فصلنامه پژوهشهای علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل
سال بیست و سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1395)

Currently plantation forests consist around 7% of the world's forest's area and a significant share of timber production. Therefore, evaluating carried plantations could be a basis for managers to improve the quantity and quality and increase the success rate in the next years.
The purpose of this study is to examine quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis and Pinus brutia in plantation forests in Ramian. For this purpose, by visiting forest management plan of Ramian Naeemabad two plantation forest's species of Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis and Pinus brutia were selected. Then, within each stand 4 plots one hectare (100×100m) were determined. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of trees including species, DBH, trunk height, crown diameter, crown freshness, crown symmetry, trunk state and form were measured and recorded. Independent t-test was used to compare quantitative characteristics of trees of two stands and to compare qualitative characteristics non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used.
The study results showed that DBH, total height, trunk height and crown area, pinus brutia were 25.50cm, 12.50m, 4.48m, 16.30m², respectively, more than Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis values. In terms of n.ha, basal area, volume and slenderness of coefficient, Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis has the highest values. Also the results showed that after 27 years of planting survival rate of Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis is 74.5 percent, more than Pinus brutia, 59.5%. Examining qualitative characteristics including freshness, symmetry, and crown state showed a significant difference between the two species.
In general, we can say that Pinus brutia due to higher values of examined characteristics has been more successful than endemic species of Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis. Although the survival and per ha density of Cupressus sempervirens var. Horizontalis is more than Pinus brutia. So it can be said that the choice of species is very important when afforestation according to growing conditions and the area site

Knowledge of changes in forest cover and environmental considerations has always been one of the most important actions in the world.Mangrove deforestation, forested shores land use changes to the facility also oil pollution and changing in the sea-shore hydrodynamics is the most important factors threatening the plant reserves. Gulf of Goutr in the extreme south-eastern Iran, and almost half of them belong to Pakistan. Satellite imagery and image processing techniques are very accurate tools for survey and assessment of changes in forest areas. This study aimed to detect changes in forest cover area is protected Gando .To gain this goal using the information and topographic maps, satellite imagery of 1972-1995 and 2015 tests are maximum likelihood, neural networks were used. The results show that artificial neural networks with general accuracy of 98/32% and kappa coefficient0/9781 and Maximum likelihood method with general accuracy of 92/45% and kappa coefficient is 90/01. The result is a more accurate method method artificial neural network to the maximum likelihood method in the preparation of the land cover map. According to remoteness and low population area was expected certain changes have not occurred in the area.After the investigation it was found dense forests and scattered Mangrove total surface area of 1972 sq km of 24/0 that the amount in 1995 to 4.1 sq km to 2.4 sq km and in 2015 reached.Therefore, any planning of coastal zone management and the management of wildlife and vegetation of the Gando protected natural area is should be based on and, nvironmental and natural considerations.So that to preserve the natural heritage of the region to exploit the maximum possibilities of the region to improve the livelihood of the inhabitants of this remote region of the country.

After United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED- 1992) aims and approaches of sustainable development were determined. In this context, national forest programme as an conceptual and political tool was defined to implement UNCED's aims about sustainable forest management. In 19th session of UN general assembly in June 1997, countries were invited to prepare their national forest programmes. According to this, countries have taken their efforts to prepare their nfp. Also countries have tried to localize NFP with regard to their needs and priorities to get a adaptive NFP. According to the NFP's definitions, NFP consist of policies and approaches for all level, national until local. The support of these polices and approaches to get sustainable forest management are principles. Nevertheless, the role of this principles has not determined. In this regard, to prepare a nfp, at first, these principles must be defined, and then institutionalized. In this study, the role and relations of principles defined and then their institutionalizing in the components of forest resources management, consist of structures and processes defined.
To assessment the institutionalizing of principles, the national policies, development programmes and acts related to forest management were studied from structure and process definition aspects. In this regard, Process Management with Context Analysis technique were used to distinguish structures and processes related to principles that have ruled until now. The principles that studied in this research are participation, customary rights, capacity building, education, decentralization, financing, land use planning, environmental impact assessment and valuation and accounting of forest products and services.
According to the results, structures and processes related to the principles and bases of NFP in the national policies, development programmes and acts related to forest management were defined and institutionalized.
To get a complete forest management system, making relation between actions in forestry plans and principles and bases is necessary.

One of the most important issues in the plant ecology is vegetation classification. Statistic and unbiased sample are the bases of quantitative plant ecology. This study profited stratified random sampling. Each strata comprise a physiognomic vegetation type in study area. This study aimed to classify vegetation types, to investigate plant diversity and to assess the most important factors that affect distribution of vegetation communities.
Material and The study area, Perk forest, was located in the south west of Khorramabad with 2920 ha area. Stratified random sampling method was used to collect data. Based on the field observation (differences in physiognomy and vegetation structure), four distinct vegetation types including, Quercus-Graminae, Quercus-Acer-Pyrus, Quercus-Astragalus-Daphne, and Quercus-Achantolimon-Lonicera were recognized in this region. Sampling was performed in the spring and summer 2011, and a total 29, 400 m2 plots and 40, 4 m2 were established.
Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) methods was used. Four distinct ecological groups were identified in this region using these two methods. Indicator values for each species in different ecological groups were determined. Then in each ecological group species richness, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener's indices of diversity and Smith and Wilson's index of evenness were computed. Among numerous measured variables the most important physiographic variables were determined by principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Based on the results indicator species of the first, second, third, and fourth groups include (Acer monspesulanum L.¡ Bromus tomentellus L ¡ Colchicum persicum Baker ¡ Euphorbia orientalis L and Pyrus syriaca Boiss) (Euphorbia sororia Schrenk ¡ Minuartia hamate (Hausskn.) Mattf ¡ Quercus brantii Lindl and Valerianella vesicaria (L.) Moench) (Agropyrun repens (L.) P.Beauv ¡ Daphne mucronata Royal ¡ Echinops orientalis Trutv ¡ Polygonum aviculare L ¡ Stachys ballotiformis Vatke and Thalictrum sultanabadense Stapf) (Acantholimon brachystachyum Boiss. in Bunge ¡ Acanthophyllum kurdicum Boiss. & Hausskn. in Boiss ¡ Ferulago angulata (Schlecht.) Boiss and Lonicera nummularifolia Jaub. & Spach) respectively. Based on the results the highest values of species richness and diversity and evenness were assigned to the first group and the highest evenness value was assigned to the second group. There were significant differences in species richness, Simpson and Shannon-Wiener's index of diversity, and Smith and Wilson's index of evenness based on Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, among different ecological groups.
it is concluded that the results of Two-way indicator species analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis by using unbiased sample correspond to vegetation composition and physiography of terrain and the changes in environmental conditions lead to changes in vegetation composition in distinct ecological groups.The elevation was the most important factors in constructing distinct ecological groups, based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Background and objectives Forest utilization a management activities that first is marked the beginning and then included in logging off, lopping, Binet-saws, miter saws and finally skidding and transport of wood logs. Thus, in case of poor design and implementation of this process increased costs and environmental damage, such as loss of woods, limited use of resources and damage to the workforce. This study aimed to determine the minimum amount of waste wood and logs were cut down stresses level, to the extraction of the thickest and most functional wood logs also increased the recovery and productivity of trees and harvesting is the most pressure reduce forest areas.
The study present carriers in 5 compartment and 3 districts (1 , 2 and 3) of the habitat of the species beech forest in the south of the Caspian Sea in the city's efforts, the Asalem region, Guilan province. The 160 stem beech trees were marking selected of 10 to 115 cm in diameter classes randomly form and cutting by Asalem companies forest sector workers. Characteristics tree were measurements and recorded on forms. After entering data into Excel to determine the difference between the volume wood from bults (relative to the total volume of trees) at different levels of height, slope, aspect and quality of trees and the correlation between they with bults volume remained high was used of SPSS 20 software.
Results The results show that between, quality of the trunk, diameter of the surface bults and topographical, significant relationship exited elevation with the volume bult and volume truck. so observation that the highest volume of the trunk and bult in elevation of 1440-1650 meters, with quality trunk forks, fork and cylindrical plugs in diameters greater than 90 cm. Results of Pearson correlation, statistically significant relationship exited between volume truck and volume of bults revealed with quality truck and diameter of the surface bult.
Conclusion In this study, the despite to exited the extra large diameter trees,but was cut in the lower height from half diameter bults and reamander bults had the low height and volume, Which cause minimal loss of industrial wood when cut operation and harvesting. In conclusion it can be stated, in addition to the tree characteristics (diameter) and elements of topography (slope), the skill and knowledge of felling timber is very effective in reducing the rate of loss.

Taxus baccata L. is one of the rare native coniferous species of Iran which it has distribution from Astara to Ali Abad. This species is very important wise protection of genetic resources, medicinal usages (cure of lung, bladder, breast, uterus cancers and HIV disease) and etc that at present, it is exposed to overthrow for long seed dormancy, slow growth, illegal utilization and other disturbance factors. Therefore production of yew seedling by embryo culture on in vitro condition was carried out in order to conservation of present sites and their extension.
Seeds divided into two groups; Mature and immature and then they stratified in sand layers and low temperature for 9 months, after collection of natural site in Afra Takhteh region. Then, seeds were soaked in running water for 48 hours and they disinfected. In order to seed sterilization 7 treatments were considered. In this study the embryo of sterilized seeds split from endosperm and was cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) that it was enriched with ascorbic acid (50. 100 mg/l), casein hydrolysate (50, 100 mg/l), yeast extraction (0.5, 1 g/l) and activated charcoal (2%). The grown embryos were subcultured biweekly because of yew slow growth, providing of nutrients and medium. Data were analyzed with one way Anova and Duncan tests.
The results were shown that the best seed sterilization was H2O2 10% for 15 min, and ethanol 70% for one minute that any infection was not observed. Other results were shown that the embryos started to regeneration about 10 days. The maximum of regeneration and normal seedling belonged to treatment 1 that it was consisted mature seed, ascorbic acid and casein hydrolysate (100 mg/l), yeast extraction (1 g/l) and activated charcoal (2%). Its mention that seed stratification was very useful in embryo regeneration.
mass production of seedling can be easily achieved by using mature seeds and MS medium containing 100 mg/l ascorbic acid and casein hydrolysate, plus 1 g/l yeast extraction and 2% activated charcoal. Meanwhile cold stratification is very effective on development and growth of yew embryo. Therefore is suggested that to use from this technique in all of researches about yew seed either in vitro conditions or in vivo conditions.

The Iran’s Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Organization (FRWO) banned any utilization from these forests and considers them as preserved and protected ecosystem, however traditional uses (e.g. pollarding, fuel wood harvest, livestock grazing and agriculture in the forest floor) of these forests by local communities are still common. In order to adapt their livelihood to natural difficulties and limitations, local people have innovated Galazani (pollarding) of oak trees. In winter, dried leafy branches are used to feed livestock (especially goat and sheep).
Despite the severe and widespread uses of forests in Baneh, there are some stands located around cemeteries and holy places, which due to traditional believes and their holiness to local people, have been protected from human exploitation and interference, therefore their structure and vegetation have been rather intact. The area of these less disturbed stands differs from 0.5 to more than 10 hectares. These stands have been examined in this study as less disturbed (unpollarded) stands. Less disturbed stands still have most structural and ecological characteristics of virgin north Zagros forest stands, which unfortunately, cannot be found today. These stands can be used as a model to perform restoration and management planning for degraded Zagros forests. Unfortunately, nowadays the holiness and respect to less disturbed stands has been diminished between new generations and will face more encroachment and destruction. Due to higher palatability of Lebanon oak leaves than Persian oak and Gall oaks, this species is more suitable for pollarding in northen Zagros. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of Lebanon oak trees to pollarding.
An unpollarded stand (0.7 ha) and a pollarded stand (1 ha) with similar physiographical conditions were selected. Full Callipering was performed in both stands and tree species, collar diameter and crown diameter for all trees over 5 cm in collar diameter were recorded. Moreover, total height and trunk height were measured in Lebanon oak trees as well.
The results showed that the average of total height, trunk height, crown height and crown area were significantly lower (p Although pollarding tension can decrease most of the biometrical indices of Lebanon oaks, but increase in crown height to total height ratio and root/shoot ratio can be an important factor to increase oak trees resistance to drought stress in northern Zagros.

In this study we evaluated the effect of ground sampling intensity on estimation of stand volume, tree density and basal area using random forest, support Vector regression and k-NN algorithms for the part of Shast Kalate of Gorgan. We applied a systematic random sampling method to collect field data with 150×200 meter network (3.33% intensity sampling). So that 308 circular with 17.84 (0.1 ha) meters radius plot were measured in study area. In addition to the data collected, in compartment number of 16 and 21, we applied a systematic random sampling method to collect field data with 75×100 meter network. So that 134 plot circular with 17.84 (0.1 ha) meters radius were measured in 2 compartments. After removal of all outliers and creating DTM and DSM, all height and density related metrics of first and last pulse were produced. Also, after orthorectification digital aerial images, all texture measures were produced.The results of comparison of intensity sampling in stand volume, tree density and basal area estimation using fusion Lidar data and Digital aerial images showed that with increasing intensity sampling, RMSE% is reduced and with reducing intensity sampling, the RMSE% is increased. Although the results of 3.33%, 1.66% and 0.83% intensity sampling were not very different. According to low difference in RMSE% of the resulting all intensity sampling (3.33%, 1.66% and 0.83%), the 0.83% intensity sampling can be used to estimate the stand volume, tree density and basal area. Therefore, there is a possibility of the estimation of stand volume, tree density and basal area using Laser scanner data and UltraCam-D images with minimum cost, reasonable accuracy and less plots compared to 3.33% intensity.

This research was carried out to investigating on the effect of virgin and recycled plastics on the mechanical, thermal and color properties of composites from rice straw flour (RF) and polypropylene (PP) before and after weathering.
Rice straw flour (RF) was mixed with both virgin or recycled polypropylene (VPP or RPP) and MAPP at 180 °C and 60 rpm in an internal mixer, and the samples were made by injection molding. The mixing ratio of RF/PP and coupling agent amount for all formulations was fixed at 50 wt% and 2 wt%, respectively. The accelerated weathering process by ultraviolet irradiation and water spray was done on the samples for 2000 hours. Then, the mechanical strength, thermal stability and colorimetric of samples were determined.
Results indicated that the color of composites sharply changed after weathering, further reduced flexural strength and tensile modulus of samples. Differential scanning calorimetriy (DSC) test revealed that the melting temperature, crystallization temperature and crystallinity of weathered samples decreased probably due to the polymer chain scission. The highest lightness and color change in the RF/RPP composites was observed. However, the VPP samples had higher mechanical strength and thermal stability than RPP.
Based on the findings, using a recycled polypropylene for manufacture of composites materials applying in exterior environments is not appropriate.

Wood plastic composite that briefly (WPC) called are a new class of composite materials that in recent years have been the attention of many researchers and a major part of the industry. For improve some properties of wood plastic composite, various nanoparticles was used that one of them is clay that due to the high specific surface and mineral source, improves properties of nanocomposite. Therefore this study with aim to investigation the effect of nanoclay and polypropylene oxide coupling agent (OPP) on Phragmites australis flour/waste polypropylene was done.
For this purpose first polypropylene was oxidized in molding phase and in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and alcohol. Then Phragmites australis flour and polypropylene with were mixed weight ratio of 50% in internal mixer. Nanoclay to 3 levels 0, 2 and 4% and coupling agent to 2 levels 0 and 3% were used. Test boards were made using a hot press. Physical properties such as long-term water absorption and thickness swelling, humidity coefficient diffusion and thickness swelling rate, thermal properties such as thermal analysis (TGA) and morphological properties such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were done. To ensure the oxidation of polypropylene as well as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used.
The results showed that the long-term water absorption and thickness swelling, humidity coefficient diffusion and thickness swelling rate were decreased with increasing of nanoclay and coupling agent (OPP),. Thermal properties of nanocomposite improved with increasing of nanoclay and coupling agent. The result of field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that by addition of coupling agent, the interface between two phase's lignocellulosic fiber and polymeric matrix improvement. The result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that with increasing of nanoclay to 2%, the distance between the silicate layers of clay increased but by addition 4T nanoclay, the distance between the silicate layers slightly decreased and type in nanocomposite structure is intercalation. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as approved this. The result of infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicates the oxidation of polypropylene in the presence of oxygen.
As a general conclusion can be said that the use of nanoclay and compatibility oxidized polypropylene (OPP), improved properties of Phragmites australis flour/polypropylene nanocomposite. Therefore, the use of 2% nanoclay (for cost-effectiveness) with 3% OPP for the manufacture of composites with desirable features is recommended. K

The study is carried out to survey the effect of using cationic polymers for cationization of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) synthesis’s suspension on paper properties.
Paper is made by lignocellulosic material and inorganic compounds. Inorganic compounds are including functional additives and process aids which mineral fillers belong to functional additives. Todays, due to shortage and high price of lignocellulosic raw material, papermakers raised the consumption of mineral fillers. However, mineral fillers though have numerous advantageous like improvement in optical properties, printability, reduce production costs, also induces disadvantageous like weak distribution in paper structure, loss of mechanical properties, less retention, instability of production line and increasing effluent pollution loading.
Singh et al (2011) optimized the application of chemicals for high yield papers using PCC thereby starch and silica. They claimed that cationic starch with medium cationic charge induces highest retention value, while cationic starch with high charge density results in most drainage.
Studies by Shen et al (2010) showed that modified-PCC with carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) / alum improved filler retention and also optical properties like brightness and opacity in comparison with control sample significantly. They also found that paper without mineral filler have higher strength than those have fillers, but mechanical strength of paper contained unmodified filler and paper contained modified filler hadn’t significant difference.
Eventually, considering issues like production cost, effluent and its pollution loading, enhancement of paper machine speed, and also necessity of production paper with appropriate formation and quality, it’s necessary to study the interactions of various additives in paper, depending on their application.
Material and Synthesis of PCC carried out by injecting the carbon dioxide (CO2) to lime solution, or releasing the CO2 thereby hydrolysis of di-methyl carbonate in alkaline media. Cationic polymers including cationic starch, polyacrylamide, poly amino polyamide-epichlorohydrin and polydadmac in 15% level were used in synthesis suspension of calcium carbonate. Finally, paper properties filled with modified-PCC were examined.
It’s found that cationic suspension of different polymers lead to variation on synthesized calcium carbonate as papermaking filler. Generally, papers filled with modified-PCC compared with papers contained industrial calcium carbonate and those had synthesized calcium carbonate, improved optical and mechanical properties in neutral media except tear strength.
In this study, values of ash in papers contained modified calcium carbonate increased compared with papers with industrial calcium carbonate and those with synthesized calcium carbonate in neutral media. Bulk of papers with modified fillers reduced, but the air resistance, tensile and burst strengths and also optical properties increased. Normally, since mineral fillers have no bounding ability with cellulose fibers, so due to restricted and weaker bonds between fibers and also lack of appropriate formation and lack of stress distribution as a result, tensile and burst indices of paper decreased respectively. However, by synthesizing calcium carbonate in cationic suspension, because of improved bounding area induced by presence of cationic polymers in surface of precipitated calcium carbonate and uniform distribution of mineral filler in paper different response found.

One of the important parts in the wood and paper industry are synthetic resins used. Epoxy resins, such as polymers are widely used in various industries and industrial adhesives. That obtained the compound bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. Bisphenol A of the epoxy resins in the formulation is obtained from the petroleum products, that these products are limited and exhaustible, expensive and cancer. The presence of bisphenol A, in the environment, can be a serious threat to human health and the environment. Research conducted in the field of bio-based epoxy resins such as Shakeri et al (2010) used to soybean epoxy resin in in strawboard. Tasooji et al (2010) compared to the base resin of formaldehyde and epoxy soybean resin were examined in straw boards. The aim of this study was to synthesis of bio based tannin epoxy acrylate and producing particleboard with them and evaluated the mechanical and physical properties.
In this study, for the production of three layer particle board with bio-based tannin epoxy acrylate resin, fine wood chips to the surface layer remind 20 mesh and coarse wood chips pass to 20 mesh that was used for the middle layer. In order to reduce the moisture in wood with a moisture content of 2.5%, the particles put auto temperature for 8 hours at 103°C, respectively. Commercial tannin extracted from the bark mimosa, which is brown and dry powder contains 82% monomers and oligomers is flavonoid chemistry of Silva France was prepared. For synthesis of bio based tannin epoxy acrylate resin, acrylic acid (99%), hydroquinone (99%) and catalyst 4- Diazabicyclo [2,2,2] octane was used Sigma-Aldrich Co. Glycidyl ether tannin reacted with acrylic acid and hydroquinone and catalyst at a temperature of 95 °C for 12 hours and tannins epoxy acrylate resin was prepared. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was investigated final structure of the resin. Then in a three-layer board was made with tannin epoxy acrylate resin, at press temperatures of 160 and 180 °C and press time for 5/5 and 7/5 minutes with a nominal density of 700 kg/m3 and mechanical and physical properties were measured such as flexural strength (MOR), modulus elasticity (MOE) and Internal bending (IB) according EN310 and EN319 standards and physical properties such as water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) (after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water), according to standard EN317.
Acrylic acid reacts with the glycidyl ether tannin, in place of epoxy groups, acrylic groups are causing ripple branches combined. FTIR results confirmed the presence of acrylic resin. The results showed that increasing press temperature and press time had positive effect on physical and mechanical properties have been made. Flexural strength with increasing temperature and time after 13/3 to 16/3 MPa, the modulus of elasticity of 2600 MPa and 3600 Mpa, IB from 0.4 to 0.8 increased. Because a rise in temperature and press time, due to faster evaporation and condensation of moisture and soften the particles in the beam better and better heat transfer to the middle layer and curing the resin in the middle layer board and increase the strength. As temperatures rise and the press time, the thickness swelling has decreased after 2 hours from 11% to 7% and after 24 hours from 17 percent to 12 percent. The water absorption has decreased after 2 hours from 25% to 17% and after 24 hours from 30% to 21% .

Addition of mineral fillers to the paper pulp results in improvement of some important paper properties. But the paper mechanical properties would decrease due to the impossibility of attachment between filler particle and cellulosic fibers and inhibition of fiber-fiber bonds. One of substantial approaches to overcome such restriction is to modify cellulosic fiber surface to improve their bonding-ability with other paper network fragments. Thus filler can be added to the reinforced fibers network. Recent researches show that nanotechnology layer-by-layer method is a good way for modifying the cellulose fibers characteristics and improving its quality. In this technique, cellulosic fibers and counter-ionic particles are placed in an interaction media. During the interaction, ionic particles are absorbed by fibers surface mainly via electrostatic absorption. Therefore the fibers network strength would improve considerably. In current research, CMP fibers was firstly treated with three layer of cationic starch - anionic nanosilica - cationic starch. Then PCC filler was added to the treated pulp in different levels. The extent of strengths improvement with layering treatment and the strength loss due to the PCC addition was evaluated in order to calculate the level of filler application in reinforced CMP pulp.
The layering treatment of CMP fibers was successively conducted using cationic starch polymer and anionic nanosilica. For three subsequent layers constitution, 500 ml pulp suspension with 0.53 consistency was mixed for 10 minutes with solutions of cationic starch (1.5 %) - anionic nanosilica (0.05 %) - cationic starch (1.5 %) applying laboratory mixer. Then PCC filler was added to the 3-layer treated CMP pulp in three levels of 5, 10, and 15 %. Handsheets with 60±3 g/m2 basis weight was prepared from untreated, treated, and treated pulp containing PCC filler; and their physical properties (thickness, apparent density, bulk) and mechanical characteristics (tensile index, burst index, tear index) have been compared. Also, SEM micrographs were prepared from the above samples to evaluate the variation of fiber surface structure and paper network.
The results indicated that by treatment of CMP fibers with layer-by-layer method, there occurs no meaningful variation in paper physical properties. Whereas this system had considerable effect in paper strengths improvement. Evaluation of strength properties showed that by 3-layer treatment of CMP fibers, Tensile index of paper improved from 28.54 N.m/g (in untreated fibers) to 39.18 N.m/g, burst index from 1.36 kPa.m2/g to 2.68 kPa.m2/g, and tear index from 6.11 mN.m2/g to 11.12 mN.m2/g. Also, in prepared SEM micrographs a different appearance in 3-layer treated fibers surface compared to the untreated fibers; indicated an increase in gelatinization of treated fiber surface due to an increase in cationic starch absorption, results to improve the bonded surface between fibers and increase in paper strengths. By adding 10 % of PCC filler to this pulp, tensile index, burst index and tear index was measured 26.40 N.m/g, 1.79 kPa.m2/g, and 8.07 mN.m2/g respectively. Furthermore, SEM micrographs confirmed PCC filler retaining and its relative uniform distribution in the treated CMP fibers network.
Analysis of the results showed that by reinforcing CMP pulp with layer-by-layer method used in current research, paper strength characteristics increases considerably without significant increase in physical properties. From statistical viewpoint, with increasing of the strength in the treated CMP pulp, 10 % of PCC filler can be added to it.

This paper focuses on the relationship between behavioral variables and market performance in the Iranian Furniture Industries (3610 four-digit code of the ISIC classification) during 1390-1374. For this purpose, the researching intensity and intensity of advertising as a behavioral variables and the variable export intensity as a performance variables has been used. The system of equations consists of the Exporting, Researching intensity and Advertising intensity applied.
The results of previous empirical studies such as the studies Sougiannis(1996), Null(1997), Zhao and Hongyu(1997), Basile(2001), Rogers(2002), Galia and Legros(2003), Guan(2003), Yoon(2004), Montobbio and Rampa(2005), Barber and Alegre(2007), Johansson and Loof(2008), Singh(2009), Halpen and Murakozy(2009), Yang & Chen(2011), Hosseini and Permeh (1383), Ebadi and Shahiki Tash (1383), Zaree (1387), Abbasi (1391) and Dehghani (1394) shows That In most national and international studies there is no research that indicate a direct effect on behavioral variables between Iran furniture export business products. .
The Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation (SURE) method is used to estimate the parameters of the models.
Results show that Researching intensity and Advertising intensity have a positive and significant effect (0.081 and 0.172) on the export of Iranian Furniture industries and the effect of Advertising intensity is more than Researching intensity. Moreover the interrupted value of the export is interrupted for a significant positive effect (0.88) on the export in the Furniture industries in Iran that represent the dynamic effects of this variable in Iran. Another part of the results show that the coefficient related exporting and advertising elasticity of research are 0.343 and 0.0123 (28.44 and 40.18). That these results show the relationship between these variables is direct.
Results show that Researching intensity and Advertising intensity have a positive and significant effect (0.081 and 0.172) on the export of Iranian Furniture industries and the effect of Advertising intensity is more than Researching intensity. Moreover the interrupted value of the export is interrupted for a significant positive effect (0.88) on the export in the Furniture industries in Iran that represent the dynamic effects of this variable in Iran. Another part of the results show that the coefficient related exporting and advertising elasticity of research are 0.343 and 0.0123 (28.44 and 40.18). That these results show the relationship between these variables is direct.
According to industry research and Trying to marketing and selling the Iranian Furniture Industries is helping to enhancing export in the Iranian Furniture industries.

paper making industries to supply their raw material and also aims to reduce the pressure on wood consumption, to find and to use other sources of cellulosic fibers such as bagasse, straw, reeds and recovery of cellulosic fibers used (RECYCLED FIBERS) Many paper-producing countries, is now collecting and recycling paper and even import waste paper from other countries have taken action. Successful development requires a delignification process technology is able to take advantage of all the potential raw material. The selectivity of the delignification and bleaching prerequisite to achieve greater efficiency and optical characteristics and is suitable resistance. Although the process of Soda and Soda - AQ is good, but the use of high alkalinity is in the process of degradation of carbohydrates. In this study the effectiveness of an oxygen delignification stage before bleaching ECF method to reduce the use of chemicals sequences were evaluated.
Due to the high amount of lignin in the fibers of old corrugated Carton; soda-AQ pulping process was used for the initial delignification.
Two treatments were selected to compare the effects of oxygen on reducing the bleaching process So that a treatment without oxygen delignification using the sequence AD1EpD2P delignification with oxygen and other treatments using the sequence AD1EpD2 equal terms, they were bleached.
The use of an oxygen delignification stage a dramatic decrease in the amount of kappa number and show a slight drop of yield OCC pulp.
The results show that using an oxygen delignification stage, can be used unbleached pulp kappa number with greater efficiency and after treatment with oxygen, more yield and kappa number of similar (less than three) receipts and Finally, this pre-treatment did not cause a significant impact on the final bleached pulp strength properties As well as using oxygen delignification bleaching process can be less detecting the optical properties reached a similar conclusion in other words using a certain sequence, provided good optics.

The use of infrared spectroscopy to describe the lignocellulosic materials has increased dramatically. Since the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) spectroscopy least destruction occurs in the test sample and with a small quantity of sample accurate information is obtained, so this spectrometer is a useful technique for identifying chemical compounds of wood. In studying the historic woods, to describe the amount and type of damage to select the appropriate protection method, often FT-IR technique is used. In this study, changes in the chemical compounds of wood used in historical building of Gorgan with healthy species are studied with the help of this spectroscopy.
In this study, historic wood samples were prepared from two buildings in the old context of Gorgan (Tekye, Estarabadi and Hosseinieh). Five samples were selected from these two buildings and to identify the species To study Macroscopic characterization to review these woods. Spectroscopy of samples was obtained with the use of MB-154 Bomem FT-IR model. For this purpose, wood flour was prepared from samples from a drill equipped with a drill bit with 3 mm diameter and a depth of 2-3 mm. Flour obtained for the FT-IR test was dried in the oven at temperature 103° C for 24 hours to have the lowest moisture content. Then KBr tablet of the above examples was prepared for the FT-IR spectroscopy test in the spectral range 4000-500 cm-1 and spectral resolution 4 cm-1. 11 scans were performed for each test and samples were compared with healthy samples.
Samples include four species: hardwood (hornbeam, oak, beech, elm) and a softwood species (yew). In all hardwood species, the absorption intensity in areas 897, 1049, 1118, 1160 cm-1 and related to carbohydrates and also bands 1739, 1243 cm-1 in connection with the hemicellulose was reduced significantly. In contrast, in the case of bands related to lignin, poor absorption is seen in 1654, 1595, 1508 cm-1. In Yew species, areas 1608, 1512, 1428, 1273 cm-1 and in connection with lignin and area 1736 cm-1 related to hemicellulose showed a large decrease in absorption.
The results from spectroscopy showed that biodegrades has occurred in all historical species. With relative comparison of changes in intensity of the bands associated with lignin and carbohydrates in hardwood species, it has become clear that carbohydrates degradation was more than lignin, which can be primarily attributed to brown rot. In softwood species (yew), because they have the most contact with the continuous rains, in addition to carbohydrates, lignin has also been destroyed.