فصلنامه نقد ادبی
پیاپی 33 (بهار 1395)

Semiotic Square, as a model trying to analyze and explain the foundation of signification, was ýfirstly developed by Greimas. This model is the logical outcome of the development of binary ýoppositions, and is based on the primary structure of signification. It was first used in the ýstructural analysis of narratives. However, Greimas, Rastier and some other members of Paris ýschool applied it in the field of semiotics of poetry, as well. Nevertheless, researches using ýthis model in the field of Persian literature are mainly concerned with its application in the ýstructural analysis of either prose or verse narratives, and as a consequence, there is no ýcomprehensive research which analyses the process of signification in poetry according to this ýmodel. Hence, after providing the basic assumptions of semiotic model, the present article ýtries to apply it in a semiotic reading of poetry. Therefore, at first the basic components of ýsemiotic square and their combination methods is explained and afterwards the internal ýorganization of the components of a poem by Attar, Mowlavi, and Hafiz is respectively ýanalyzed. Such a research not only provides the possibility of the analysis of the poem's ýstructure, and brings forth some of its latent perspectives, but also offers a reader-oriented ýmodel which indicates how a potent reader recognize and categorize the semantic ýcomponents of the poem so as to arrive at a better understanding. ý

In a number of Persian scientific papers in recent years, the character unconscious represent in the internal monologue and stream of consciousness narrative is mentioned, but knowledge of psychology have taught us that the contents of the unconscious have nonverbal, obscure and surreptitious essence and because of resistance from the human conscious psyche, they do not have a way to become conscious and Only perhaps someone like a psychiatrist or therapist can elicitate them through intermediaries like dreams, hypnosis and conditions such as trance or psychosis symptoms. Since the claim is limited mainly to Persian articles and books, the present article critically reviews the papers and their resources, and reaches to the conclusion that this error is sometimes caused by a lack of proficiency on theoretical issues and sometimes it is the result of citation to untrusted and second-hand sources. According to reliable sources who have provided the theoretical foundations of stream of consciousness fiction, the claim of imitating unconscious in this kind of fiction, unlike psychological and surrealistic stories, is incorrect and unscientific.

Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud, a story collection, written by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh is the beginning of modern short story in Persian. Besides the stories and tales of this collection which are also known as the very first attempts to write Persian short story, the foreword of this book is of prime importance in Persian literary studies and critical theory. One of the basic concepts and yet major concepts of this foreword is the fundamental concept of ‘literary democracy’. The analysis of micro-concepts and metaphors brought in this foreword may help us to analyze this macro-concept and hence enumerate the basic components which lay the foundation for literary democracy. It is possible to show how this macro-concept had been so much vital for the future of Persian Literature.
Keywords: Yeki Bud Yeki Nabud, Jamalzadeh, foreword, literary democracy, class, literary genre, novel, short story

Time is The Special Quality in the Literary criticism and 20th century stories. Georges Poulet is a criticizer of thematic criticism that devotes the foundation of his critical-philosophical ideas to time category and tries to study the perception of the writers through their story images. Hushang Golshiry is one of the modern Iranian writer that explains the identity of his contemporary human and their perception through his narrations. All of his story's Characters have challenge with time.
This article explains descriptive - analytic method and Poulet view to Golshiri's perception from time. Golshiri by using consciousness, interior monologue , the special order of sentences and timing the narrations deals to perception of present time. Images as staying in long queues, walking with people and tripes that related to personality atmospher, and with cross perceptions time and memorial, give to time interminable categories therefore repetings and persons memories and forgetfulness are basic categories persons Identity and them perception of time.This study Shows That Golshiri and his stories narrators want to find an eternal time through the junction of the present and past time. In fact the Interminable plots with symbols as pour out persistent and frequent water works and break up waves in pool indicate to contents of consistent seconds.

Since the first days of novel-writing in Iran (when the Constitutional Revolution occurred), Persian novelists have experienced various types of writing, from moderate to radical ones. Islamic Revolution, by changing the political, social, and cultural foundations of the society, paved the wayfor experiencing new modes of novel-writing. Appeared in late 70s in the Persian literature, postmodern novel, as the final moment in the development process of novel-writing,nowadays is an undeniable entity. Refusing to obey the fundamental standards of this genre, both in its content and using the methods of writing, writers of postmodern Persian novels have attempted to create innovations, in keeping pace with their international counterparts, and to experience new things. The epistemic background for this literary movement has been the postmodern philosophy. Postmodernism, in pursuing the opposition with Enlightenment reason and denying its autonomous subject, concentrates on language and discourse. In addition to describing the position of language in postmodernism, the present studyattempts to explain the rhetoric and ideological techniques in the postmodern Persian novels. Surveying the linguistic components of these novels in two levels of ideology and rhetoric, it revealed that these works of art more often employ rhetoric techniques and there isn’t any sheer ideology which rule over them.

The critical thinking is the integration of the knowledge attitude and practical skill. Today the scholars of Education believe that one of the most important aims of academic learning is critical thinking. At the present essay after an introduction about this subject, a short history of critical thinking with review of its concepts and definitions has been considered. Then the five principal parts of the critical thinking that consist: 1) Inference 2) Recognition of assumption 3) Deduction 4) Interpretation 5) Evaluation of argument has been explained. Thus, the inefficient educational systems – among them educational systems of Persian language and literature – that only transfer the information has been proved, the methodology of this hypothesis is evolution of the student of 1386 – 1389 language and Persian literature with Watson – Glaiser questionnaire. The result of this research is that the ability of critical thinking of 1382 has not improved .At the end , the manner of presenting credits has been suggested for the Persian language and literature for three Periods: B.A , M.A and PhD.

Up to now many bilingual editions, English-Persian, of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam has been published in Iran. The latest one has been done by Rooshank Bahreini which has been published by Hermes Publishers in bilingual series, and has run three printings. This is based upon A. J. Arberry's Romance of the Rubaiyat (1859). A. J. Arberry's Romance of the Rubaiyat elaborates on Edward FitzGerald's first edition of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859, congaing 75 quatrains), and tries to find the Persian equivalent for each quatrain. It is worth noting that A. J. Arberry's book is based upon the seminal book of Edward Heron Allen's book Edward FitzGerald’s Rubâ’iyât of Omar Khayyâm with Their Original Persian Sources, Collated from his Own MSS.( London, 1899). Miss. Bahreini has added an introduction to the A. J. Arberry's book which has some stark mistakes and sometimes is misleading. The present paper tries to make amends them.