نشریه پژوهش های حفاظت آب و خاک
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (خرداد و تیر 1397)

One of the most important goals of the soil science is to investigate the changes in the earth surface systems in the past and useing their patterns to predict environmental changes in the future in order to improve land management. Therefore, this study was conducted on the current Zayandeh‒rud River’s pathway in a semi-detailed scale in order to understand the development of alluvial plain of the river.
Geomorphic surfaces were determined using a stereoscopic interpretation of aerial photos with a scale of 1:20000 and based on the Zinck’s hierarchical classification system. Fourty eight profiles were drilled at 1 km/km network, according to the common method of semi-detailed soil studies in a grid survey pattern. Soil classification was finalized in accordance with the Soil Survey Staff. The degree of soil evolution was studied according to Harden's soil development index (PDI) for eight control pedons.
According to previous studies, the Zayandeh-e-Rud River during its flow time lave had a single pathway three terraces in the Zayandeh-rud plain. The last research showed that the Zayandeh-roud River runs through three separate way over time. In this study, the interpretation of aerial photos and field study cleared that the current pathway of the Zayandeh‒rud River includes a series of three terraces, which each terrace consists of sub-terraces. Also it was found that Fourty eight profiles in this research were classified in four suborder (including argids, calcids, cambids and orthents) with eight soil families. On the other hands, the calculated PDI values for the control pedons of these eight families also were different. This indicated difference of degree of soil evolution in the current river’s paethway.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the soil of three terraces of the current the Zayandeh‒rud River’s way is more diverse than previously reported, and this variation indicates the difference in the age of these terraces. Pedologic study also revealed that the soils of the first terrace had the highest PDI and evolution. Presence of argillic and calcic horizons in these profiles confirms this conclusion. On the other hand, the soils in the second terrace also had a lower PDI index and less degree of development than the first terrace, and were more developed than third terrace’s soils. Therefore, it can be stated the curent pathway has three independent age terraces with multi-interior terraces. From the results of this study, it can be anticipated that also there are terraces on previous river pathway, which require more research to prove them.

Groundwater considered as the main source of future water supply, irrigation, and food production under impacts of global climate changes phenomena. Main aquifers around the world are under pressure to meet the growing demands of water due to population growth. Management of groundwater reserves in a sustainable manner is a major challenge. A goal of groundwater resource assessment is to provide information on the current status of the resource and provide insights about the future availability of ground water. In recent years, several authors have attempted to assessment groundwater potential using different data-driven and knowledge-driven techniques combined with remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). The main objective of this research is identification of effective parameters in groundwater recharge and assessment of groundwater potential using data-driven combined method in najaf-abad aquifer.
The study area lies between (32° 18′ 06″- 32° 50′ 12) latitude and (50° 52′ 46″- 51° 41′ 48″) longitude. It extends over an area of about 966.11 km2. In general, four steps must be implemented to groundwater potential mapping using combined approache. These steps are: (1) prepare groundwater well inventory map and divided into two sets: training and testing. The training data is used to investigate the statistical relationship between well locations and Geo-environmental factors influence on groundwater occurrences. The testing set is used to validate the results. (2) Build the database. In this step layers of groundwater occurrence factors are prepared using different resources such as field survey, and RS. All thematic layers must be converted to raster format to use in further analysis. (3) computation the relationship between training well locations and groundwater occurrence factors using shanoon model and their classes using EBF model are investigated. The groundwater potential map is then computed and classified into four classes using Natural Break scheme (4) the validation of the results and compare the effectiveness of model in prediction groundwater potential zones with indivdal models.
The results of the multicollinearity analysis among 20 Geo-environmental factors influence on groundwater occurrences used in this study showed that the Tolerance and VIF of 15 variables were ≥0.1 and ≤10, respectively. As a result, this parameters are selected for modeling. The computed weights for each factor using Index of entropy model, indicated that the most influencing factors on groundwater occurrence in the study area were distance from fault, LULC and geology. The results of validation of models indicate that The AUC for EBF, index of entropy and EBF-index of entropy models were 0.660, 0.431 and 0.899, respectively implying that the EBF-index of entropy was better than EBF and index of entropy.
Conclution: The main conclusions of this study is that The ensembled approach of EBF-Index of entropy combining with RS and GIS technologies provide a powerful tool for groundwater potential mapping in the study area. The results of this study could be used for efficient managing groundwater resources in the study area. Based on results of ensemble model, The areas covered by very high groundwater potential zones occupy 45.26 % of the total area, indicating that the groundwater potential is high in study area.

Digital soil data with high spatial resolution and enough accuracy and precision are necessary for management of global challenges such as food security, environment problems. Generally, soil data are available in small scale. Nevertheless, in the last decades, with the advent of soil digital mapping and modeling approaches, it is possible to disaggregate soil map units. The spatial disaggregation of soil map units is a method for modeling the spatial distribution of individual soil classes. During this process, the soil map data from a small scale (coarse resolution) is converted to a large scale (fine resolution). The statistical and data mining methods are used to implement it. The purpose of this research was to predict the spatial distribution of soil classes by disaggregating the soil map units of a semi detailed soil map using disaggregating and harmonizing soil map units through resampled classification trees algorithm (DSMART method).
The study area is located in Kermanshah province. The total area of the study was approximately 14083.9 ha. Soil polygon map include 5 map units and 4 soil subgroups. In this study, elevation, slope, aspect, convexity, direct duration, sediment index, topographic wetness index, valley depth and Vertical distance to channel network as covariates produced using DEM 10 m. Grain size index, clay index and NDVI were also calculated using Landsat 7 ETM imagery. Geological map at scale of 1:100,000 were also used as a qualitative covariate. Then dsmart method is run as a novel approach for disaggregation soil maps. In this method, disaggregated soil classes are represented by raster probability surfaces. DSMART samples randomly within the soil map units and uses classification trees (C5.0 algorithm) to produce probability surface maps of soil class distribution. External validation was performed using 82 profiles. The validation dataset was intersected with the corresponding probability surface maps and validation quantified by overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy, user’s accuracy and kappa coefficients. Furthermore, confusion index calculated between the most probable and second-most-probable soil class. The CI expresses concisely degree of confusion about soil class given.
The most important predictive variables in the tree classification model were Vertical distance to channel network, Elevation, lithology, grain size index and MRVBF. The confusion index close to 1 has a large extent in the study area. It shows that occurrence probability of soil subgroups is near equal in each location in both the most probable soil class and second probable soil class maps. Validation of probability surfaces showed that overall accuracy the most probable soil class, second probable soil class and third probable soil class are 44%, 28% and 11%, respectively. These results indicated the relatively good performance of dsmart method for generating digital individual soil class map. However, kappa coefficients for first, second and third probable surfaces soil maps were obtained 0.04, 0.02, -0.08, respectively. Low kappa coefficients can be attributed to the true nature of the data, i.e the dominance of the Typic Calcixerepts subgroup as compared to other subgroups of the soil in the traditional soil map and the dsmart model prediction map and validation data.
Dsmart method is able to predict the occurrence probability of all soil classes which its distribution is unclear in soil map unit. This provides the opportunity to produced digital soil class maps when legacy soil data and covariate information becomes available. Such outputs may help us to recognize better soil- landscape relationship.

Considering the existence of uncertainty in the data of water resource problems, it has become more essential to design a reliable water resource allocation model under uncertainty. Due to multi-dimensional nature of optimal water allocation problem, considering multiple conflicting objectives within the optimization models is inevitable. The aim of this study is to provide a quantity-quality optimization model in which not only balance the economic and environmental objectives, but also remain robust in the face of existing uncertainties.
The nominal model of the study was constructed using the objectives of maximizing the income of the entire system and minimizing pollution load entered to the river. It was applied to the Dez-Karoon river system as a case study. By taking the uncertainties of river flow and water demands into account, the nominal model was promoted to a robust multi-objective optimization model using the Bertsimas and Sim's approach. The sensitivity of the robust model to changes in uncertainty levels and the probability of constraint violation was investigated. The ɛ-constraint method was used to solve the problem and the nominal model was applied to assess the results of the developed model. Among optimal solutions set, Knee point of the Pareto front of was selected as the solution of the problem.
Application of developed model into the case study demonstrates its ability in quickly finding the exact solution of the problem. Comparing the optimal solution of knee points showed that hedging the optimization model against uncertainties via considering the uncertainty level and violation probability of 0.1, requires the decrease in operating the river water from 8301.5 to 7368.9 MCM/year and adjustment of the economic income from 1,636,808 to 1,365,693 million Rial/year in comparison with the nominal model. Under such a condition in which prevents the failure of supplying water under a given level of risk, the pollution load discharged into the river will decrease from 53,949 to 48,505 ton/ year. The results illustrate that without adding extra complexity into the nominal model, it can be immunized against uncertainties via the robust approach. By determining the uncertainty level and the probability of constraint violation, the decision maker is able to select the robustness level of the water resource allocation model and therefore, explore tradeoff among the values of the objectives and reliability of the system.
Conclution: The results demonstrate the satisfactory, high reliability and flexibility of the proposed robust model. Accordingly, the provided linear model of this study may be used as a user-friendly tool in the decision making process for optimal allocation of water resources.

Soils may become polluted with high concentrations of heavy metals both naturally, as a result of proximity to mineral outcrops and ore bodies and anthropogenically, as a result of industrial activities. Lead (Pb), commonly caused soil pollution and considered to be responsible for significant decreases in biological activities in soils. Phytoremediation is an emerging and low cost technology that utilizes plants and associated organisms to remove, transform, or stabilize contaminants located in water, sediments, or soils. Phytostabilization focuses on the formation of a vegetation cover where sequestration (binding and sorption) processes immobilize metals within the plant rhizosphere reducing metal bioavailability. Therefore, the success of phytoremediation depends on the interactions between macro- and microorganisms and plant roots in the rhizosphere.
The contaminated soil was collected from Bama mining site located in the southwest of Isfahan. After surface-sterilization and germination, maize seeds were transplanted into each plastic pot containing 4 kg of contaminated soil that already autoclaved at 121 oC for 2 h. A completely randomized design with 2×2×2 factorial treatment combinations was used with the following factors: with or without earthworm treatments (Eisenia foetida), with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal treatments (co-inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and Septoglomus constrictum) and with or without rhizobacteria (co-inoculated with Bacillus sp. and Bacillus licheniformis). After three months of growth under greenhouse conditions, maize shoots were harvested. Shoot and root were oven dried, weighed and milled used to determine Pb concentration. Concentration of Pb in roots and shoots were measured by dry ash method and soil Pb concentration was determined with DTPA-TEA method. Bioaccumulation (BF) and translocation (TF) and remediation (RF) factors for each treatment were calculated.
In general, inoculation of these organisms increased plant growth, availability of Pb in soil, plant Pb concentration and bioaccumulation factor. The highest shoot dry weight was observed in earthworms-AM fungi (EM) and AM fungi-bacteria (MB) co-inoculations with 3.2 times increase compared to un-inoculated plants. Available Pb in soil in earthworm-AM fungi-bacteria co-inoculation (EMB) was about 3 times higher than un-inoculated treatments. The higher Pb uptake in maize shoot and root were recorded in EMB. Furthermore, the BF for root maize in all treatments was higher than 1, especially in AM fungal treatment, alone. Although the TF for maize was lower than 1, it was increased above 1 in polluted soil co-inoculated with earthworm and bacteria. However, AM fungi tended to decrease the TF compared to un-inoculated maize. The highest RF (0.14%) with 23 times increase compared to un-inoculated was showed in EMB treatment. Conclusions Despite the substantial enhancement of Pb concentration in the maize, Pb absorption was not high enough to achieve extraction rates which would be necessary for practical use. Furthermore, the amounts of BF, TF and RF in this study demonstrated that maize could useful for Pb phytostabilization. Hence, it appears that the presence of AM fungi (as factor improve phytostabilization) could result in a better plant growth and tolerance against Pb toxicity, when soil is co-inoculated with earthworm and/or bacteria, especially under natural conditions that the presence of these organism's together, could reduce Pb toxicity and improve maize.

Stakeholder analysis is one of the key factors in success of management policies in all fields. This tool represents suitable information about the individuals that are effectively participate in water management plans implementation. The obtained information from stakeholder analysis can be considered as model input in researches in order to schedule the plans and evaluate success of water resources policies. Recently, researchers have tried to use participatory management methods for application of water management plans to investigate the level of cooperation of stakeholders. Often, the results indicate a lack of confidence and poor participation in this field. It has been observed that stakeholder participation is in correlation with stakeholders’ interests and power (importance). However, no model has been developed to simulate stakeholder power and importance. The purpose of this study is to represent a framework to accurate and ease stakeholder analysis process in primary studies in water management policies or plans. In this research, a novel model is proposed for simulation of stakeholders’ importance to analyze management policies in the field of water resources management. Qazvin irrigation network is chosen as a case study for this research. Lack of trust between all the stakeholders for implementation of plans and policies and failures of first attempts of creating and organizing groups of stakeholders, resulted in ineffective operation and maintenance of the irrigation network. These failures are often because of planning without complete knowledge about stakeholders and neglecting their interests and importance. In order to gather primary information and analyze input data for the stakeholder characteristic model, questioners and interviews with key stakeholders were performed. Key stakeholder groups were chosen using expert choice and analytic hierarchy process. On the other hand, stakeholder’s power and importance were evaluated using stakeholder characteristic modeling and calibration to compare its result with other stakeholder analysis frameworks. Genetic algorithm was used to calibrate stakeholder characteristic model as well as to estimate the model parameters. It is observed that the model is able to simulate the importance of stakeholders in an acceptable level with mean absolute error of 0.487. The results showed that there is correlations between knowledge level, resources, leadership, power and importance of stakeholders. One of the results of this study is that the hidden interactions between the stakeholders were defined using stakeholder analysis framework. This research was done to help managers and decision makers of Qazvin irrigation network to observe consequences of powerful stakeholder’s effect on excessive water withdrawals. It is concluded that using stakeholder analysis can help to better define stakeholder relationships and to recognize potential opportunities in management strategies.

Soil quality is one of the most important factors to assess soil management. Therefore, recognition of all soil quality properties such as physical, chemical and biological is essential. Forest degradation and land use change effect on soil properties variability and led to decrease soil quality factors on soil quality. Moreover, soil characteristics also are related to slope position. The region of Marivan in Kurdistan province is one of the forested areas of Zagros which in recent decades, due to population growth and the increased need for food, has been threatened and some parts are now cultivated. The aim of this research is assessing the effect of forest degradation and slope position on soil quality and evolution in west of Kurdistan Province.
Eight soil profiles in different slope position (shoulder, back slope, foot slope and toe slope) of two adjacent hill slope, under land uses of cropland and forest (uniform condition) were dug and described. Moreover, in each land use three soil samples were taken from depth 0-20 cm in each slope position. Properties of soil texture, bulk density, particle density, fine sand, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, field capacity moisture, permanent wilting point moisture, electrical conductivity, pH, carbonate calcium equivalent, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potash infiltration rate, microbial respiration rate, porosity, available moisture sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and erodibility were measured and computed.
The results showed low slope positions (toe slope and foot slope) had higher contents of clay, organic carbon, available moisture, fine sand, silt, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium, CEC and microbial respiration rate and lower contents of electrical conductivity, soil erodibility, pH and SAR compared to high slope positions. Soils formed in low slope positions had higher depth and evolution compared to high slope positions. The results also showed two land uses (cropland and forest) in relation to bulk density, porosity, silt, clay, carbonate calcium equivalent, fine sand, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial respiration rate, infiltration, soil erodibility and available moisture had significant difference and land use change of forest land to cropland has been led to degradation of Mollisols. Therefore, soil properties are dependent to slope position and land use kind and these factors have affected soil properties and evolution.
The results showed forest degradation has led to decrease of soil quality using significant decreasing of organic carbon, microbial respiration, total nitrogen, CEC, porosity, infiltration and available moisture and significant increasing of bulk density, pH, SAR, fine sand, soil erodibility, and silt. Forest degradation and land use change also due to cultivation led to decrease organic carbon content and soil structure degradation of Mollic horizon. Therefore, Mollic horizon has converted to Ochric horizon and Entisols and Inceptisols have formed in cropland land use. Moreover, the results showed different slope position effect on bulk density, sand, silt, clay, infiltration, erodibility, available water, pH, organic carbon, carbonate calcium equivalent, microbial respiration rate, nitrogen, phosphorous, CEC and potassium and have significant difference. These results show current management of studied land effect on soil quality and led to land degradation. Therefore, soil conservation of steep area using prevention of deforestation in Marivan forests and use of land based on their capability to conserve of soil and land quality is essential.

Since Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid belt in the world, it always confronts low water periods and frequent droughts. In recent years, attention has been paid to the protection of urban water resources, especially green space irrigation. Due to the key role of grass in designing and constructing green space and its high importance in community psychological safety, Maintaining the optimal quality of turf grass throughout the year is essential.
The current experiment is conducted with the aim of optimizing soil moisture using subsurface porous clay capsules in irrigating turf grass. The research was conducted in 2013-2014 in Agriculture Faculty of TarbiatModares University, as split plots in the form of totally random blocks with three treatments and irritations. The main factors include sprinkler irrigation (control), subsurface irrigation using subsurface porous clay capsule, and consolidated Irrigation; secondary factors include the lack of using superabsorbent, using A200 superabsorbent and acrylamide superabsorbent. soil moisture. In this study, indicators of moisture, volume of water consumed, turf color and density and root length, were measured.
The results showed that moisture change diagram represents the same trend in all treatments. In addition, the moisture has been between the plantation capacity and the maximum allowable discharge, and the plant has been under no moisture stress. The results of this experiment showed that the volume of consumed water in the treatments of sprinkler, consolidated and subsurface irrigation has been 7158.4, 4972.6, and 4243.8m3, respectively. In the subsurface and consolidated irrigation treatment , the volume of consumed water increased for 41 and 31% respectively, compared to sprinkler irrigation. This reduction trend was observed in the use of superabsorbent, in such a way that the subsurface irrigation treatment along with superabsorbent has shown the lowest water consumption in irrigation with the reduction of 51%. Irrigation method treatments had a significant effect on the root length. The highest and lowest root length was related to subsurface and sprinkler irrigation treatment, respectively, with the average of 23.56 and 20.50cm, respectively; and the significance level was 5%. In addition, increasing superabsorbent increased the root depth which was significant in 1% level.
Therefore, with regard to the water needs of lawns with subsurface irrigation system using porous clay capsules, this method could be employed as an irrigation method to optimize water consumption and reduce water loss. Yet, to make this system an applied method in turf grass irrigation, regardless of reducing water consumption, It needs to reduce its implementation cost compared with other existing methods.

Soil aggregate stability is an important physical indicator of the soil’s susceptibility to water erosion. Aggregate stability can vary, depending on the aggregate size. Some methods including the dry-sieving, wet-sieving and water-drop test were currently used to evaluate the stability of aggregates in the worldwide. Mean weight diameter of stable aggregates was used for the dry-sieving and wet-siewing method. In the water-drop test, aggregate stability is evaluated using the number of water drops needed for disrupting the aggregates. These indices are used to evaluate the soil structural stability for given size of aggregates. However, there are different sizes of aggregates in the soil. So, application of these indices may cause some errors in evaluating the soil’s susceptibility to water erosion processes. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a proper aggregate stability for different aggregate sizes in view point of interrill erosion in a semi-arid soil sample.
Four aggregate size classes including Based on the results, significant positive correlations were found between the aggregate size and the stability of aggregates determined using the methods of dry-sieving (r= 0.99), wet-sieving (r= 0.89) and water-drop-test (r= 0.93). The aggregate stability determined using all methods increased with an increase in the aggregate size. Newetheless, evaluating the aggregate stability per aggregate mass indicated that negative correlations existe between the aggregate size and MWDwet-m (r= -0.95), MWDdry-m, (r= -0.88) and WDTm (r= -0.88). Although the coarse aggregates rather than smaller aggregates are resitant against external stresses such as mechanical impacts, wetting force and rainderop impact but their stability per their mass is small. Contrary to our expectation, soil loss by interrill erosion of each aggregate size classes increased with increasing the aggregate stability determined using the dry-sieving, wet-sieving and water-drop-test methods whereas it decreased with increasing the aggregate stability determined using these methods on the basis of the aggregate mass.
This study revealed that MWDwet, MWDdry and WDT are not the proper indices to evaluate the stability of aggregate size with the view point of its resistance to interrill erosion. The aggregate stability determined in these methods per aggregate mas is a new approch to evaluate the susceptibility of various aggregate sizes of a soil to interrill erosion. Among these indices, MWDwet-m is the best indicator in this field.

Rhizosphere processes have a major impact on zinc (Zn) availability in soils. The chemical and biological characteristics of the rhizosphere soils can be very different from those of the bulk soils. In peresent study, the effects of EDTA, citric acid and poultry manure extract (PME) on availability of Zn in the rhizosphere of corn (hybrid (KSC.704)) investigated in two texturally different contaminated soils as factoriel in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse condition.
Citric acid and EDTA were used at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg-1 soil and poultry manure extract at concentrations level 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg-1 soil. Three seeds of corn were plant in the rhizobox. After 10 weeks, plants were harvested and rhizosphere and bulk soils were separated. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and available Zn (by using 4 chemical procedures including DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, Mehlich3 and rhizosphere-based method) were determined in the rhizosphere and bulk soils.
Rhizosphere soils properties was different with bulk soils. In both soils, the results indicated that DOC and MBC in the rhizosphere were significantly (p In both soils, Zn extracted by different methods in the rhizosphere were significantly (p

It is important to study the coefficient of resistance in streams, especially in open channels, canals and rivers. One of the factors influencing the flow resistance is bed-forms. Cluster microforms are types of bed-forms in mountainous rivers, which are important both in biological and in hydraulic as well as in the secondary currents. Study on the recognition and influence of clusters on flow resistance is novel. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cluster shape and particle size of clusters on the flow roughness coefficients.
In order to investigate the effect of the shape and size of the particles that forming clusters, experiments were carried out in a laboratory channel of 20 meters in length, 0.6 m in width and 0.6 m in height. Using gravel particles with three different sizes of 9.5, 12.5, 15.5 mm, cluster three cluster types (linear, heap and rings) were constructed in laboratory flume. Two roughness coefficients namely Darcy-Wiesbach and Manning were calculated using the water surface slope measurements.
The results of this study showed that the linear cluster has the least effect on the rate of flow resistance coefficient. The ring and heap clusters have a roughness coefficient greater than the linear cluster, but both have almost same impact on the flow resistance. The results of these two forms of the cluster are very close for particles of 9.5 and 12.5 mm, but for a particle of 15.5 mm, the heap cluster coefficient of roughness is higher than the roughness coefficient of another. The manning’s roughness coefficient is also increased by increasing the diameter of the gravel particles of the cluster builder. By performing experiments with gravel particles of different diameters, the percentage of change in roughness coefficient relative to the non-cluster state for cluster clumps in particles of 9.5, 12.5 and 15.5 mm was 47, 52 and 75, respectively. For rings and particles of 9.5, 12.5 and 15.5 mm, the percentage changes were 48, 49 and 75 percent, respectively, and the percentage for linear clusters for particles of 9.5 and 19 percent, and particles 5 / 12 and 15.5 mm were observed at 37 and 67% respectively, indicating an increase in the flow resistance with an increase in the particle diameter. Also, the results showed that increase in Froude number would decrease the roughness coefficient.
The results of the experiments made it clear that the cluster affect the flow resistance by increasing it. The results of this study showed that the heap cluster has the most effect on flow resistance.

Roads provide access to forest resources for properly management of timber production, transportation, forest protection and ecotourism. Also, forest roads are known as one of the main sources of sediment production in forest watersheds. Globally, soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems which is threaten soil and water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate on soil erosion of forest roads and determination of its quantity rate. The measurement of soil erosion rates under natural rainfall conditions is costly and time consuming. Data provided by rainfall simulation and static site measurements can be used to predict erosion rates under natural conditions, especially for erosion rates from forest roads. Various studies were investigated the factors affecting water erosion in forest roads and their results had shown a significant correlation among slope percentage, vegetation cover percentage, climate, Physical and chemical soil characteristics, road traffic with the amount of soil erosion. This study, specifically, aimed to assess the effect of vegetation cover on soil erosion, runoff production and sedimentation.
This study was done to investigate the effects of vegetation cover of cut-slope forest road on erosion variables such as runoff amount, sediment concentration, soil loss, time to runoff and runoff coefficient in Kohmiyan Forest of Azadshahr. It was conducted five treatments of vegetation cover including 0, The results indicated that the average amount of runoff in five levels of vegetation cover including bare ground, less than 25%, 25-50%, 50-75% and 75-100% were 24.7,17.82, 12.78, 5.23 and 2.64 l/m2, average amount of sediment concentration were 15.66, 9.41, 7.37, 5.07 and 2.39 g/l and average time of runoff were 12.00,75.00, 150.00, 238.75 and 365.75 and runoff coefficient were 47.8, 35.62, 25.71, 10.58 and 5.27 percent, respectively. The results statistically showed significant differences between amount of runoff and soil loss due to vegetation cover of road cut-slope. The results of Tukey test indicated significant differences among mean runoff and sediment of five level and decrease with increased road cut-slope of vegetation cover percentage.
The effect of vegetation cover on the cut-slope road is completely significant on the amount of runoff, sediment concentration, soil loss, time to runoff and runoff coefficient. In other words, the amount of runoff and soil loss has a reverse and significant relationship with vegetation cover percentage. Vegetation cover percentage has had a positive impact and role in the reduction of the amount of runoff and sediment in the forest roads.

Climate Change and its consequence changes in precipitation patterns can affect soil erosion, as the most important global problem of land degradation. Therefore, it is essential to assess soil erosion risk under climate change condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of future climate change on soil erosion risk in Navrood watershed, located in west of Guilan province, North of Iran.
In this study, the trend of climate change was evaluated through effective climatic parameters by XLSTAT software based on the data obtained from Rasht and Bandar Anzali stations. Also the soil erosion risk was predicted using RUSLE in combination with geographic information system and remote sensing, in Navrood watershed. The data of previous research were used to calculate the K, LS, C and P factors for the RUSLE model. The atmospheric general circulation model NCCCSM and three scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 were used to study climate change. The daily rainfall pattern were simulated for two 20-year periods of 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 for Kharajgil, Khalian and NAV stations located inside the watershed, based on the outputs of NCCCSM, daily rainfall values of the base period 2002-2007, and the LARS-WG model.
The results showed that a decrease will occur in rainfall at the Nav and Khalian stations; while there will be an increase for Kharajgil station. In contrast, the rainfall erosivity will increased for all scenarios and stations in future in compare with the base period due to increase of rainfall intensity. Based on the obtained results, soil erosion risk changes from zero to more than 77 tons per hectare per year, between zero and over 115 tons per hectare per year, and from zero to more than 98 ton per hectare per year across the watershed at the base period (2002-2007), and 2046-2065 and 2080-2099 periods, respectively.
The results showed that rainfall erosivity will increased due to increase of rainfall intensity. Most of the watershed area is faced with low erosion risk, but the south-western and middle north parts of the watershed are experiencing high erosion. Additionally, although rainfall erosivity is at its highest level at some stations, but the erosion rate is low because of the positive impact of plant coverage in reducing soil erosion. Higher the density of plant coverage, particularly forest type, reduces the negative impacts of rainfall erosivity, resulted in lower soil erosion risk.

Since the agriculture field is the main water consumer, using the approaches to increase water use efficiency is necessary. Due to the limited freshwater, farmers have to use exotic water, such as seawater. One of the management methods is the mixture use of freshwater and seawater. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of different salinity levels on yield and yield components of Quinoa (Cv. Titicaca) in greenhouse condition.
In this study, the effect of five mixing use of seawater and freshwater evaluated on yield and yield components of Quinoa (CV. Titicaca). The research was done based on completely randomized design including 3 replications as pot planting in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during 2016. Research Station is located in north of Iran at 36° 51' N latitude and 54° 16' E longitude at the south-east corner of Caspian Sea and its height from sea level is 13.3 meters. Soil texture is silty clay. In this study, five irrigation regimes included (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 percent mixture of sea and tap water). The seeds of Quinoa were planted at a depth of 2.5 centimeter in soil of each pot and were irrigated with tap water. Plants harvested after 6 months, shoot and root dry weight, plant height, yield and thousand kernel weights were measured. Physical and chemical properties of irrigation water and of soil were determined before experiment. The obtained data analyzed using statistical software of SAS (Ver. 9.0) and the means were compared using LSD test at 5 % percent levels.
The results showed that effect of different salinity levels on shoot dry weight, plant height, yield and thousand kernel weights was significant at 1 percent level (P The results indicated that increasing of salinity levels from 0 to 15 percent mixture of sea and tap water resulted in redaction of shoot and root dry weight, yield and thousand kernel weights to 9.8, 9.9, 2.2 and 23.4 percent, respectively. The results showed that this kind of saline and fresh water mixture, in any way, has a high efficiency in reducing salt stress on plant.

Accumulation of floating debris around the bridge's piers and abutments causes reduction of river flow area, flow diversion, flow accelerating and altering of scour pattern. The investigation of potential impacts of debris on the local scour processes is one of the main factors in design of bridge structures across the rivers. These wooden floating debris may have different shapes in terms of accumulation and position, often have rectangular shape in the nature. Although, the effect of debris on piers scour has been studied by different researchers, to the author's knowledge, no investigation has been conducted to study the effect of debris on flow pattern and scour hole characteristics in the case of combinative presence of pier and abutment. Therefore, in this study, the effect of debris with different geometrical characteristics on the pier and abutment scour and flow behavior was investigated experimentally. in this study, the effect of distance between bridge pier and abutment, geometrical characteristics of debris (including thickness, diameter and shape) on the scour was investigated experimentally. The experiments were conducted at the hydraulic and water structures laboratory of department of water engineering of Shahid Bahonar university of Kerman. The experimental flume has a rectangular cross section with 8 m length, 80 cm width and 60 cm depth. Model of bridge pier (diameter 3cm) and bridge abutment (6cm*12cm) was selected by stainless steel. Sedimentary bed with thickness of 16 cm, was composed of sediments with d50=0.91 mm. To avoid undesirable erosion of sediment, false bottoms were installed at the upstream and downstream parts of the study reach. Prismatic objects with different shapes of rectangular, triangular and semi-circular were used as debris. (The range of relative thickness of debris (T_d/D) was from 1 to 3 and the relative length of debris (D_d/D) from 4 to 10). The sediment threshold velocity and the maximum velocity of experiments of this study are 0.4 and 0.2 m⁄s respectively which shows that, all experiments were carried out at the clear water condition. The results showed that by decreasing the relative distance between bridge pier and abutment (G/D) from 6.66 to 3.33, the maximum scour depth at pier and abutment increased 8.1 and 12.5%, respectively. Also, the rectangular debris caused the most scour depth in comparison with the other debris shapes. By increasing the relative thickness of the semi-cylindrical debris (T_d/D) from 1 to 3, the maximum scour depth around the pier and abutment was respectively increased 7.64 and 24.21. In addition, the experimental results showed that the effective length of debris has a significant influence on the dimensions of scour hole, so that, the maximum scour depth in the presence of semi-cylindrical debris with relative effective length (D_d/D) of 10, increased 50.8 and 58 percent compared with that of the reference test, for the bridge pier and abutment, respectively. According to the results of this study, There was a direct relation between the scour depth and the debris thickness, so that, by doubling the relative thickness of rectangular debris, the scour depth around bridge pier and abutment is became 1.2 and 1.05, respectively. With increasing the relative length, the scour depth increased at first, thereafter reached to a constant value. For example, for rectangular debris, by changing the relative length from 4 to 10, the scour depth around bridge pier and abutment was increased 22.4 and 10.2 %, respectively, but for larger relative lengths, no change was observed in the scour depth. In addition, by decreasing the distance between pier and abutment, the maximum depth of scour hole was significantly increased compared with the reference test.

Bottom intake is one of the suitable methods for diverting water in mountainous rivers. Different forms of bottom intake, which have so far been less studied, are the use of bottom intake with porous media which can be considered as a suitable substitute for bottom rack intakes due to the reduction difficults of bottom rack and low cost of design and execution. Since the idea of using bottom intake with porous media is new and information is limited to design and construct this kind of intake, the present research tried to consider the condition of the hydraulic behavior of these intakes in accordance with the reality.
In order to model a bottom intake with porous medium and conduct experiments, a main flume with the walls of the glass materials in the dimensions of the 10* 0.30* 0.50 cube meter and a diverted flum by the dimensions of the 1* 0.45* 0.50 cube meter was used. To prepar an intake in the distance of 5 m at the beginning of main flume, the space has been considered so that the possibility of conduction is with three length, height and slope (L1=15 cm, L2=30 cm, L3=45 cm) (H1=10 cm, H2=15 cm, H3=20 cm) (S1=0%, S2=10%, S3=20%). The inner surrounding of intake was filled with four different types of gravel with average diameter P1=9.72mm, P2=13.41mm, P3=15.30 mm, P4=17.75mm. In every experiment by passing different discharges over intake,was measured the rate of diverted discharge for different models of intake was drawn and the effect of different parameters on the rate diverted discharge was studied, by bottom porous intake. We used rectangular weir at the end and beginning of main flume to measure discharge.
Results and The results showed that inflow discharge increases the rate of diverted discharge but the proportion of diverted discharge to inflow discharge is on the decrease. By increasing the grain size, the diverted discharge increase, so that grain size P4 has most rate of diverted discharge. It ,s the result of void space increasing in this kind of grain size. By increasing uniform coefficient grain of intake, the porosity and void space of granular material decreases, and consequently diverted discharge decreases between 4 and 6 percent. Researching on diverted discharge with different length and height showed increasing intake length from L1 to L3 for intake with height H1 for P2 (d50=13.41mm) gradation and Qt=12.25 lit/s, the Qd/Qt is increased up to 23 percent. Increasing intake height from 10 cm to 30 cm for intake with length 30 cm for P4 (d50=17.75mm) gradation and Qt=17 lit/s, the Qd/Qt is increased up to 10 percent. By incearsing the slope of intake surface from 0% to 20% , diverted discharge decrease, this kind of decrease is the result of unexpected change in th surface slope of intake and separating flow in the in enterance of porous media intake. The minimum and maximum the rate of diverted discharge in the experiments in this study was 13% and 90% respectively.
The results showed that by increasing the inflow discharge, the diverted discharge increases too; however, for larger values of the discharge, the ratio of the diverted to the upstream flow approaches a final constant value. Grain size of the porous media has a great influence on the diverted flow. By increasing the grain size, the diverted flow increases. By increasing the surface slope of bottom intake with porous media, the diverted flow decreases. Maximum diverted flow occurs at zero surface slope of the intake. Increasing intake length and height, causes increasing in diverted discharge.

Maintaining water resources as well as economic and fair exploitation of it is a global issue. Today, Due to the lack of water resources in many parts of the world, Disputes over the access to water resources pass national borders and access to these resources has become a strategic objective in interacting between countries. Based on the statistics released by the World Resources Institute in 2015, 33 countries will face the water stress in 2040in which Iran ranked 13. Considering the rainfall average of Iran, the amount of water resources, and per capita consumption of the country, Iran can be considered as the countries facing the lack of physical water resources. The objective of this research is to provide the safe water for agricultural use as the most widely used water sector in the country as well as beverage consumption without the use of fresh water sources, and only by exploiting the humidity of air.
In this research, designing a new system to extracting the clean water through the air moisture is considered. The methods applied in this research are the library method, statistical method, and analytical method. In this system, a part of the air humidity is separated and appears in the form of droplets of water on the channel wall. Then. The obtained water stored in a tank and use for the considered purpose.
The total amount of water obtained at a depth of 3 meters is equivalent to 67.53 in 4 meters 73.16 and in 5 meters 62.05 liters in 12 hours (total hours at 15th of every month). In general, the amount of water obtained by this method is varied depending on the climate and other conditions. In this research, the system is studied in Bandar Abbas. So, the water obtained ranged between 5 and 20 liters per hour in warm months.
The results show by applying the stated method, especially in warm and humid areas, the acceptable levels of clean water can be achieved. It is necessary to note that all calculations in this paper are based on theoretical relations. So, the clean water obtained through the designed system may not be equal to the numerical value obtained. However, due to the water crisis in the country, achieving half of this amount could also be an acceptable contribution to reducing the water crisis and solving the problem of water scarcity.

Today the main part of human`s needed energy is provided by fossil fuels. Due to the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and climate changes caused by increased emissions, the production and use of new sources of clean renewable energy with fewer emissions is a necessity. Due to the efficiency of energy production, solar energy is more pronounced; among other renewable energy sources.The utilization of the information of solar irradiance is in many industrial applications, photovoltaic systems, agriculture and solar collectors design. For this purpose, the fractal dimension is used as a classification criterion. In order to provide a model that allows classification of days to three types this study estimated the daily fractal index and the index of purity of sky. In this method, with the advantage of cumulative distribution function, the fractal dimension classifies the days of Karaj station in three classes: clear sky day, partially clouded sky day and clouded sky day.
The experimental database contains global irradiance data and sunshain measured at Karaj site during 2014-2016 year. In the first stage after data quality control daily fractal dimension of solar radiation time series and clearness index was calculated. For each year two fractal thresholds was obtained using the cumulative distribution function (CDF). The days of year was classified in three classes of clear sky, partially cloudy sky and cloudy sky based on obtained thresholds. In the next step monthly analyses was done.
Results showed that high frequency of class 1 was occurred in August 2015, high frequency of class 2 was occurred in February 2016 and high frequency of class 3 was occurred in March 2015 respectively. Also these statistical properties show that our classification method leads to homogeneous groupings of the studied days since the standard deviations of D and KT are low in compared to their averages. The more important value of this standard deviation for class III (upper than 10%) is due to the fact that this class contains rainy days whose irradiance signals have a regular form thus a fractal dimension near to 1. However, the analysis of monthly values of D permits the detection of the months where the fluctuations of their radiances are most intense and those where these irradiances are very regular. This information is very beneficial to refine the assessing of photovoltaic systems and to reduce the initial costs by appropriate design and construction of solar energy systems suitable to the climate of the site of interest.
This paper offers a method for the classification of radiation per day according to weather different classes, in order to exploit photovoltaic systems in using solar energy in the study area. This method has been proposed to classify the daily global irradiances into typical days using the fractal dimension as a basic criterion since it allows quantifying the irradiance fluctuations. This method defines fractal dimension thresholds using the cumulative distribution function. Then shown that it is possible to realize daily solar irradiances classification using the D thresholds obtained from the CDF method.Classification of the daily solar irradiance is important in design and installation of solar energy systems, especially PV arrays. Trends in the patterns of daily solar irradiance became significant information due to the recent interests in renewable technologies. This interest is essentially due to global warming and other negative effects to our environment. Such analyses presented in this purpose are of great interest as they reduce the initial costs by appropriate design and construction of solar energy systems suitable to the climate of the site of interest.

Rainfall-runoff modeling is an essential process and very complicated phenomena that is necessary for proper reservoir system operation and successful water resources planning and management. There are different methods like conceptual and numerical methods for modeling of this process. Theoretically, a system modeling required explicit mathematical relationships between inputs and outputs variables. Developing such explicit model is very difficult because of unknown relationship between variables and substantial uncertainty of variables. So far performance models such as neural networks, multivariate models with auto moving average is studied for modeling the rainfall-runoff. So, in this study CARMA and ANN models studied in rainfall-runoff modeling.
In this research, the multivariate contemporaneous autoregressive moving average (CARMA) models and artificial neural networks (ANN) were evaluated to rainfall-runoff modeling. we define 3 scenario for ANN model. In order to use CARMA and ANN models total annual precipitation and runoff time series in the period of 1975-2015 as for Nazloochaei the catchment area, in 44° 49 ' in latitude and 37° 40 ' longitude in the province of West Azerbaijan was used. At first, we checked the data in terms of randomness, trend and Homogeneity by run test, Mann-Kendall test and Wilcoxon test. And then we separated data in two group. One group including 80 presents of data for training and 20 percent of data for validation was assigned. Performance criteria that used, was root mean square error, Nash-Sutcliffe and correlation coefficient. Performance criteria that used, was root mean square error, Nash-Sutcliffe and correlation coefficient.
The results of this research indicated that the CARMA model had the efficiency accuracy more than ANN model, because root mean square error in CARMA model was equal 7.7 and that was in ANN model 9.50 m3/s. Also, CARMA model according to the Nash-Sutcliffe criteria and R2 equal to 0.41 and 0.54 had better performance than the ANN model. However, the value of these performance criteria in ANN model was equal 0.45 and 0.80. So CARMA model has more Accuracy than ANN model in rainfall-runoff modeling.
According to the obtained results, using multivariate ARMA models caused to decrease in model error up to 18 percentages. So CARMA model had suitable performance in compare with ANN model, and this subject show the importance of to consider Random component in modeling. So CARMA model had suitable performance in compare with ANN model, and this subject show the importance of to consider Random component in modeling.