نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 3-4 (پاییز 1389 - بهار 1390)

Abul-Qasim Shabbi, the revolutionary and tormented poet, is considered as one of the pioneer poets of temporary Arabic poetry. By the means of rich poetic senses and powerful locution, he creates sublime concepts as well as profound and eternalthemes of humanity within his poetry. His poems are excellent examples of Resistance Literature. Concerned about his nation's destiny much more than his own future, he wants to rise against atrociousness but pen is the only weapon he is armed with, so he expresses his will through his poetry. The poem "Eradat-ol-Hayat" is one of the best Resistance poems gaining global fame. It is also an inspiration to suffering nations around the world. Life is defined as acknowledgment, awakening of thought and moving toward the overall reformation in his poetry. Henceforth, he invites everyone to fight and resist against ruling injustice as well as hoping for a promising future. He, also, warns enemies against defeat and friends against negligence.

Holly defense literature, regarding its divine and idealistic identity, always precedes other literature in describing divine worldview. In the era of technology, industry, communication and media, it is the symbol of divine value which summon human’s nature to accept divine worldview. “Soft Soils of Kooshk” is a kind of personal biography and is the result of Saeed Akef’s attempts to know the martyr Abdolhossein Bronsi. In the present article, the writers introduced the character of martyr Abdolhossein Bronsi through the content of his memories in the above mentioned book and analyzed the mystical and moral principles of his character. In this writing, beside expressing some principles of mysticism and morality as well as defining them, some attention was paid to practical aspects of these issues in Bronsi’s personality. If the ultimate goal of each human being is to attain perfection, then undoubtedly, Bronsi attained whatever he decided to.

Among different manifestations of the music of the poetry, its intrinsic aspect can be referred. The intrinsic music is the result of harmony, combination of words, and particular reverberation of each letter in conjunction with the others. Many of the literary devices, such as pun, Epanorthosis, Anadiplosis, Phoneme adornment, chiasmus, etc are all suggestive of a kind of repetition. Farid, adopted by Ghader Tahmasebi as his pen name, is among the poets of the revolution & holly war. Through years of 2006 and 2007, his three poetry books has been published as: Fairy of the Stars (collection of lyrics), Fairy of the excuses (collection of odes "masnavi"), and (those who has become) Fairies (the collection of Nimaian poetries). In the present study it was tried to examine Farid’s poems of these three poetry books, in regard to their intrinsic music. Repetition, as essential foundation of the intrinsic music in the works of Farid, remarkably appeared with different manifestations.

Contemporary resistance literature of Iran is divided into threesections: Mashrotiat (constitution revolution), Pahlavi era and Islamic revolution. One of the pioneers of contemporary resistance literature is Mirza Mohammad Sadeq Adib ul Mamaleke Farahani. He was a poet, literary scholar and journalist in whose social and political poems, motifs and themes of resistance literature can be seen. Of course expression of these themes is not consistent but after Mashrote and disappointments from Mashrote, these themes obviously have more frequency. After mentioning an express summary of life and situation of Adib ul Mamalek and his political and social poem, this article dealt with themes of resistance literature in his poem such as: patriotism, apposing against oppression, expressing disgust to enemies, inviting to national and Islamic unity, criticism to disordered political situations, elegy to martyrs of freedom and other themes and motifs like these.

A study the "Implied Reader" is one of the best approaches to analyze the works in children resistance literature. Chambers believes that we need to recognize children as a “reader” in children’s stories. This paper used Chamber's theory to analyze "the implied reader in the book", in three stories of A. Akbarpour which were based on war (If I were a pilot, Good night Commander! And The Heavenly Frame). With this approach, some significant issues could be understood such as the characteristics of the implied reader in these stories, aware or unaware view of the writer toward the children, and finally the reasons of the popularity of some special works. The finding revealed that the writer tried to picture new experiences of the holy war by approaching the children’s different world. letting children participate in the events of the story and accompanying them, he create a situation in which children could take part in the creation of the story and have great impact on the events related to this war.

Every Character has a definite role in transmitting the message and content of a story. The roles mutually affect each other and create a connective and uniform whole. Some characters, especially those at the beginning of the story, affect the way in which main characters familiarize with the aim. The main problem is that if this role exists in Holy Defense stories or not. In Holy Defense literature, does the main character familiarize with the aim on the basis of other guidance, directions and motifs or does it have another form? The point is to clarify the motifs of deeds and thought pattern of the main character. This shows the significance of the role and obvious individuality of the main character. To explain this, the Actant model of A.G. Greimase was applied. This model shows the characters’ relations based on their role and function. According to this model the person or persons send the main character on a mission with the common purpose. The main Actant in this duty faces with the aid of the agreeable or enmity of the disagreeable persons. Accomplishing this mission and achieving the aim have some profits and consequences for him, a sender or others. According to this model, the main character is sent on the mission by the guidance of the sender who is familiar with the necessity and importance of the purpose. Being aware of the purpose, a sender is of great importance. In this article, it was tried to answer the followings questions: Does this role exist in Holly Defense novel or not? If it doesn’t so, what is its effect on the though pattern of the main character? According to this and based on the model, a sender’s role in four Holly Defense novels– Ermia, Travel in 270 degree zone, Blue moon Mondays and Sparrows knowing paradise- was analyzed. The conformity of the model revealed that in these four novels, the sender played no role and theoretically the person or personshad not have any effects on the main character, so the main character went on the mission voluntarily. In other words, the sender’s role mixed with the main character and both had one representative (main character). The difference between novel and tale, historical period of the Holy Defense, and the nature of the aim were among the reasons of that.

This research aimed at studying and compiling the documents eight-year Holy Defense of Kerman province. This research was done by experienced and professional researchers and the method used in this study was qualitative and research-based. The dataconsisted of 120,000 records of eight-year Holy Defense including wills, letters, reports, personal notes, memories, pictures, books, cassettes, films and lots of other things. All of these documents were formed in Islamic Revolution and during the holy defense era and collected from those organizations and people related to that. These documents can be considered as a vast source to do a variety of researches into the domain of the leadership’ role, people, sociology, psychology, beliefs, history, creed, factors of weakness and power, and also the reasons of defeat or victory of those meddlers in war. Moreover, these documents can form an important basis of formulating a theory about war and defense against aggressors who invade nations.

Undoubtedly, the shocking events such as wars which destroys the history of a nation, has had an effect on the literature and arts of that region. After the imposed war in 1360s, a great deal of war stories have been published in Iran which some of them could find a suitable position among readers and critics. The novel “Chess with Resurrection Machine” is one of the allegorical works which tries to direct the readers to the comprehension of the concept in the deep layers beyond the apparent conflicts and struggles reflected in the story by avoiding just keeping a diary. This novel has a special importance for various reasons such as mixing the writer’s imagination with the historical documents and personal memories, avoiding absolute look at the war and confronting it idealistically, expanding the thoughtful insight regarding the existence and human. However, some of the successes of this novel have originated in the employment of novel elements.

The short story of holy defense in the previous decade has been progressed a lot in the area of application of the new elements and techniques of story writing. By analyzing the special elements of the corpus of these stories, their artistic aspect could be revealed. For studying techniques in these short stories, the elements of conflict were analyzed which was one of the most dependent elements on the Plot. In this research, first of all Robert McKee’s pattern about three layers of conflict was presented, then three short stories of holy defense named Haaniye written by M.Normohamad zadeh, Darya gholee by Z.Moshtagh and Wake in hell written by D.Amiriyan from series of short stories of the national story writing contest named YOSEF (1385) were surveyed based on the three common characteristics of the narrative function of conflict which were physical, emotional and time factors to show the techniques applied in these stories. The finding of this research revealed that the writer of the abovementioned stories used the suspension techniques in three levels of inter-personal, intrapersonal and extra-personal conflict to show the initial imbalance in the narrative of the story. Therefore, it was obvious that these writers by applying the three levels of conflict as well as dramatic expression of the story described the details and changes of the characters.

Resistance literature is the most important cultural entrenchment of those countries under foreign dominance. Resistance literature especially poetry in Iraq which is a reaction to the despotic rules indicates the literary and mental values as well as the specific artistic experiences in the works of the poets of these countries that not only can they be regarded and analyzed in contemporary Arabic poems but also they can be a pattern for devoted resistance literature of other nations. The present research aimed at studying the resistance elements in the poetry book of (the censored) written by Javad Jamil, the contemporary Iraqi poet. The findings of this research indicated that despotic rules were of the main factors of the occurrence of resistance elements in the poem of Javad Jamil. The main themes in his poem were the land, people, insurgence against injustice, Shiite motivations of combat, adoration of liberals and martyrs, and hope for a promising future.

Joseph Al-Hashem is one of the prominent contemporary Christian poets of Lebanon. He presents a link in the in depths of his committed poem of resistance between Christian thoughts and religions Islamic values. This capable poet has managed to link the friendship and praise of the Household of the prophet Mohammad (Ahl-ol- Beit) (PBUT) with the resistance and fortitude of Palestinian and Lebanese people in his committed poetry. The dominant thought in his poetry is that he summons the religious and historical characters in Shiism and criticizes them for comprising with, or surrendering to the Zionist Regime of Israel. In this way, he wants to stimulate hope and patriotism among The Islamic Nations as well as inciting them to fight against the occupiers. Most of the thoughts that the poet presents in his odes are drawn from the wisdom and the lifestyle of the Household (PBUT). These kinds of contents from a Christian poet are admirable and valuable. The fundamental bases of this paper were as follows: 1. A preface about the basics of the research and introducing the poet’s stance, and a glancing reference to some of the contemporary Christian poets who had managed to relate the committed Shiitic literature to the resistance literature.

Famous resistance literature has always been the great scene of credit, self-sacrifice, and the bravery of the courageous people. Some of the poets of this arena have had a great influence on the process of creating beautiful imageries and dynamic imaginations. With their hidden perception and brilliant innovation, they have created lasting messages and animate speeches. One of the incredible and stupendous events of our time is the imposed war and the 8-year holy defense. Some poets by narrating the war scenes and events have tried to defend its heroic and honorable nature and have made their contributions to it. Total of terms, imageries, allusions, symbol, and certain element could be seen in these poems which contribute to the imagination of poets. In this article, it was tried to analyze the imageries of resistance poems according to the new criticism with a new insight based on Gilbert Durand method and reveal the main stream of the creativity, individuality, nature, reality and originality of these imageries to determine their origin.

During Holy Defense years, poetry was on the scene as an influential weapon, and it praised and recorded the defenses and epics. War came to an end but its consequences have remained in people’s lives. Gheisar Amin Pour was in close touch with the soldiers in the battlefields and this connection and familiarity made him a pioneer of the holy defense and revolution’s poets. The issue of commitment could be seen clearly all over his poetry. He was committed to the society and the belief of the people. Moreover, he is one of the poets of this era who has created a change. In the poetries of this era, great linguistic and thematic difference could be seen comparing the past. His own poetry has also undergone some changes to the extent that some believed he put aside his previous belief. However, it has to be said that Gheisar Amin Pour was a committed and revolutionary poet who was devoted to his belief till the end of his life.

Imam Ali is among a few personalities whose life, deeds, words and action have stayed constant for people as a model in different areas and eras. His military policy and its relevant issues and subissues have put up lots of arguments in about five years of ruling the Islamic World in the view of Muslims and non-Muslims even in our days. Among aforementioned sub issues of his military policy, the quality of warrior’s mobilization as well as producing resistance among them is one of the most significant issues. In this article, the writer tried to consider, describe and analyze the motivation, mobilization, and resistance of the armies led by Imam Ali, his disciples and commanders before and during the war. The findings revealed that considering this issue, he showedgreat and specific effort in his military policies and plans to confront the opponents. Also he motivated his armies to resist their opponents with different methods and divine approach based on firm religious belief, Quranic standards and prophet’s traditions.

Semiotics is an analytical chance to enter the world of a text that through its textual implication, the power of finding and understanding the available textual concepts can be created. A Holy Defense poem is one of the categories of the literature that includes the basic concepts of Islamic culture as literary and cultural hypograms that can be interpreted by semiotics. To interpret these concepts, their basic grounds in the believable principles of the religious culture must be found. After that, through hermeneutics, they can finally be analyzed and interpreted. This paper tried to analyze and find the prominent functional concepts in the poems of 8 years of Holy Defense by analyzing basic grounds of martyrdom culture in religious thoughts. Then these concepts could be interpreted semantically based on the hypogram of martyrdom culture. So, first the believable contents based on the existing religion documents in the Islamic culture was presented and then these contents were analyzed by some samples of the literary conceptual hypograms in some poems of the 8-year holy defense.

Considering Quran verses, Hadiths, and quotations of religious authorities as well as the lifestyle of prophets, Imams, and religious leaders, Jihad against the ‘self’ is regarded as the first and foremost form of Jihad which is among the Islamic obligatory deeds (Vajibat) with great reward before God; thus with regard to the current global status and the structural alteration of wars, from military invasions of land to penetration into and destruction of the thoughts, beliefs, and feelings of the invaded, the students need to be informed that the identification of one’s self and confronting worldly desires are the requisite for victory in each and every battle. The present study aimed at investigating components of resistance focusing on campaign against the self (Nafs) in high school and pre-university Persian literature textbooks through content analysis method. It should be mentioned that campaign against the self (Nafs) in this research is to ignore one’s rights, desires, and pleasures for the sake of God and His servants. Research questions were: What percentage of contents of high school and pre-university Persian literature textbooks are allocated to resistance literature? Is campaign against the self (Nafs) referred to in high school and pre-university Persian literature textbooks? In addition to stating the objective (to resist and stand against tyranny, tyrants, and invaders) are any practical strategies provided for reaching the objective in the studied content? The results showed that 15 to 20 percent of the contents of the mentioned books were allocated to resistance literature, however campaign against the self (Nafs) was scarcely indicated in the corpus. The lesson of “Neyayesh (Imam Sajjad)” was considered the most prominent practical sample in which in addition to stating the objective, practical strategies for reaching it were provided as well.

Maghout (1934-2007), a Syrian poet and writer, came to feel the sufferings of his nation in early childhood and then witnessed the occupation of Palestine and the disconcerted circumstances of the Middle-East countries in his adolescence. This created in him such a sense of mutiny as for his poetic genre to convert into 'Qhasidat-Al-Nasr', which is a violation of prosodic features. He is, indeed, a pioneer in this type of poetry. As a social critic, he denounced the trend of events and Arab's indifference to the invaders specifically Israelis. He would always call the public masses to unity and solidarity for resistance. All of his works-poems, stories, plays-are highly rich in the issues of resistance. This article aimed at expressing and presenting the issues of resistance in Maghout’s works by focusing on his sociopolitical literary life. Then these issues derived from his works under three titles of invitation to fight and resistance, Maghout and Lebanon, and Maghout and Palestine were presented, expressing his viewpoint to show his sensitivity as an Arab literary scholar toward Arab world. It also analyzed his poems and words to show his role in the awakening of the nation to keep their esteem and greatness

Holy Defence Literature is a semantic literature in which the message and contents are very important. One of the thematic pivots of Holy Defence poetry is "insight and time Awareness " which, in this article, were explained and interpreted in three general divisions of "Warning and Notification", "Objection", and "regret". At the beginning of the discussion, some examples of "insight and time awareness" in the past poetry of Iran and the world were mentioned. This article indicated that Holy Defence Poetry, as a semantic poetry and with "insight and time awareness", stated some of social disorders, taking some steps to rectify the dishonesties and compensate some defects

“Resistance Literature”, in its narrative domain due to its success in creating the stable coordination of mentality with objectivity, as well as the homogeneity of the emotion and thought of narrators and speakers, force the narrator to rethink and consider reality in a different way. Moving into the spectrum of meanings, and words as well as creating the contrast in the values, thoughts and beliefs, it guides the reader to the most significance reality from the available reality or truth, recalling him again the facts and realities. Finally, by focusing on the sense or collective wisdom (superior mind or unconsciousness) and achieving the veins of collective mentality, it guides the narrator to the climax of sense and knowledge. “Ermia” novel, a valuable work in the domain of “Resistance Literature”, was succeeded in being as a pervasive and widespread work in this literature by using the symbolic motif, creation of the “Pleasure of Beauty” through the dominant and living descriptions, word’s resurrection (highlighting and verbal recognition) in using the different interpretations, stream of consciousness (internal monologues) and dialogue

One of the most important motivations for writing this research about current Arab poet- Ahmad Matar - was his special style and construction among his contemporaneous poets. He was an Arab poet exiled from his home town and fighted for freedom and his land. As a result, exiled poet or specially placard poet is one of the greatest titles which has given to him. He is a political poet not a poet for politics. In the other word, Ahmad Matar is a fighter facing with cruelty and oppression by his poem. His poem is a step toward releasing Arab people from ignorance and force. Although he is called "a poet without love" because he doesn’t mention love in his poem, the love which he writes about is love to hometown and freedom of human against cruelty. This library research aimed at writing about his life, ideas and love for freedom and hometown with a descriptive-analytical method.

The "resistance literature" displays the agonies and the pains that have prevailed over a nation in a historical period. Omar Abu Risha as a poet, scholar, and politician expresses the meanings of resistance in his poem through the most beautiful pictures, words and concepts. Analyzing his poems with a historical view point revealed that the most important aspects of resistance which had appeared in his poem since 1917, namely coincident with the issue of Balfor announcement, was against colonialism. He tries to provoke the feeling of his addressees by the means of religion and nationalism against Zionism and colonialism. After being defeated in two wars, 1948 and 1967, a considerable reaction towards these two occurrences was observed in his poem, resulted to sadness and disappointment prevailing over his poems. He remembers the bright past of Arab nation, so he regrets. He elaborates the pains of the homeless. However, this great poet releases himself from this sadness and disappointment and finds himself again. Henceforth, he praises the martyrs and devoted soldiers who are his most important rays of hope.

The traces of resistance literature are prevalent in every nation’s culture. Instances of this branch of literature were observable in Pahlavi dynasty. Some of the poets of this era have made an attempt to portray the political circumstances of society in the oppressive and non_egalitarian atmosphere, being aware of the outstanding impact of symbolic language on addressees. In effect, these poets were determined to raise the public consciousness toward the improper social conditions. Hossein Monzavi is among the dedicated poets of this period, whose pre– revolution lyrics take heed of resistance poetry, focusing mainly on the fighting for liberty. The use of symbol in Pahlavi’s dynasty has utterly transformed the nature of Monzavi’s lyrics and given them the unique feature of “creating liberalistic atmosphere”.

Undoubtedly, nowadays resistance literature has a special position among nations. This literature is the reflection of the shout of the oppressed which is pictured by a pained expression of the worried poets to reveal the resistance of the oppressed people who suffered cruelty and tyranny. Toufiq Zayyad is a Palestinian contemporary poet who tried to be a representative of all the oppressed nations in his poems. From his viewpoint, the Palestinians are the symbols and representative of all these nations. This paper tried to investigate the poet’s view about resistance based on his poems and verses.

Stamina and resistance are important mentioned issues in Koran. Evaluation of the verses of the Koran clarifies that Stamina is linked to patience, consistency, and resistance. Moreover, each one these words have a level of consistency. Patience is the introduction of consistency, stamina is the second step, and resistance is the third as well as the most important step to reach consistency in Koran. Factors to reach stamina and resistance in Koran are as follows: Good tidings for victory in war, seeking God’s help and mentioning His blessings, having firm promise, avoiding infidels’ promises, not going astray and being constant in his way. Stamina and resistance in Koran cause hidden helps and avoid scare and sorrow. There are practical examples about resistance and stamina in Koran such as the tale of Abraham when he was thrown into fire and then the fire turned into a garden. After that he traveled to another land to preserve his faith against infidels. It was there when God ordered him to sacrifice his son. He and his son obeyed the order, so this obedience is the symbol of their stamina and resistance.

Palestine resistance poem shows the history of the Palestinians revolution. In this area, some devoted poets have spent their verve and art to defeat the aggressive and defend the truth. Ali Foodeh is one of the poets who has risen up and resisted to protect and defend his self-esteem and the Palestinian ideal. But he is not known enough and the content of his poems have not yet been analyzed. Self esteem followed by some qualifications like patience, resistance, sacrifice and honesty is one of the qualities which has a great manifestation in Ali Foodeh’s poems. These were effective in shaping his personality and his victory in resistance area.

This research tried to analyze the importance of lauding and praising of Imams (peace be upon them) especially Imam Hussein in Persian Poetry. For this purpose, the poets who had written poetry about Ashoura were divided into three groups. The first groups were ancient poets started to laud Imams since the 4th century, i.e. since Kasayee Marouzi’s time. The second groups were modern poets of the 10th to 12th century. The third groups were contemporary poets who expressed their sincerity towards Imams. Thus it was perceived that all over the history, Persian poets had paid attention to Valayee literature in a way that Iran could be known as the heart of the Valayee poetry.