نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 18 (تابستان 1395)

Multi hazards pose a serious threat to human life. It can cause considerable damages. The evaluation of the expected losses due to multi hazards requires a risk assessment. Multi hazards risk assessment allow the identification of the most endangered areas and suggest where further detailed studies have to be carried out.
In this study, we aimed to assess the risks of multi hazard, Use of Quantitative event tree analysis in physical and human vulnerability assessment and risk mapping final (fire following earthquake). Analysis of data collected according to a combination of descriptive research and quantitative analysis. Quantitative risk assessment based on the Quantitative event tree analysis and HAZUS software. Domino effect in multi hazard vulnerability assessment based on event tree analysis. Two types of hazards will be assessed, namely earthquake, and fire following earthquake. The study estimated the direct physical vulnerability of buildings, Essential facilities And vulnerability to human (The casualties). The results show that the Study Area Most of the buildings in the study area (74%) has a low level of risk, "risk levels less than 10,000", 23.9% of the buildings in the study area has a moderate level of risk, "risk levels between 10,000 and 1,000,000" and finally (1.9%) buildings with an area of 639,660.47 square meters has a high-risk "risk levels than 1,000,000".

Resilience in the face of crisis, one of the most important theoretical and applied concepts in crisis management in recent years. This concept is widely used in the community is resilient. Resiliency is a way to strengthen the capacity of communities using it arises and definitions, approaches, indicators and evaluation models different about it is formed. The range studied in this research is Kermanshah Faizabad Neighborhood. Research method for descriptive- analytical and research the nature of, is applied with the aim of resilient to old texture Neighborhood Faizabad and finally formulate and prioritization strategies in this Neighborhood has been done. To achieve this goal, the experts and residents of the neighborhood were used. SWOT model to formulate policies and strategies for Prioritization QSPM model we used. The results suggest that neighborhoods defensive position and in an intermediate situation. In the final stage of the development of strategies to prioritize them, and that the results of this section indicates that the most important strategy, develop a strategic plan or direct the social forces affecting the rules for organizing textures and retrofit programs and improve safety in the face of environmental disaster is artificial and at the end of the resilient Faizabad neighborhood proposals presented.

The study addressed Mshginshahr County for ecotourism assessment, because of having ýnatural potentials, aimed to ecotourism zoning using fuzzy multi-criteria analysis in the ýarea. In this regard, data and information of 9 environmental criteria including climate, ýslope, aspect, elevation, distance from streams, density of vegetation, soil, lithology and ýdistance to faults was collected according to different library documents. Preparation, ýmanagement and analysis of data were performed by geographic information system ýý(GIS), finalized by zonal mapping of ecotourism potential in the area. Results of the ýzoning map showed that there is good potential for ecotourism in the area. Also, the ýmap has a suitable agreement with environmental properties of the area. According to ýecotourism potential zoning map, about 17 percent of the county had high ecotourism ýcapability and 72 percent of it had low ecotourism capability. Spatial concentrationþ þof ýecotourism suitable extents in the south, occupied by good ranges and forests, persuades ýus to prioritize the development of ecotourism in the zone. In contrast, domination the ýunfavorable climate and consequently poor vegetation cover in northern half of the ýcounty have decreased the ecotourism potential in this zone, so that apart from a few ýscattered locations in the north, most of the northern half of the county has low ýecotourism potential.ý

Tourism is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and activities during their stay at these destinations; it includes movement for all purposes, as well as day visits or excursions. The purpose of this essay is survey of comparative of psychological capital of rural areas in term of tourism in Ardabil County. This survey is functional type and its analytical-explanatory. The population of this study is over 269 persons were selected by multistage random sampling, and the tool is researcher's questionnaire. Formal validity of questionnaire was proven by expert panels. A survey with the same population with 30 questionnaires was held, and a finding by the use of Cronbach alpha formula in the SPSS software obtained stability was 0.79. Study results from t test regarding the Psychological Capital and tourism development of the two group show that there is no significant relation between the variable of hope independent variable (tourism development). But there is significant relation between the variable of self-efficacy, optimism, resiliency and self-confidence and the independent variable (tourism development).

Attention currently to health at the community level, the appropriate distribution of health facilities and effective use of these facilities is one of the main objectives of the plan will be considered at different levels. various criteria is used for measuring healthcares. Measuring of health indexes is the best way to understand health levels of a society. To plan for healthcare development in a society, first stage is to study the healthcare indexe. the purpose of this study is to rate EilamProvince by healthcare indexes, using an Analytical method. Required data is collected from Statistical Yearbook of Population of Eilam province, from year 1390. are weighted by Shannon entropy model and analyzed by Electro Topsis and Electre, Saw models. Finally, results combined together using Cope-Land model. Our results show a development level between -7 to 7, city of Eilamis 7 and city of Abdanan 5 developed , Eivan and Mehran Cities are partly-developed, and Shirvan, Cherdaval, Dehloran, Malekshaahi are developing and Darehshaher city -7 is not developed.

In all cities and developing city in the vertical and horizontal directions of factors are considered by managers and urban planners. This topic in the scientific literature dating back more than a hundred years.the cities took place. In this paper, to analyze the pattern of uneven development of analytical and descriptive statistics and studies the pattern of urban development in the area four discussed for the library and for an analysis of the methods quantitative and statistical data have been used. Shannon entropy models to analyze and determine the ugly phenomenon of the growth area that is close to the maximum value of entropy represents urban sprawl in district 4 of Tehran. To measure regional inequality in the region of variability index was used as the CV exception of green space, in other land uses high values ​​indicate that inequality and unevenness in the distribution and allocation of land in the region has clearly it shows. Method "Holdren" showed that 4/55 percent growth district 4 of Tehran, the spiral of bad dysplasia
Are.sprawl in the area.

This study with analytical descriptive method tries to evaluate the effects of social trust on advancing goals urban management towards sustainable development. To this end, based on Cochran formula, 360 questionnaire of and The Statistical population this study consists of a set of individuals (both male and female) is 18 years old and older living in Nurabad. After determine the sample size by using random sampling Simple, and that were completed in the period October-December 1393 questionnaires. In this study, the factors affecting of social trust in relation to urban management is divided into eight indicators That this eight indicators are divided to the numerous indicators to check the role of of social trust in advancing the goals of sustainable urban development. results obtained using correlation and multivariate regression indicate that the measurement of trust as an important explanatory variable in the context of sustainable urban management indicates among citizens Nour Abad. Institutional trust is an important factor in achieving its objectives urban management in will be stable urban future. Also among the independent variables changing urban management accountability, effectiveness of urban management and convergence urban management goals a total of up to 795/0 of variances in advancing the goals of sustainable urban management to explain. According to data that obtained from the questionnaire and analysis by multivariable regression was performed using SPSS software. The results show a strong and significant association between indicators related to social trust and advancing sustainable urban management objectives.

Learning a new phenomenon in the city, playing in cities, towns and regions of the world and potentially one of the strongest and most important movements of our turbulent times. This study examined the relationship between the factors affecting the formation of the learning is done in BONAB. From the perspective of this study, descriptive and survey and our objective is applied. One cross-sectional view of time and, in particular, is based on structural equation modeling. Which was conducted in 1394 in Bonab. Cochran unlimited sampling population size is taken. To measure the variables in this study and of the whole five-point Likert scale was used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential methods and variables correlation factor analysis and regression analysis were used. Software used to analyze the data, Spss and has been AMOS. Based on results of questionnaire analysis, it was found that the percentage correlation between the characteristics of learners and learning organizations Bonab (schools, municipalities, organizations large and small), respectively, to the 0.43, 0.64 and 0.26, respectively. Hypothetical Results II, III and IV showed that the characteristics of learners with educational centers (schools, training centers and universities of science and large applications), and municipal organizations large and small as learning organizations in direct contact and therefore no significant there.

Daily mean data connected to temperature of 11 synoptic stations and 15 climate stations in and out of Kurdistan province from 21/3/1961 to 19/1/2011 were used for doing this research. The temperature was interpolated on 6×6 km pixels by using Kriging spatial statistic for each day. One matrix with dimension of 18203×811 was created that time (days) was located on the rows and place or pixels in Kurdistan province boundary on the columns. The mean of monthly temperature was calculated separately for each pixel during different years. The monthly data of ten teleconnection patterns was extracted from NCEP/NCAR centre. The linear regression was used to detect the correlation between temperature and teleconnection patterns. The temperature correlation of each pixel with teleconnection patterns was tested in 95% confidence level. The results showed that the correlation between temperature of Kurdistan province and teleconnection patterns in 95% confidence level was significant during most months of the year. The extent of significant correlation was extreme in winter and autumn. In semi warm season the extent of significant correlation decreased. Among teleconnection patterns, the index of Caspian Sea (NCP) in 500 hectopascal levels and fluctuation of north Atlantic (NAO) in sea level pressure had noticeable influence on temperature of Kurdistan province in autumn and winter seasons. The correlation between mentioned indexes and temperature of province is negative. The positive anomaly of 500 Geopotential height level over Europe and negative anomaly on the western part of country, Caspian Sea and Turkey resulted in temperature reduction in Kurdistan Province.

negative and harmful actions damaged by natural disasters caused by climate change has been struggling.
The most frequent and severe thunderstorms this type of risk is that a lot of products each year Agricultural production facility construction, many areas of the world, causing human casualties And every year in our country's strength and weakness that we experience with this phenomenon. Kohgiloyeh due to the mountainous area of opportunity for the intensification and expansion of thunder storms is. n this study, severe thunder storms to explore Kohgiluyeh Boyer Ahmad, the code related to the storm Tndrydr period 1990 to 2010 the country was extracted Meteorological Organization. The sea level pressure data, geopotential height, humidity and omega of databases NCEP / NCAR downloaded software were traced GRADS. Finally, 70 of thunderstorms to investigate the source of moisture and synoptic factors causing these storms were selected and evaluated. The most severe cases were selected according to the criteria described in full detail. The results showed that the cause of the Thunder, the Sudanese system. Due to potential high humidity (due to the formation of the next hot water on the equator) and receive ample moisture from the warm seas of Oman and the Arabian and Red Sea are high potential energy. As a result of the release of considerable heat Badrrvy severe thunder storms on the province. It should be noted that the topography of the region in strengthening and intensification of these storms has been ineffective.