نشریه جامعه شناسی تاریخی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1392)

The contribution of internal and external factors on the operation of democracies is one of the most controversial debates in democratization studies. General rules about the role of internal and external variables on democracies، due to their distinctiveness and specific identities، are hard to be established. However، historical examination could result in analyzing effective mechanisms of the variables’ effects، and knowing that mechanisms can pave the way for providing statements that are more general. Through analyzing the effects of dependency and the world system of economy on Iran، Turkey and Korea in a historical span of 1800 to 1961، this article attempts to explain the conditions of economic instability and failure of democratic consolidation in them from 1941 to 1961. The paper shows evidences on how the operation of democracies is shaped by the historical structure of the world system، their own path of history، and the interaction of internal and external factors.

“Military Service” was first established in the frame of kingdom armies and independent governments separated from the Church. In the beginning of modernity era، it could be a go- between for the government and the nation، and also a means to extend the then rulers’ and kings’ militarism. The social division of labour، technical progress and industrialization in the 18th century caused to the formation of modern armies as the first bureaucratic institution. But in Iran''s Pahlavi time، phenomenon was built as part of the modernization and consolidating Reza-khan''s autocratic state. Extetion of national identity’s elements and making obedient the traditional residents in Iran''s society against the unlimited autocracy of the state were possible by public teachings and extendable normalizing in the army،especially in the “Military Service”. “Military Service” and also the public disarmament gave this opportunity to the Pahlavi state to nationits basic rule byexpanding the military authority. Making integrated military and compulsory military service are the first intended and targeted attempts to create modern system’s civilians based on the nation - state theory.

The main problem of this article is Islamism as a social –political discourse. The hypothesis is that Islamism isa typical resistance against the hegemony of European modernity discourse. Islamism discourse، with political definition from Islam، attracts the forces of marginalized and excluded frommodernization discourse. This discourse suggests analternative model for communitymanagement through a new formation that offers from Islam. Islamism discourse challenges the European modernization in Islamic societies. With offering a political narrative from Islam، Islamists provide resistance forces against the hegemony of European modernity discourse.

Diversity and complexity of family structure and marriage in the Sassanid era is the significant and considerable topic that can be investigated. Emphasis on the continuity of generation، family ancestral and function of marriage in this world and the other world that caused this diversity and complexity، are the most important characteristics of Sassanid society. The old law limited the demand for women''s community،while the new law mandates that the Sassanid era represents tangible progress in their affairs and women''s rights issues. This article has studied marriage types، related laws with succession، and social – legal status of women. It seems that based on the social rules and privileges of marriage in the Sassanid era، women have accounted for the different tribal communities. However، the family publicly Sasanian society was firmly defined. However، the political and social events closer to the end of the historical period show that the improvement of the social and political status of women has been greatly promoted. On the other hand، if no descendant of the dynasty of the late sons for the succession is not considered as only reason، the increase in the understanding and promotion of political and social topics of women have been effective in their power demand.

In this article، formation of the first modern state in Iran has been studied within the framework of sociological analysis of agency and structure. Each structure is formed of joint actions،which will be the basis for future actions. Each action، on the other hand، also happens within a structure that can cause its contiouity or discontiniouity. In this article،the aforesaid dialectical effects have been reviewed in a way that social structures on the eve of the conflicts of modernity process in the Constitutional history of Iran will be the reason of social tensions and they eventually turn in to authoritarian political structure to overcome the crises by social forces. The theory construction of this study has been formed by the using of the theory state of «Bertrand Badie» and «Pierre Birnbaum»، and the research hypothesis has been extracted based on the relationship between social crises and essence of state. Data collection has been done by documentary method، and data analysis by historical method. The results showed that social crises accumulation in Iran and attitude of social forces towards centralism to overcome the crises of society have paved the way for a weak society and a maximal state in Iran.

Khaveh plain in the township of Delfan is considered as one of the important plains in the Central Zagros Mountain situated in Eastern Pusht-i Kuh and located between Garin and Sefid-e Kooh Mountains. In general، 36 archeological sites have so far been identified in this plain: the oldest of which relates to aceramic Neolithic Age، and the newest one belongs to the Late-Islamic Age. Among them، 20 sites contain relics related to the Parthian Period. The noteworthy discussions in the present study are mainly based on the activities performed at this plain during 2009-2010 in order to register and determine the boarders of archeological sites، and those carried out in 2011 aiming to identify and analyze the settlement patterns of the Parthian reign in this region. General perception and understanding of the settlement pattern in this region during the Parthian period is the results of this research، which represents demographic or settlement dispersion changes compared with the previous eras. Also it became clear that most of the settlements in the region were small villages or temporary settlements and no evidence of urban centers was recognized. Finally، the present study deals with the investigation and interpretation of the settlement patterns of the Parthian period in this plain.

From the ancient time، the land of Iran، because of its geopolitical location، played an important role in terms of cultural interaction between the East and the West. Infact، one of the most attractive parts of the world history is cultural communication and also political conflicts between Iran، Greece and Roman Empires، as representatives of the East and the West. According to historical and archaeological evidences، it can be claimed that، among the craftsmen of both nations، there was a clear understanding on mythical and religious characters of other side. So، on the basis of iconographical studies، this paper aims to focus on two mythical characters،Tishtar and Pegasus، as a sign of cultural interaction، appeared on two Sassanid silverworks. This study، finally takes a result that how Iranian artisan in Sassanidera had imitated the form of Pegasus appearance on the Western art and used it as a prototype to show Tishtar on his works.