فصلنامه مطالعات میان رشته ای در علوم انسانی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، زمستان 1389)

As a term either in education or in research, Interdisciplinarity throughout the world is known as a new way of knowing. However, the why-ness of its appearance and development is surely worth of exploration. Right now, one can find many explanations, mostly unsatisfying; and therefore, it is needed to use a pathological and phenomenological approach to go the core reason of its existence. As this study shows, “responsibility” could be assumed as the right core reason here. Paying attention to the changes in the interaction between individuals and society, it is just Interdisciplinarity which can make them responsible before the other. In this definition, Interdisciplinarity means to approach the borders of knowledge to find satisfying answers to the questions which could not be answered in a unique, isolated discipline. However, this is a planar blade: the interdisciplinaer might use it as an accuse to veil his/her weakness in his/her academic discipline, while, on the other hand, Interdisciplinarity could be seen as a normative ethics whose goal is to educate people to responsibly find answer to their questions in the area of interdisciplinary knowledge.

The present article is the result of a research concern in the philosophy of science in which ontological, epistemological and methodological questions about interdiscilinariness and political science are posed and examined. With this outlook, this article focuses on the question whether political science or the science of politics is a university major or an interdisciplinary project. As it can be inferred from theoretical preliminaries, an interdisciplinary project entails an epistemological arena (convergence and combination of majors) and practical dimension (cooperation). Issues such as the definition of political science, its subject, its problems, epistemological changes, modern era changes, necessities of life, modern chain processes, activity of social and multidimensional human, plurality of levels, relationship, mutual dependence and dynamisms have made the necessity of field exchange, multidisciplinariness and interdisciplineriness in political science an undeniable strategy. Therefore, political science is an interdisciplinary project; A concept whose theoretical and practical preference over the field of “science of politics” has been indicated throughout this article.

Historical background of the theoretical aspects of political science in Iran refers to pre-islamic period; but political science as an imported science was prevailed in the Ghajar dynasty era. This kind of science, entering in land of Iran, accompanied with the modernity. Therefore its content, method and all its problems are seemed to be set with historical implication of modernity and its raising place, i.e. western countries. Islamic revolution in 1979 caused a revolution in the realm of thinking. By putting special stress on Islamic values, it changed all Iranian life styles and started a trend in localization of academy and knowledge. In last tree decades we have seen a huge number of academic works on localization of political science. Some universities are progressive in producing such literature on the case, among them are Imam Sadegh and Bagher o Al-Oloum Universities. By defining and introducing interdisciplinaries, they could make political science have critical development in the field of localization of the political science. This experiences can be look forwarded as two applied cases for further investigation; so we can reach to an ideal type of Islamic knowledge and university.

The main goal of planning of political science courses, in addition to training and researching in politics, is enhancing the ability for analysis of political issues, whether domestic or international. The primary objective of all sciences is to expand human knowledge. The discipline of political science is a branch of learning that contributes to the growth of knowledge about politics and helps us learn about political systems and the political behavior of human beings. Research is an important skill required of all political scientists. Research means gathering, processing, and interpreting data. Political science is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary knowledge. So, to learn the skills of researching in politics needs both to conduct and to evaluate research. Students of political science are often required to take one or more modules in research methods. Designing and conducting a research project is usually taught in those courses. On the one hand, the base of political science is theory; on the other hand, question arises as to how we can interrelate and correlate between theory and technique. How we can make the political science more operational and functional? Considering the methodological lessons in B.A. degree of political science (of course in Iran) shows that they are marginal and inadequate. The diversity of academic styles in methodology is ignored, and the existing problematic of the hegemony of methodological monism persists. Given the multi/interdisciplinary nature of political science, the author of this paper suggests that a group of methodological modules in political science be planned. The proposed modules are: the nature and entity of research in political science, qualitative methods in political science, quantitative methods in political science, history and philosophy of science, philosophy of social science, technical writing and research /scientific paper in political science, information seeking skills (library and search strategies in internet), and research workshop in political science.

Disciplined Survey of Multidimensional Phenomena Such As World-Wide Legal Phenomena, Calls for The Extension of Conceptual framework and To overcomes Epistemological /Methodological Dogmatism of International Law and Its Analytic /Imperative Logic, Prevails On Ontological / Epistemological Aspects of The Progressive Science of International Law and Its Pluralistic Methodology that has Reduced to the Collection of Non Sanction rules, and So It has Modified To Phenomenology of States Will. Regardless of The Fact, The Application of Systemic Approach to Untested International Law Domain, Per se, Is Faced To Various Epistemological / Ontological Controversies and Methodological Challenges, However Epistemological Prerequisites Calls for In Regard to Rethinking Capacities of Systemic Explanation of International Law, Its Status and Its Place Draws In The General System of Science So That Publicists Can Distinguish Its Analytic And Imperative Logic of International Law From Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Sciences. To This Purpose, It Supposes That International Law Is Organic Totality (Wholeness) and On The basis of Systemic Analysis, International Law Is Analytic and Interactive System. In the First Level of Analysis That Concerning To Theoretical and Scientific structures of International Legal Science Will be Explained And Analyzed The Methodology, Patterns of Explanation, Legal Language, Making Theory Process, testing Theory, and In The Second Level of Analysis That Its Aim To Explain The Ontological Dimension of International Law It Will Be Analyzed Interactive Modes Of International legal System Which Is constituent Synthesis of Legal Institutions, Norms, Styles, Procedures and Mechanisms That Will Be Studied In External – Internal /Boundary Patterns of Interaction

In the most excellent attitude, the aim of nation-building is to form a wise nation. Achieving this important aim requires utilizing varied studies and specialties which makes it necessary to use interdisciplinary studies. These are studies which continuously actualize an evolving nation’s notion in future. On this basis, the dynamic nature of nation-building process in the light of acquired vision by varied scientific disciplines is scrutinized to make it possible to form a good nation building process in the light of governance approach in the context of political and administration science disciplines.

The conception “Transition” is one of which is commonly studied and examined in theories of modernization and development. Some scholars of development use the standards of economics, politics and culture, and see the linear transition from a traditional society to a modern one and by dividing the phase into three steps, describe some feature for transition. However, this attitude has some difficulties, in which the most important is that it emphasizes on material aspects and neglects the factors which cause formation of political thoughts in a society in transition. This study while uses Max Weber’s approach, re-defines concepts of traditional society, society in transition, and modern society. Findings indicate that disconnection between the social and political facts, in one side and the intellectual responses in another side or incapability to face the current facts lead to transition of society. The most important feature of a society in transition is crisis of meaning. There is correlation between this crises and formation of political thoughts. In fact, political thought is part of the intellectual responses to the crisis of meaning which is prevalent in the society. So, “transition” as an academic concern needs an interdisciplinary view to be discussed and analyzed; therefore, it requires courses like political theory, political sociology, and even anthropology to combine and analyze the conception of transition.