نشریه پژوهش های علوم دامی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

Data of Kermani sheep which collected during 2003-2009 were used in this study. The data included birth weight (BW)، weaning weight (WW)، six month weight (6MW)، nine month weight (9MW) and yearling weight (YW) traits. Estimate of (CO) variance component with the DFREML program and animal model with unitrait and multitrait analysis. In this study، fitting six different animal models and significant effects on the models were tested by likelihood ratio. In this breed، direct additive genetic analysis without other random effects result in overestimated direct heritability. underestimate the maternal effect especially، maternal additive effects، with and without genetic covariance effect، showed that a significant portion of phenotypic variance of body weight at different ages، especially before weaning due to maternal genetic effect. Estimate direct Heritability of the traits by univariate analysis was 0. 003، 0. 1، 0. 08، 0. 0006 and 0. 06، respectively. Direct heritability results by multitrait analysis was 0. 42، 0. 17، 0. 09، 0. 02 and 0. 11، respectively. Genetic correlation between BW with WW and 6MW were 0. 33 and 0. 15 and the correlation for BW and YW was 0. 09. phenotypic correlations between yearling weight، BW and WW were 0. 01 and 0. 09 respectively، and the other traits were negative correlation. This result indicate sever weight changes controlled by environmental conditions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of eCG injections on reproductive performance in Mahabadi goats during the breeding season. In this study ninety-six adult goats with ages of 2 to 5 years old and average live weight of 53. 5±5. 8 kg were randomly divided into three equal treatments. In all three treatments the goats were treated with CIDR for 18 days and after CIDRs withdrawal 300 & 450 IU PMSG were injected intramuscularly to goats of treatment 2 and 3، respectively and the first group was used as control. In animal estrus signs were displayed during the first four days after CIDR removal. Estrous response in all groups were 100 percent. During the experiment، goats were freely fed in pasture. The results of least square mean indicated that The average litter size in treatment III was significantly higher than control (1. 65 vs 1. 29)، but compared with treatment II was not found significant difference. Birth rates in all three treatments، was respectively، 87. 5، 84. 37 and 84. 37 percent، and not differ significantly. Fecundity for treatments I، II and III was 21. 78%، 43. 75% and 75%، respectively. There was no significant effect between treatment I and II but treatment III was significantly affected by both treatments I and II (P<0. 05). Kidding rate in all three treatments was 109. 37%، 134. 37% & 165. 6%، respectively. There was significantly differences between I and II treatments with III treatment (P<0. 05). The results of the study indicated that use of CIDR and higher doses of eCG in comparison with lower doses will increase fecundity and kidding rate.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the morphological characteristics of follicular wave in synchronized cycle in compare to the normal estrous cycle in dairy cattle. Ten Holstein dairy cows were randomly selected from the University of Tehran dairy herd and assigned in 2 groups (n=5). The animals in treatment group were synchronized with 2 intramuscular injections of prostaglandin F2α 14 days apart. Ovarian ultrasonography (B mode; Pie medical، Falco 100، 8 MHz) was done daily in control group between 2 consequently estrus and in treatment group after first PG injection until estrus following second PG injection. The data analyzed using SAS. T-test was used to investigate the statistical difference between morphological characteristics of follicular wave. The result showed that there were no significant differences between the size of dominant follicle (F1)، the largest subordinate follicle (F2)، mean large size of subordinate follicles، mean size of F1 (mm) at deviation، mean number of days from emergence of the follicular wave to deviation، mean number of follicles in the waves، mean age of follicles، day of emergence of the follicular wave، age of dominant follicle in synchronized cycle and normal estrous cycle (P> 0. 05). In conclusion، the results showed that there were not significant differences between morphological characteristics of follicular wave in normal estrous cycle versus synchronized cycle.

Semen collection and sperm evaluation are essential for successful artificial insemination. This study was conducted on 4 rams. Average age of rams was 2-3 years old (2 Ghezel Merino and 2 Merino Moghani). The aim of the present study was to evaluate seasonal variation in semen characteristics. After rams were trained to serve the artificial insemination، semen samples were collected weekly from august 2011 to June 2012. Semen ejaculates were evaluated for volume، color، non- microscopic mass motility، wave motion، pH، sperm progressive motility، percentage of live and dead sperm and concentration. Regarding to semen production، it was found that semen collecting time affected in all seminal characteristics during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Differences in genetic effect were observed significantly on almost seminal characteristics (P<0. 05) except volume and pH during in breeding season. Merino Moghani performance was better than Ghezel Merinos during breeding season. Ghezel Merino ram only had reproductive activity during non-breeding season.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of L-carnitine on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chickens. Two hundred day old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) assigned to 5 treatment with 4 replicates of 10 birds in each replicate were used in this experiment. Experimantal diets were: 1) basal diet; 2) basal diet + 150 mg/kg L-carnitine; 3) basal diet + 300 mg/kg L-carnitine; 4) basal diet + 450 mg/kg L-carnitine; 5) basal diet + 600 mg/kg L-carnitine. Results showed that adding L-carnitine had not significant effect on body weight gain from 0-21 d of age (P<0.05). But adding different levels of L-carnitine in diet had a significant effect on body weight gain during 0-21 d and whole period 22-42 d (P<0.05). Also had not significant effect on feed intake during 0-21 d and whole period 22-42 d. But adding L-carnitine in diet had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio during 0-21 d, 22-42 d and whole period. Result show that adding L-carnitine significantly increase the carcass weight, breast and leg meet (P<0.05). Adding different levels of L-carnitine in diet significantly decrease the abdominal fat (P<0.05) and decrease the blood cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and also increase the blood albumin and globulin (P<0.05). But it had not significant effect on blood glucose, total protein and HDL. The result show that adding L-carnitine in diet improve the broiler chickens performance.

For evaluating the effects of organic acids and phytase enzyme supplementation on performance and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens، 480 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were reared in factorial experiment 2×2×2، with natural grape vinegar (0 and 2%)، citric acid (0 and 1%) and phytase enzyme (PHY) (0 and 500 FTU)، based on completely randomized design with 8 treatments، 5 replicates and 12 chicks in each. The results showed that vinegar increased feed consumption and body weight gain in all periods)، While citric acid significantly decreased the feed consumption of chickens in growth and total period (P˂0. 05). Combine vinegar and PHY and interactions of vinegar، citric acid and PHY increased the body weight gain in growing period (P˂0. 05). Treatments didn’t significant differences in feed conversion ratio (P˃0. 05). Vinegar and citric acid reduced blood serum cholesterol (P˂0. 05). Vinegar and combine vinegar، citric acid and PHY significantly decreased blood serum triglyceride level (P˂0. 05). Citric acid significantly increased the blood serum HDL level (P˂0. 05). Vinegar، citric acid، their combination and interaction them with PHY reduced LDL level of blood serum (P˂0. 05). The VLDL level of blood serum decreased in birds fed vinegar and combine vinegar with PHY (P˂0. 05). While PHY alone didn’t significant differences in blood Lipid profile (P˃0. 05). In conclusion، use of vinegar، citric acid and phytase together not only didn’t have a negative impact on each other''s effects، but also in some cases they reinforce each other''s effects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of L- Glutamine on pre and post hatch growth performance، carcass traits، jejunum morphology and immune responses of broiler chickens. Four hundred eighty fertile Ross 308 broiler breeder eggs in a completely randomized design were used into 6 experimental groups، 4 replicates of 20 eggs each. Treatment groups were: non-injected control، sham control (sterile water)، 10، 20، 30 and 40 mg glutamine were dissolved in 1ml sterile water and then inoculated into amniotic fluid of the 17. 5 d- old embryo through broad end of the egg. After hatch، 10 chicks per each replicate were distributed in pens and reared up to 42 d of age. The results showed that the hatchling weights and overall daily body weight gain were 3. 6% and 3. 8% higher in the group given 40 mg glutamine than noninjected control، respectively (P<0. 05). At day 24، relative weight of breast muscle was influenced by embryo feeding of glutamine (P<0. 05)، but relative weights of liver، gizzard and heart were not affected (P<0. 05). Compared with untreated control، glutamine was enhanced jejunal villi height and crypt depth in 3 and 24 days of post hatch. By 40 mg glutamine injection، the humoral and cell mediated immune responses were improved. The results suggest that in ovo injection of 40 mg L-glutamine into amniotic fluid of growing embryo can improve hatchling weight، average daily gain، morphometric development of the intestinal tract and humoral and cellular immune responses of broiler chickens.

In order to investigating the effect of feeding different levels of Pistachio Pulp Silage (PPS) on feed intake، ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood parameters in Kermani sheep. Four male rams (32±2. 5 kg) were used in a replicated Latin square design with four diets and four periods of 21 days each. Five hundred kg of Pistachio Pulp was ensiled without any additive for a period of two months. Chemical composition of pistachio pulp silage and its apparent characteristics was also evaluated and used in experimental diets. The experimental diets were: 1) control diet (without PPS)، 2) diet containing 7% PPS، 3) diet containing 14% PPS and 4) diet containing 21% PPS. Ensiling of pistachio pulp did not affect on chemical composition، but total tannins reduced significantly (P<0. 05). Feeding 14% PPS in diet increased significantly dry matter intake (P<0. 05). Increasing amount of PPS in diet، the ruminal fluid pH decreased linearly (P<0. 05). Total protozoa population were changed quadratically and cubicly (P<0. 05) with increasing PPS in the experimental diets. Blood urea nitrogen decreased linearly with increasing pistachio pulp silage (P<0. 05). The blood cholesterol of animals increased with increasing PPS in experimental diets up to 14% and then decreased. In conclusion، PPS can be used up to 14% in the diet of sheep.

This experiment were conducted to study the effect of growth stage and silage process on chemical composion and dry matter digestibility. Therefore، the cultivation of sorghum growth stages (vegetative، bloom and seeding) was harvested. The chopped forage in bloom stage was used for ensiled. After opening the door of silo، sampling were taken from different parts. Samples (fresh and Silage) after drying، were grinded with 1 mm sieve size. Degradability of DM for fresh and silage sorghum was performed by nylon bags technique. The results showed that the DM، NDF and ADF increased with age increasing. Protein crude، crude fat and total tannins significantly reduced with growth progress (P<0. 05). The ash concentration was lower in flowering stage and higher in vegetative stage. Fraction “a” and “c” and effective degradability decreased as growth progress. Crude protein content of sorghum forage significantly increased compared to silage (P<0. 05). Tannin concentration in silage decreased significantly (P<0. 05) compared to sorghum forage. The results showed that degradability parameters of the fresh and silage forage were not significantly different.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of adding of Silybum Marianum plant (20، 40 and 60 mg/kg) on digestibility and microbial fermentation of Suaeda Fruticosa forage and protozoa species in the one-humped camel. Fermentation and gas production and estimated parameters were measured by gas production technique and in vitro digestibility was measured by two-stage digestion using two fistulated camels. To investigate the protozoa، samples were removed from the culture and after staining with methylene blue solution، protozoa enumeration and morphology were conducted in different environments. Protozoa analysis was conducted using factorial experiment and completely randomized design. The obtained results showed that the addition of Silybum Marianum to level 60 mg had significant effect on gas production potential of Suaeda forage (P<0. 05). Partationing factors، microbial biomass، efficiency of microbial biomass، organic matter actually degradable and cell wall degradability was significantly decreased in treatments containing Silybum Marianum in compared with control (P<0. 05). Ammonia nitrogen concentrations was significantly increased in treatments containing Silybum Marianum (P<0. 05). Adding Silybum Marianum increases the digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent insoluble fibers in comparison to control. Protozoa populations significantly decreased by treatments containing Silybum Marianum (P<0. 05). According to the result، two species observed in this experiment were Diplodinium Cameli and Epidinium ecudatum. Therefore، using Silybum Marianum plant caused to improve the nutritional value of Suaeda forage in the one-humped camel.

The aim of this study was to investigate the serum total protein، calcium، glucose، cholesterol، phosphorus، creatinine، urea and magnesium concentrations in the crossbreed ewes during late pregnancy. All blood metabolites were determined in 90 healthy Baluchi×Moghani and Ghezel×Baluchi ewes with single or twin lambs. Blood metabolites were assessed by spectrophotometer methods by using commercial kits (Pars Azmon، Iran). While serum calcium، glucose، creatinine and urea levels were lower، serum cholesterol، phosphorus and magnesium levels were higher in twin-bearing sheep، compared to single-bearing sheep on late of pregnancy. Mean comparison blood parameters among twin and single bearing ewes showed significant differences (F=4. 46، P<0. 05) just for total protein concentrations. Spearman correlation tests of the results among metabolic profiles showed a positive and significant (P<0/001) correlations between calcium and creatinine concentrations (rs=0. 3)، between glucose and magnesium concentrations (rs=0. 5)، and between urea and phosphorus concentrations (rs=0. 3). Also، there was negative and significant (P<0/001) correlations between total protein with cholesterol and phosphorus levels (rs=- 0. 28)، urea with calcium (rs=- 0. 4) and creatinine levels (rs=- 0. 55)، and glucose with phosphorus (rs=- 0. 46) and urea levels (rs=- 0. 37). It is concluded that the presence of significant correlations among blood parameters in pregnant ewes could be useful to diagnosis abnormal metabolic sates and pregnancy toxemia.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of soy oil sources، dietary vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation on serum and yolk total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) and contents and egg oxidative stability in laying hens. A total of 300 Hy-line variety W-36 laying hen with 44-wk of age were used. Twelve corn-soybean meal-based diets containing; 3. 5% refined soybean oil (SBO)، recycled soybean oil (RSO)، or acidulated soybean oil soapstocks (ASO) each containing two levels of vitamin E (0 and 250 mg/ kg diet)، or two levels of vitamin C (0 and 250 mg/ kg diet) were used in a completely randomized design trial with a 3×2×2 factorial arrangement. The yolk oxidative stability was determined on 3 groups of fresh eggs after refrigeration at 5°C for 1، 15، and 30 days. The results showed that serum concentrations of TC and TG، and yolk TC content were not affected by dietary oil sources (P>0. 05). Dietary inclusion of RSO and ASO، however، increased (P<0. 05) egg TG content. Although dietary supplementation of vitamin E had no marked effect on serum and egg lipid profile، supplemental vitamin C decreased (P<0. 05) egg TG. No interaction of dietary fat sources and vitamin supplementation was observed on serum TC and TG or egg TC. However، there was a positive interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C for yolk TG content، so that the presence of both vitamins had more reducing effect on yolk TG. On the other hand، 30 days egg storage decreased (P<0. 05) yolk oxidative stability and dietary vitamin E supplementation improved stability index. These results confirm the fact that egg triglyceride is more prone to dietary manipulation compared to egg cholesterol.

The aim of this experiment was to determine non-starch polysaccharides and true metabolizable energy of five wheat varieties (Alvand، Zarrin، Sabalan، Sardari and Azar2). Non-starch polysaccharides of wheat varieties were measured with Englyst method by spectrophotometer. Nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy of five wheat varieties was also determined with Sibbald precision feeding method. A completely randomized design with 24 roosters (Ross 308) at the age of 5 month was used in this experiment. The result of NSP content showed the total NSP، Insoluble NSP and soluble NSP varied of 9. 44 to 11. 96 %، 7. 10 to 9. 40 % and 1. 95 to 3. 15 % DM، respectively. The highest total NSP value (11. 96%) and Insoluble NSP value (9. 40%) were found in Aza2 variety، and the highest Soluble NSP value (3. 15%) was found in Alvand one. The lowest total NSP (9. 44%) and soluble NSP (1. 95%) values were resulted of Sabalan variety، and the lowest Insoluble NSP (6. 94%) was resulted of Zarrin variety. The TMEn content of wheat varieties varied from 3562. 32 Kcal/kg (Sabalan variety) to 3741. 64 Kcal/kg (Zarrin variety)، and TMEn content showed significantly differences as wheat varieties (P<0. 01). This experiment demonstrated that the metabolizable energy content of East Azerbaijan wheat varieties have a high variation and relative to method of cultivation.

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and ruminal degradation kinetics of dry matter and crude protein of poultry by-product meal (PBPM) of Ardabil province using nylon bag technique، in vitro DaisyII and the precision-fed cecectomized rooster. Chemical composition including dry matter، crude protein، ether extract and ash were 95. 27، 56. 5، 28. 67 and 7. 33 %، respectively. Degradation experiment was performed by two eunuch Moghani fistulated ram and incubation at times 0، 2، 4، 8، 16، 24 and 48 hours. Water soluble fraction (a)، slowly degradable fraction (b)، constant rate of degradation (c) and potential degradability of crude protein of poultry by-product meal calculated 27، 37، 0. 032 and 64 percent and also for dry matter 37، 41. 6، 0. 024 and 78. 6 percent، respectively. Effective degradability of crude protein and dry matter with 2 percent per hour outflow rate، were 50 and 59. 8 percent، respectively. These results indicated that poultry by-product meal can be used as source of undegradable intake protein while it contributes to an adequate supply of degradable intake protein that can be used for microbial crude protein synthesis. Intestinal digestibility of crude protein PBPM by use the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay was taken more than in vitro DaisyII.

This study was aimed to evaluate the seasonal variation of Cu، Ca، Mg and Mn in seminal plasma and their relationship with some of the semen parameters in Ghezel rams. The semen samples were collected from five rams using artificial vagina throughout a year. Two consecutive samples collected in 30 minute and collection was repeated with a 14 days interval. Semen parameters quantified immediately after collection are including volume، percentage of dead sperm، motility، sperm concentration and total sperm output. Seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation of semen. They were kept at -70°C until analysis. The minerals concentrations were analyzed using atomic absorption. The volume of semen، percentage of dead sperm and sperm motility were better in both consecutive ejaculations in autumn than other seasons. Concentration of Ca and Mg were higher in autumn (17. 7 ± 3. 3 mg/kg and 10. 1 ± 0. 2 mg/kg، respectively) and had significant differences with their concentrations in winter (11. 4±2. 5 and 6. 9±0. 8 mg/kg، respectively) (P<0. 05). Concentration of Cu was significantly higher in summer (2. 9 ± 0. 2) only in the first ejaculation (P<0. 05). Concentration of Mn was significantly lower in autumn in the first ejaculation wheras in the second ejaculats it was higher in summer compared to other seasons (P<0. 05). There were negative correlation between the concentration of Cu with semen volume، percentage of motile sperm and total sperm output and they had positive correlation with percentage of dead sperm (P<0. 05). The positive correlation were observed between Ca and Mg concentration with total sperm output، semen volume and Mn concentration with sperm concentration (P<0. 05). In conclusion، the result of this study indicated that، the season has an effect on the mineral concentration and semen standard parameters in Ghezel rams.