نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1388)

Many of the contemporary Persian poetry collections such as Akhavan Sales's 'Winter' and Shafi-ee Kadlani's ' Neyshabur Countryside' belong to 50s and 60s. One could say that, before the Islamic revolution, Iranian contemporary poetry has witnessed one of its most fertile periods. After the glorious Islamic revolution in 1978, this trend halted for a short time. (i.e. until 1983 when 3 poetry collections of the holy defense were released).The reason could be the atmosphere created by the revolution. Before that, based on the notion of 'the obligation of art and artists', the poets considered themselves as a means for changing the socio-political situation, but with the changes caused by the revolution, they no more felt that obligation. That is why, some poets like Akhavan Sales terminated their poetic activities, while some like Shafi-ee Kadkani perceived the importance of their being and the need for a revision.

Lyric and epic literature, are among the most important and primitive literary genres which are not only used by Iranians but also other nations of the world. The author has studied ghazzal as an important lyric form and the influence it has derived from epic throughout history.Islamic Revolution left a great impression on Iranian literature, among which, revival of classical forms in post-revolution era and during holy defense could be mentioned.After the revolution, ghazzal reappeared with a different face. This classic form of Persian poetry used to express deep sentiments, was affected by the socio-political events of the revolution. It was combined with epical elements, and ended in the appearance of epic-ghazzal. Farid is a prominent Iranian poet of revolution and holy defense. In his collection of poems titled ' The Fairy of Stars', he has clearly shown the combination of ghazzal and epic. His epic-ghazzals are beautiful examples of this type of revolution literature form.

This article studies different resistance features in the poems of Ahmad Matar, the contemporary Iraqi poet. In this article his biography is touched, while unique aspects of his hometown are stated. The effective resistance features used in his poems such as exile, patriotism, Palestine, Qods, national obligation, Lebanon, Iraq –the land of glorious past-, the children of stone, freedom & strife and U.S. domination are enumerated.

Using symbols is a salient feature of Arabic poetry. To awaken the sleeping conscience of his countrymen and in order to retrieve the humane values among them, the Egyptian poet, Amal Donqol (d. 1983), appealed to Arabic/Islamic heritage and myths in his poems which served as a mirror reflecting all factors behind deprivation and disappointment of Arabs in the time of being. Resorting to great figures in history, he attempted to engender the spirit of resistance in his nation. Most of his characters appear as revolutionary and rebellious in a way that they never give in to the existing conditions, even if their effort ends in a defeat. It seems that Amal Donqol conceals his personal tendencies behind such characters. As a result, he has chosen symbols which, despite all disappointments, are always tinted with something of a resistance. That's why the critics have called Donqol ' The poet of Revolt'.

An outstanding feature of Persian literature is that it is full of mystical themes which are tied inseparably to Farsi prose and poetry. A majority of our poetry is composed of poems that include mystical concepts. An event that affected our contemporary poetry was the Iran-Iraq war of 1980s.Responsible Iranian poets did their best to depict heroic epics of this period. As a result, a new form known as 'Holy Defense Poetry' came into being. An important theme of this type of poetry is mysticism. By studying and analyzing the poems of ' 'Holy Defense', the authors try to prove that the poets use different mystical themes in their works.

The book 'Likable War' by Saeed Tajeek, contains his satirical and humorous memoirs on his attendance in the eight-year war. Without a diary and depending on his strong memory Tajeek has given a detailed account of events and characters in a humorous tone. What has made his book interesting and readable is a combination of situation and expression humors.

The resistance literature is born from quarrel and war between two armies. The history of this quarrel returns to the birth of human prototype. Here, the literature as a social institution uses the language as a means of communication to depict individual and group endurance. The contemporary critics believe that the most important literary outcome of the war between Zionists and Arabs is the birth of resistance literature.Ebrahim Towqan Nablusi is among the most famous poets in Palestine resistance whose poems are mostly devoted to resistance. several of his poems are about the martyrs and the disabled.In this article, we want to show how Towqan has portrayed the martyrs and what traits the martyrs own. The authors have enumerated 23 features for the martyrs after analyzing Towqan's poems.

Considering the spread of the concept of resistance literature in modern world and especially in Persian-Arabic contemporary literature, and the special uniqueness that this genre has taken in cotemporary world and also scrutinizing the principles of Iranian and Arab resistance, one could get a clear image of the foundations and principles of Iranian and Arab resistance literature, by analyzing to the possible extent, the factors which caused this genre to from and emerge.The author has touched the issue of renowned personages of 'resistance literature' in Iran and the Arab world along with a brief survey of important myths and symbols of the genre that writers and poet utilize in expressing their thoughts.

In resistance literature, the novel, takes advantage of different and assorted forms, in a realistic atmosphere. It uses 'flashback' method to express the events of holy defense and show the bravery of Iranian heroes. Entanglement of the action of the novel with the feeling, sentiment and experience of the narrators, has made many events enter their minds under the influence of association before being expressed as a story.In 'Da'- an impressive novel of resistance literature- the writer and the narrator, who are affected by the spiritual atmosphere of the story, take advantage of different techniques to create the novel. In this article, the author has paid special attention to the position and role of association in reminiscing events and reshaping them and has shown the principles governing its role, background and application.

A prominent feature of Palestinian resistance poetry is to defend the Palestinian existence and identity against the occupants. That's why poets of resistance have used different artistic devices such as myth to give their poems a deeper meaning.Modern Palestinian poet, through his familiarity with western culture and literature has artistically used myth- a tale created by imagination and national tradition- in his poetry.'Ezz-Eddeen Manasrah', the Palestinian Poet-refugee has deployed myth to show the chaotic Arab-Palestinian situation beautifully. The myth used in Manasrah's poetry features 'endurance' and hope applied to the hidden structure of the ode.He has paid attention to ancient Arab and religious myths such as 'Imruul-Qays', Christ, Hajar, Ishmael and ancient Greek myth of Adonis and Hovres. The poet has an amazing ability in creating mythical images of historical facts. He mythically represents facts that contain Palestinian identity such as Canaan, Hajar and Christ to call Palestinians to genuine identity, hope and endurance.

If Palestinian poetry is divided into three sections; Palestinian refugees, fedayeens and cries for the release of Palestine, it will be revealed that, after 1967 when Palestinian Resistance Movement showed its extensive presence to fight against Israel, invaluable poems have been composed in this regards.After 1967, Mahmood Darvish, a poet of Palestinian Resistance (1941- 2008), gained fame. His poems can be categorized into three artistic stages: early stage with 'Wingless Sparrows', middle stage with 'Olive Leave's and genuine maturity stage with 'Lover from Palestine' and so on. He considers a step backward as a ten-step jump forward and with a love in his heart addresses his anguished compatriots. "We will capture the seven heavens." He cries out.With regards to the fact that Mahmood Darvish's poems are considered as the beating pulse of contemporary Palestinian literature and have been developed among the cries of refusal and echoes of bullets and cries of refugees, the present paper studies to depict aspects of resistance literature such as; national identification and patriotism, arousal of national zeal, opposing against lasting oppression, threats/advices of enemy and enhancing hopes in his poems.