فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 35، پاییز 1396)

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) is one of the most important pests of vegetable and ornamental crops in the world. Generally, control of T. vaporariorum is based on the application of insecticides, but they are resistant to many synthetic chemicals. There is a necessity to evaluate non-chemical and low-risk ways against the pest. Accordingly, medicinal plants are promising because they are safe to human, eco-friendly and biodegradable components. However, chemical insecticides are an inevitable component of agricultural products. Hence, in the present study, we examined the synergistic/antagonistic interactions between Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze, Cuminum cyminum L., Ferulago angulata (Schlecht) Boiss, Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Origanum vulgare Mill., Satureja hortensis L., Trachyspermum ammi I. Sprague and Ziziphora tenuior L. essential oils with Proteus® against T. vaporariorum adults and eggs. Probit analysis of essential oils showed that O. vulgare and T. ammi were the most effective essential oils against T. vaporariorum adults that both exhibited LC50 values equivalent to 0.44 µL/L air. F. vulgare essential oil had the highest mortality against the eggs of T. vaporariorum (LC50= 30.60 µL/L air). All essential oils synergized efficacy of Proteus® against adults of T. vaporariorum. The inclusion of Z. tenuior essential oil with Proteus® led to antagonistic interaction against T. vaporariorum eggs.

The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauter (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is one of the most damaging pests in both cultivated pistachio plantations and on wild pistachio plants in Iran. Chemical control is a common method to manage this pest. Development of resistance to chemicals pesticides is widespread in this pest. Therefore, it is necessary to replace new pesticide for control the pest. Spraying of trees is one of the main methods to reduce pest populations which may increase resistance to pesticides and causes pest outbreaks. So it is essential to review the use of common pesticides and replacing with the environmental low-risk substances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contact and feeding toxicity of eforia and hexaflumuron as well as silicopotas fertilizer in different concentrations on the 5th instar nymphs of psyllid. The mortality of combination of LC10 of silicopotas and different concentrations of each pesticide was also examined. Results showed that silicopotas with lower LC50 in both contact and feeding methods (387.23 and 447.47 mg/l, respectively) is more toxic than eforia and hexaflumuron. The LC50 values of eforia and silicopotas in contact toxicity (16187 and 22533 mg/l, respectively) were higher than feeding effect. In contrast, the feeding toxicity of hexaflumuron (1890 and 2626 mg/l, respectively) was more than contact toxicity. When silicopotas was added to each of pesticide, toxicity was increased (synergistic effect). These results showed that investigated treatments have good effect on the mortality of 5th instar nymphs and could be used for control of the pest.

Walnut is one of the most important fruit trees in many parts of the world cultivating. In recent years, walnut aphid Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenb) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) is known as a serious pest of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Iran and other parts of the world. Recently, the damage of the pest increased high on walnut trees in Bavanat region, northern Fars province, Iran. Effect of some pesticides on the pest was studied during growing season of 2014 in Bavanat. An experiment was performed in a Completely Randomized Block Design with treatments including coconut botanical soap (Palizin® SL70%, 2000 ppm), garlic extract (Sirinol® EC80%, 2000 ppm), imidacloprid (Confidor® SC35%, 750ppm) and hexaflumuron (Consult® EC10%, 750ppm) and control with 4 replications. Samplings were conducted before spraying and five times after the spray at 3, 7, 12, 18 and 21 days interval. Based on the results on days of 1, 3, 7, 12, 18 and 21 after spraying, imidacloprid had the highest and coconut oil soap had the lowest effect on walnut aphid. As a result, imidacloprid is the most effective compound to control walnut aphid. However, garlic extract can be recommended as alternative compound with low hazard on environment and human health.

Grape berry moth (GBM), Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller) is the main pest of most vineyards in Iran and the world. Sex pheromone, it has played an important role in the control and detection of this pest. Many factors effects on yield pheromone trap. In this study, were investigated the effect of trap type and color, height, direction and base of placed trap, dose response dispenser in the field on trap efficiency. For this purpose, experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Mazdeh region of Khalilabad city in 2014 year. The results showed that, there was no significant difference in male capture between treatments, in trap height, direction, color, and dose response. The maximum capture was observed in 1.5 meter height (1.78±0.66), delta type (1.95±0.45), transparency trap (1.70±0.14), west direction (4.37±1.26) and 2 dispensers in trap (0.94±0.41). Also, the maximum capture was observed in traps placed on base vine (1.58±0.19). Based on this study, it is suggested for monitoring trap GBM, usage of delta trap with 1-2 dispensers in trap placed on west direction and 1.5 meter height on vine tree.

Phytoseiulus persimilis is the most effective natural enemy of Tetranychus urticae under greenhouse condition. Effects of this predatory mite on the rose spider mite were evaluated through three releasing methods i.e. 6 predator per m2, one predator to 10 and 20 of active stages of T. urticae on red and yellow roses varieties in Isfahan during Mid Dec. until late Feb. Releasing was applied when mean no. of 3 active mite stages found of 30% of rose leaves randomly. The factorial statistical method with three replications used to analysis data of the treatments. From each treatment, 30 leaves collected randomly at weekly interval. Eggs and active predatory mite along with active spider mite stages were recorded underside of rose’s leaves with the help of stereomicroscope. The first sign of predatory mite was found at third sampling week in all releasing methods. Mean and rate of spider mite infestation found from 5th week onwards at decreasing rate. Mean of 1.55 predatory mites in releasing ratio of one predator: 10 spider mites caused considerable reduction of spider mite population (0.36±0.25 mites/leaf) and rate of rose infested leaves (6.67%) during 10th week sampling. An increase on mean predatory mites (1.46±0.10) with 100% existence on all collected rose leaves observed at 10th sampling occasion. Comparing the releasing methods indicated that, the ratio of one predator: 10 prey mites with single releasing was the most effective biological control of spider mite under greenhouse rose’s condition.

Lobesia botrana, is one of the most important pests of grapes in Iran and the world. Currently, using chemical insecticides is a common method for controlling the pest. In order to reduce number of routine spraying, different types of pheromone traps (Delta, Funnel and Diamond) were installed in two vineyards (cultivated with nut and Askari cultivars) at various heights (60, 75 and 90cm from the ground) in factorial design experiment based on Completely Randomized Design with 3 replicates. Number of adult males of Lobesia botrana captured in traps was compared.. The traps have been installed at a distance of 50 m from each other and pheromone tubes were replaced every 40 days. The results showed that Delta traps installed at the height of 75 cm in cultivar native Askari captured more adult males than in cultivar nut. Therefore, we recommend Delta pheromone traps installing at the height of 75cm for monitoring and mass capturing of the grapevine moth.

Totally 13 species belonging to 11 genera and 8 families from 3 order were collected from soils contaminated by heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in 2014-2015. Among the collected species 10 species with asterisk are new for Isfahan province. The dominant species of soil contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons was Tyrophagus perniciosus. Occurance of large number of protonymph of this species indicates the adaptation of this species to petrolium contaminated soils. The dominant species of soil contaminated by heavy metals was Galumna rossica with frequency of 41٪. Number of Galumna rossica species had a direct correlation with lead and nickel concentrations of the soil. However, decrease in cadmium increased the number of G. rossica. The most common mites were collected in soils with average pollution level. The names of the identified species are as follows:

The grape berry moth Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff (Lep., Tortricidae), economically is one of the most significant pest of grapevine yards in Iran. This study aims to determine population fluctuation in two regions of Southern province of Iran), in 2015. At the same time, the host phenology omit, minimum and maximum temperature have been recorded. Investigations revealed that this pest has four generations in Daryon. The flight peaks of the first, second, third and fourth generations occurred in middle of April, early June, middle of July and late August, respectively. The mean cumulative degree day was 41.4, 173.95, 847.7, 1694.65, 2514.95 and with bud swelling, first and compressed blooms, bunch closure, ripe and harvest of host phenology stages, respectively .The pest in Kelestan has three generations and the flight peaks of first, second and third were observed in late April, late June and late August with the mean cumulative degree day of 22, 101, 748.5 and 1699, respectively. The host phenology stages were, bud swell, first bloom, bunch closure and ripening omit. Due to our investigation 6-8 days after second generation flight peak is on appropriate time to control grape berry moth.