statistical software SpssThe level of multi-criteria decision-making models for cities based on TOPSIS. Cluster analyzes is used link to display their distribution medium and Arc GIS software. The results show that the gap between the provinces of Golestan and much inequality there is a flammable indicatorsAnd this gap and inequality of the center to the periphery more. So that the city of Gorgan and 491/0 and 241/0 points with Rummy city most developedand the most deprived the city of the province have been identified. The results of cluster analysis also shows that the average link a total of about 8/42 of the city in a relatively high level, the level is quite high 28/14 percent, 21.4 percent and 21.4 percent in the deal are located in deprived. City and province the level of classified TOPSIS model suggests that Counties Gorgan, Bandar Gaz very high level, Azadshahr, the port received in the Turkmen and Kordkoy, Aq Qala, stigma, Ali Abad, Gonbad Kavos, Minoodasht and Mravhtph The relatively high level and Gomishan, Rami Vgalyksh are in the most deprived area. Finally, proposals presented to address existing inequalities in of employment in line with social justice.

Spread unplanned urban areas of serious environmental problems such as water pollution, loss of green space, increased air pollution and created. The monitoring of changes in urban areas and assess changes in land use in the study of urban planning and sustainable development is important. This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Rasht and identification of land use changes for future decisions, using satellite images taken between 1986 and 2014. For this purpose, using Landsat images (1986-2000-2014) and classified using maximum likelihood techniques and detection of changes in method of comparison after classification, urban sprawl and land use changes in the review period. Using Marklasyk the urban sprawl and land use changes and the main directions of development of the city was calculated. The results of this study from 1986 to 2014 about 3188 hectares in size urban areas added to the expansion of 3153 hectares of orchards and agricultural land, and 35 hectares of rice fields were destroyed. Meanwhile, about 170 hectares of rice and 108 hectares of rice paddies, orchards and agricultural lands to orchards and agricultural land use change data. Check expansion of the city in different directions also indicate the highest growth in the North and North East and South and South West have taken place. Growth in the triangular tabs around town show the main roads in the city of Rasht.

Spatial development - physical, uncontrolled urban growth and urbanization resulting in Karaj during 1335 to 1390 the population of 14,526 people in 1335 and about 2km square area of about 180km ² and a population of about 1,614,626 people become.The spatial development accelerated due Branch ecological resources, including agricultural land and industrial mineral soils, surface and underground water resources is heavily exploited. Rapid displacement of population, expansion of urban Aspral change uncontrolled agricultural lands and natural resources, uneven development, application, and subsequent social and economic anomalies, including issues arising from the development of urban space - the physical city is Karaj. The purpose of this study is to explain the process of spatial analysis of these issues. This research method is descriptive - analytical models using Shannon's entropy and Holdern and smart growth urban metropolis, Karaj during 1335 to 1390 has been analyzed. The results indicate that Shhrkrj from 1335 to 1390 the growth has been unevenly distributed in a separate core. Karaj growth pattern from 1375 onwards, growth has been rapid and Aspral. In 1385 the highest growth rate Aspral 24 percent. The density of people per hectare since 1375 to 1385, that figure dropped to 09/94 persons per hectare in 1375 to 52/76 persons per hectare represents an extension of the city limits. These statistics reflect the destruction of much of the best agricultural land in the surrounding.metropolitan.Tehran.

Indeed, Sustainable urban transport is smooth movement of vehicles, people and goods that meet the access and mobility needs and led to environmental sustainability and inter and intra-generational justice. The paper aimed at measuring sustainability of urban transport through comparative study of Velenjak and Tajrish. The research method is descriptive-analytic and at the first phase comprehensive indicators developed in three dimension namely economic, environmental and social. In order to measuring indicators we used key experts and local people’s point of views. We used AHP to analyzing expert’s views and questionnaires for investigation people’s perspectives. Finally, ANOVA test has been used for the analyzing collected data from expert’s view and two sample T-test used for comparative study of these indices in the neighborhoods. The findings indicates that environmental indicators in the Velinjak neighborhood are more favorable and social indicators have unfavorable conditions. While, the socio-economic sustainability in the Tajrish neighborhood is high but the environmental condition is unfavorable.

The study of desert dust and its suspension, transportation and deposition in environment are important issues with regard to global environmental changes. So, the distribution of dust and the way they can change, especially for dusts with extreme temporal and spatial variability, are being regularly monitored. In this study various methods of detection and zoning of dust-storm particles in Khuzestan province were compared. In this study, MODIS satellite images were utilized, because, these images have specific characteristics in identifying the source of dust storms. Initially the satellite data or satellite images were obtained. These images were captured a few days before and after the dust storm phenomenon in this area in order to identifying the exact origin of dust in this area. Maps derived from satellite Aqua and Terra showed that spatial variations AOD do not follow a certain trend, moreover, suspended particle variation in the air of western cities of Khuzestan were much more than other areas. The results showed that the highest and the lowest AOD index, almost in all cities, were observed in summer and autumn, respectively. Furthermore, the aerosol optical depth (0. 780±0. 22) in Ahvaz during the abovementioned period was above the average. According to AOD distribution maps in all four seasons in 2013, there was an increase in the amount of AOD from northeast to the southwest cities in Khuzestan province. There also was a decrease in the amount of AOD towards central cities of Khuzestan province in all seasons.

the Mehr Housing one of the largest national projects to provide housing for the middle class and poor society. Overall satisfaction is one of the issues that most residential building in the field of environment and proven study that is part of the life satisfaction And also stated that residential satisfaction is closely related to life satisfaction. In this study, the goal is the satisfaction of the Mehr Housing residents of Rasht be considered to fulfill the wishes and needs of the residents of the the Mehr Housing to be identified.
The purpose of applied research and research methods, descriptive-analytic approach of the survey research using questionnaires and interviews with people living in the the Mehr Housing project. The time this study was conducted in spring 1394. The population in this study, 18,000 the Mehr Housing complex residents of Rasht, which now number six thousand eight hundred families have been living in it. Using the formula to determine the sample, the sample size, 381 individuals were estimated. The questionnaire satisfaction of Mehr housing scheme the 5 index physical-spatial, structural performance, socio - cultural, economic and residential environment was divided into data analysis was performed using the software SPSS20. To investigate the hypothesis of the study and analysis of survey questions and no significant differences between respondents in each of the questions from the chi-square test (χ 2) and t (T) and hierarchical cluster analysis to group questions used is.

Population growth and the expansion of settlements in risky areas, the impact of natural disasters in various countries, especially in developing countries, has increased. Due to the location of the collision of the Arabian plate and the Iranian province of Khuzestan, earthquakes and lack of proper localization of its settlements And development on active fault, the province's zoning to identify areas unsuitable for earthquake risk Avoid the lack of human settlements in this area is necessary to mitigate risks in the future. Research and development nature - earthquake hazard zoning applications aimed at Khuzestan province to deal with the risks posed by this natural disaster has occurred. The first seven variables in the diagnosis of active earthquake zones, they are combined using FAHP model and seismic risk map was obtained. Results indicate that the seismic risk of the area of of Khuzestan Province, about 7 percent of the range (very low risk), 13% (low), 20% (average), 27% ​​(high) and 33 percent (very high high) and among cities, Andimeshk and Abadan have the highest and lowest earthquake risk.

The purpose of this paper was to determination of the effective factors in prediction of traffic created from urban applications in Neyshabour. This study has been performed by descriptive in the form of correlation of prediction. Field data has been gathered, in case of a questionnaire. The case study in poll section determine 60 person in basis of Morgan chart that were separated into two groups in each 30 persons between employees in urban administration and other people. Data that gathered in this way analyzed by use of SPSS. The results showed that number of employees in each land use or its functions, has undeniable role in increasing the scale of traffic production (P= 0/000), but other noted factors can’t predict it however urban lists are related to the scale of traffic production. The number of employees in each land use is also clarified in this research. We can say that urban administration have to estimate any amount of traffic before getting any license for land use change or localization and specific performance and also estimate its effect over the entire transportation net.

Culture is an important pillar of the society that through ensuring effectiveness in economic sense brings about effective developments in the society The purpose of present study is to compare the relative efficiency of Counties of Gilan and identify the efficient Counties, in terms Cultural development and productivity. Applied-analytical method was used and statistical population includes Counties of Gilan. Data Envelopment Analysis model is used to determine the efficiency ratio of DMUs and to distinguish efficient and inefficient DMUs. For the units that are identified as efficient by CCR-I model, Anderson–Pearson (AP) was used. For analyzing data, LINGO and DEAP software was used. Findings showed that 8 Counties (in CCR-I) and 11 Counties (in BCC-I) have been efficient. Final ranking is as follows (in efficient Counties in the CCR-I): Rasht> Lahijan> Astara> Amlash> Talesh> Rezvanshahr> Roodbar> Bandar-e Anzali
Finally, virtual DMUs were introduced as a pattern for inefficient DMUs. Inefficient DMUs will achieve efficiency if they can be promoted to achieve the conditions of their similar virtual DMUs.

For a precise study of polluted days in terms of persistence and stability , this paper statistically studies the air pollution of Mashhad.The data related to the pollution was provided daily by environment department of Razavi Khorasan province from 2003 to 2009. After collecting the data and specifying statistical period , the pollutants with the most impact on the air pollution of Mashhad ( carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide , sulfur dioxide , ozone and particulate matters ( PM10 ) were selected among these data for specifying air quality. Then , statistical analysis was made in order to specify persistence and number of the polluted days and finally , these results were obtained that the air pollution has been ranging from 2003 to 2009 with a reduction trend. In addition , during the desired period , particulate matters (PM10 ) had the maximum amount.The most polluted seasons of Mashhad are autumn and winter. In the terms of annual distribution , the year 2007 with 29 days had the maximum amount of pollution. December with 18 days has been specified as the most polluted and June the cleanest months of the year. In addition , after studying the number of polluted days with the persistence of two days and more , it was revealed that the years 2007 and 2008 were more significant in terms of persistence than the other years.