فصلنامه پژوهشهای علوم و فناوری چوب و جنگل
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

Common yew (Taxus baccata L.) is one of the most valuable coniferous species in the northern forests of Iran which is shade tolerant and its distribution is from Astara to Ali Abad Katoul (Golestan province). This species additional to having genetic reservation, silvicultural and ecological values, has the special advantage in drug industry. As callus is a primary substance for cell cultures and secondary metabolite's production and indirect organogenesis, therefore, in order to suggest a suitable explant and definite concentration of growth regulators for callus production, the effect of Indole-3- butyric acid (IBA), α-Naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2, 4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4- D) on callus production and growth in common yew under in vitro conditions were considered.
In this research, the explants were provided from different parts of the tree such as leaf, young stems and apical buds with 1.5 cm lengths. For sterilization of explants different methods were used. The explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium after sterilization. For callus induction from IBA, NAA and 2, 4- D in 4 levels (0, 0.3, 3 and 6 mg L-1) were used. In order to prevention of auxins decomposition and their better absorption by explants texture, all of the explants were maintained in dark conditions for a week. For each explants of stem, leaf and bud callus growth curve were drawn. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan tests.
The results were shown that the best method for explants sterilization was ethanol 70% (for 1 min), HgCl2 0.2 % and CaCl2 0.2% (for 1 min). The maximum percentage of browning was observed in bud explants at concentration of 6 mg L-1 NAA. The leaf explants were better than other explants in the browning phenomenon, so that there was no evidence of browning in different concentration of IBA and 2, 4- D. The maximum wet and dry weight of callus was belonging to stem and bud explants under treatments of 2, 4- D and NAA at concentration of 3 mg L-1, respectively. In addition, the produced calluses had different texture and color. Most of bud explants at concentration of 0.3 mg L-1 NAA were normal conditions but at concentration of 6 mg L-1 IBA and 2, 4- D, they were converted to callus. The callus growth curves in different explants showed that initiation and callus production and its growth is having a relatively low rate.
2, 4- D at concentration of 3 mg L-1 for callus production from yew stem and leaf explants, NAA at concentration of 3 mg L-1 for callus production from apical bud and NAA at concentration of 0.3 mg L-1 for plantlet production from yew bud are suggested as suitable protocols.

Riparian forests are one of the unique forest ecosystems, but, there are little information available about these forest ecosystems in the Iran. These forests have an important role in riparian ecosystem protection, but they are in danger. Populus euphratica is one the most common tree species in these ecosystems and is a native species of arid and semiarid sites that spread out in most part of the Iran. Regarding to lack of data about symbiosis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and P. euphratica, this study was done to study of AMF symbiosis with P. euphratica and the effect of distance from river bank on root colonization and spore density. Furthermore, correlation between soil physiochemical properties, root colonization and spore density were investigated to determine the most effective parameters on this symbiosis.
The Maroon riparian forest width was divided to three distances with 200 meter interval. Site one, two and three were located beside water, 200 and 400 meters away from river, respectively. Then, 10 soil samples belonged to P. euphratica rhizosphere were collected in each site. Also, for each selected tree, root samples were collected, and root length colonization and spore density were determined. Furthermore, soil physiochemical properties of each studied distance were determined.
The result indicated that the least root length colonization belonged to the distance two and significantly was lower than the other two studied distances. This result might be because of human activity in this distance that could have negative effect on root length colonization. Moreover, although no significant difference was observed for spore density in studied distance, but the highest value of spore density belonged to the distance three. Soil phosphorous, sand and clay were significantly different between studied distances. While, the other studied soil physiochemical parameters showed no significant differences in studied distances. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between root length colonization and spore density. Significant correlation was observed between soil clay, silt and phosphorus. While, root length colonization and spore density showed no significant correlation with studied soil physicochemical parameters.
Regarding to the high level of root length colonization and spore density in P. euphratica rhizosphere we could say that there is high level of symbiosis between P. euphratica and mycorrhizal fungi. Using this symbiosis could be an effective way in protection and expansion of P. euphratica afforestation. Moreover, distance from river bank is an effective parameter on mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis in riparian forest.

One of the main fields of interest in vegetation ecology is the analysis and understanding of vegetation-site relationships, particularly the response of species to underlying ecological gradients. Many attempts have been done in linking the performance of plant species to environmental variables since last decades. This study aims at investigating the response curve of beech tree to environmental variables using generalized additive model.
For this purpose, a stratified sampling method based on landform was used to locate 114 0.1 ha circular sample plots in beech dominated forests in experimental and educational forest of Kheyrud, Nowshar. The mean height of five largest diameter trees within each plot was considered as dominant height. Elevation above sea level, geographical aspect and slope of the ground were also recorded or measured. At the center of plot, soil samples from 0-10 cm depth were taken for analyzing soil texture, bulk density and saturation moisture, pH, lime (%), nitrogen (%), carbon and organic matter (%), potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous. By using generalized additive model and mgcv package in R statistical software, the response curve of beech tree were individually and simultaneously analyzed. Due to the nature of response variable, Gaussian distribution and identity link function were selected for generalized additive model.
The comparison of response curves resulted from GAM for explanatory variables individually and simultaneously showed that there are considerable differences in the shape of response curve. There are also differences in significance of predictors among these two approaches. By using GAM for each explanatory variable individually indicated that altitude, slope, radiation index, clay, silts, sand, nitrogen, saturation moisture, carbon and organic matter, pH, phosphorous and potassium are significant (P The results of this research imply that if the study aims at investigating only the shape of response curve, considering simultaneously all predictors will present the precise description of species behavior to environmental variables. But if the researcher wants to extract ecological optimum and tolerance for the species besides the shape of response curve, the behavior of species to predictors individually would be better choice.

Unlike forests of North of the country which mainly produce wood, most notable products in the forests of West of the country are non-woody products. These products provide the bulk of the needs of the people in Zagros area. People have acclimated with nature to earn their living needs and have been able to maintain these products and more or less have created and published the methods of preservation, development, restoration, and utilization in these forests, but in some cases, have operated against nature and destroyed the nature either intentionally or unintentionally. Lorestan province comprises 2,000 plant species and among these, 250 species are medicinal plants. Among these products is myrtle shrub with leaf, fruit, and flower of medicinal value, and this product could be used with correct utilization. Unfortunately, inappropriate and improper utilization practices and excessive use of the species, especially in recent years, has caused serious damages to the habitat of this species, so that in the last ten years, about half of its habitats has been destroyed in Doureh County which its rehabilitation and replacement cost 1,029,600,000 Rials.
The most important factors in the destruction of this species in the viewpoint of experts, farmers and local people have been examined through a questionnaire. A total of 66 were completed by experts and 244 questionnaires were completed by farmers and local people and after extraction and categorization the responses were analyzed by binomial test.
In total, 7 factors were identified that have some influences on the habitat destruction, among which weak management and utilization by the company with an average of 4.76 (94% of respondents) and 4.42 (83% of respondents), respectively, were defined as the most important factors causing habitat destruction.
However, the current situation of the myrtle sites has been presented as a serious threat, if this situation is defined correctly by adopting the right policies and providing financial and administrative support necessary for the successful implementation, it could be turned into an opportunity causing the economic prosperity and improvement in employment conditions of the province. This opportunity includes encouraging local people to plant myrtle with effective financial support by the government to promotion and development of the man-made plantation of myrtle species.

Analysis of spatial pattern and association of inter-tree species in the developmental stages in natural stands is a prominent prerequisite for simulating, founding and extending forest ecosystems. This study aimed to obtain appropriate information for extending sustainable development and simulation, and performing close-natural silviculture in a non-protective site using this technique for endemic species including Caspian poplar and Ironwood trees in Nour Forest Park forest.
In the studied site, the developmental stages consisting of initial, optimal and decay stages were determined in each area of one hectare using the specified indices, and coordinates of target species were taken by GPS and trigonometric relationships. To map spatial patterns of each tree species and competition model for inter-tree species, univariate and bivariate function of K-Ripley were used in the study. As such, Monte Carlo simulation was used to test the null hypothesis of a random distribution and interaction relationships. The associations were classified into repulsion, independent and attraction relationships in this technique.
The findings of univariate function showed that Caspian polar trees were clustered in the distances of 9- 14 m, > 7 m and 8- 35 m in the initial, optimal and decay stages, respectively, and this species, however, was randomly distributed in other distances. The results for Ironwood trees showed random pattern in the initial stage, cluster pattern in distance of 20- 39 m and 6- 32 min the optimal and decay stages respectively, and either random or clustered patterns in the other distances. There were no regular patterns for these species in the different stages. Furthermore, the results of bivariate function indicated that there were attraction relationships between Caspian poplar and Ironwood trees in the majority of distances in developmental stages though there were also independent associations in some distances within the different developmental stages.
According to the findings, the specified spatial patterns of each tree species would be affected by natural events. óAlso, The results showed that there was no regular relationship for each studied tree species in the studied forest. The finding showed that there were independent and attraction relationships between two studied species in some distances in the developmental stages. However, there was no repulsion association between Caspian poplar and Ironwood trees in the forest. since there were found no inter-species repulsion relationships, high density of Ironwood trees could be in association with density of Caspian poplar trees in the studied forest.

Identify tree species and Mapping compound of trees play an important role in making optimal decisions for the management forests ecosystem of large areas. evaluation different sources, of remote sensing such as, aerial digital images of forest resources as an Solutions, Replace Ground methods is Considered in recent years. Remote sensing data, especially digital aerial images with high spatial and radiometric resolution could be a useful tool to identify tree species. By conventional methods pixel-based, classification the pixels of the images can be done the different algorithms. Digital classification conventional methods such as maximum likelihood algorithm the most common methods based on pixel-based classification. The use of modern methods of classification Such as parametric algorithm support vector machine is essential compare the performance.
According to a few studies to examine the ability of these images of urban forests and forestation north of the country, And lack of research evaluating the ability of Digital images aerial identify tree species the of Caspian mixed forests, the aim of this study research is investigation of capability of UltraCam-D aerial digital photographies in identify tree species the Caspian Mixed Hardwood forest regional of area of district 1 of Shast Kalate forest in GORGAN and compare Operation two pixel-based algorithm the maximum likelihood and support vector machine. There are several ways to extract information from this type of image.
provided the ground truth map position of 128 dominant trees by accurate registration with DGPS. Identify and classification of tree species using pixel–based method and Collection of original bands and artificial bands was derived processing bands using the maximum likelihood algorithm and support vector machine was used. Accuracy assessment of Maps derived from classification done with the use of 25% of the ground truth
After filtering accuracy evaluation results showed the map of the classification with maximum likelihood algorithm to the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 63.63% and 0.51, and support vector machine algorithm to the 42.37% and 0.2 respectively.
By comparing the results show that the pixel-based classification method in identifying tree species because of the salt and pepper effect or not using of the auxiliary data (slope, elevation, etc.) in the classification process has been relatively effective. The use of other methods such as object classification method based on identify of tree species is recommended. In addition, need to assess the capability of the images data in different tested habitat conditions.

To reveal plants systematic and phylogenetic evolutionary development of the species, wood identification and wood anatomical descriptions were being considered by Biology researchers every so often. From Palaeobotany point of view there have been done successful researches by studying wood fossils. Petrified woods preserve more extended history of wood habitats comparing to other plants organs. In this study, we identify and introduce fossil woods of Annakhatoon NE of Tabriz region, which were explored from 1:25000 map preparation operations.
In this study, we put to use stem like pieces to make identifications of the petrified tree stems of the age Pliocene, NE Tabriz.A test specimen was selected from each sample seeming to be in good preservation status at all directions of wood axis, to prepare thin sections. Appearance, size, color and other physical characteristics were recorded and photographs prepared, after transferring the collected samples to the laboratory. we prepared thin sections of all types of transversal, radial and tangential planes, according to specific methods, whereas possible. First of all we cut 1x2x3 cm pieces with their long axis parallel to tree longitudinal axis, removed rough areas, planed and finished. After making a plenty of polishes, the thickness was so lowered around 0.03 mm that the light could pass through the wood thin sections. Thin sections of tangential, radial and cross section were prepared to study microscopically. In the cases where the state of preserving allowed, we studied wood anatomy and the features related to tracheids, ray parenchyma, pits, resin channels and other wood elements employing light microscope. Following IAWA list of microscopic features of Gymnosperms, made the elementary descriptions the identification was completed by comparing data with other petrified woods in collections elsewhere.
Results showed that the structure of fossil sample was the same as Gymnosperms. Growth ring boundaries distinct, transition from early wood to latewood abrupt, ground tissue consists of thin walled tracheids, uniseriate rays abundant, unlikely pinoid bordered pits in cross fields and a few solitary resin canals, were common. The material has been referred to Pinuxylon fossil species of Coniferals at this stage.
Although lack of proper preservation, solitary resin canals, few axial parenchyma, large bordered pits arranged in single rows at radial walls of earlywood tracheids and very likely pinoid pits in the cross fields, show close relation to Pinuxylon genus type. This genus type implies a temperate climate there at that age.

Wood modification is trying to use eco-friendly materials and methods to improve the wood properties for many applications. Synthetic polymers are widely used for wood modification via impregnation by monomers and the conversion to polymer that was resulted in wood—polymer production. In modification by Acrylonitrile vinyl monomer, the hydroxyl group of cell wall are free and they could absorb moisture exposed to the environmental condition. So, the presence of a modifier with coupling effect between monomer and cell wall could increase the wood service life. In this research, the effect of 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate on mechanical and biological properties of Acrylonitrile wood-polymer was investigated.
Material and Mechanical and biological test samples of straight grain and no defect timber of dried Poplar wood were prepared according to ASTM-D143 and EN113 standards respectively. Test samples were divided in 7 levels: control, modified with silan compound in subgroups of acidified Ethanol at 110 and 150˚C, ethanol with and without Benzoyl peroxide as initiator at 150°C, Acrylonitrile/ Benzoyl Peroxide and combined level of silan/Acrylonitrile. Samples impregnation was carried out using vacuum-pressure method in the cylinder. A complete randomized design was used to examine the effect of different treatments. Also averages grouping was performed by Duncan multiple range test.
Silan modification and presence of Acrylonitrile in the composite were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Samples of silan/Acrylonitrile combination level showed maximum of bending strength, compression strength parallel to grain and hardness. The presence of Acrylonitrile in lumen enhanced the mechanical properties. In reaction between wood and silan, temperature increases due to the intensification of reaction, led to an increase in resistance. Benzoyl Peroxide initiator presence in silan modification resulted in more improvement in mechanical properties due to Cell wall modification and Polymerization some of silan in the lumens. Silan/Acrylonitrile modified samples was showed the significant improvement in decay resistance exposed to Trametes Versicolor
Silan compound enhanced the mechanical and biological properties of Acrylonitrile wood-polymer. The maximum improvement of mechanical properties was observed in combined modification of Silan/Acrylonitrile because of more interaction between silanol of silan compound and hydroxyl group of wood, and the presence of Acrilonytrile in wood cell lumen. Silane/acrylonitrile modification created significant enhancement in the biological resistance against white rot fungi that attributed to filling lumen and cell wall pores, less moisture content, and reduction of hyphae development, enzymes transfer and fungal hyphae access to the wood cell wall.

Development of non-oil exports is one of the pillars of strengthening the country's economic growth. Today furniture industry has a significant share in global trade, so the sustainable development and growth of this industry can have a significant impact on employment, GDP growth and non-oil revenues. Because of the economic, social, and environmental importance of the wooden furniture industry, the need to move toward sustainable development in the industry is felt. The aim of this study was to identifying and assessing the weight of effective criteria on the sustainable development of Iran wood furniture industry and suggesting appropriate solutions using a non-parametric approach of the analytic hierarchy process.
In this regard, first by comparative studies as well as interviewing relevant experts, the effective criteria were identified. After plotting the hierarchical levels on the decision tree (including goals, criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives), the data needed to determine the weighting value and prioritize each of them were prepared in the form of designing standard questionnaires based on paired comparisons and using the opinions of the industry & university experts of and the relevant institutions and finally, its computational steps were carried out with ExpertChoice software.
Base on the obtained results, economical and environmental criteria have the highest weighting values at first level as 0.358 and 0.212 weighting values, respectively. At the other hand, an improvement on economical stability (0.168), development of industrial clusters (0.149), reduction and control of volatile organic components (0.121), continuous relationship between university and furniture industry (0.093), Furniture recovery (0.074) and development of outsourcing strategy (0.060), have the highest priorities at the secondary level. Finally, the "Modeling of sustainable development models in developed Countries," with a weight of 0.340 as the best alternative, was selected to achieve sustainable development in the Iranian furniture industry.
results of this research can be used as a road map for movement to the sustainable development, and appropriate solutions to improve the performance of producers and to introduce structural reforms in various sectors of the Iran's furniture industry with the aim of achieving international markets and sustainable development will be addressed to authorities, practitioners and policy makers.

One of the requirements of adhesive joints formation is penetration into the wooden substrate. This phenomenon is influenced by multiple factors such as resin viscosity and wooden substrate moisture. There are many studies which had been done on adhesive penetration in wood veneers and two strands. In this study, adhesive penetration pattern due to strand moisture and resin concentration in a particulate wood-based composite; OSB, was investigated. For this purpose, micro photographs of cross section of the produced boards were prepared and parameters of the adhesive penetration pattern were evaluated and compared between treatments.
for this research, oriented strand boards were made with poplar strand and phenol formaldehyde resin. The variables consisted of strand moisture content with three levels; 2%, 6% and 10% and resin concentration with 45%, 50% and 55% levels. After preparation microscopy samples, micro photographs of core layer and middle layer were taken. FFN and FVN as penetration pattern parameters were measured. In order to determine significant effects, one way ANOVA was used. For grouping the mean amounts, Tukey test was applied.
the effects of strand moisture content, resin concentration and position in the board thickness on penetration parameters were significant. Higher strand moisture content increased the penetration especially in fibers. Application of lower resin concentration improved the penetration. The penetration of resin was higher in middle layer that was near to hot platen of press.
As mentioned in previous studies, the existence of moisture in strand prevents increasing of resin viscosity and causes more penetration. In other words, the more dryness in wooden substrate, the more increasing in resin viscosity and could limit the resin penetration. Generally the parameter take from fiber counting showed more organized changes with compare to FVN parameter that was taken from vessel counting due to strand moisture and resin concentration effects. Also it was determined that, the penetration pattern in core and middle layers of board are different.

Several studies have been conducted to improve the paper properties and this research is for coating process in the converting operations of papers. Improvement of paper properties can cause a variety of its applications. In general, the desirable properties are expressed by barrier, mechanical and optical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the GCC coatings on two types of base papers with two levels of binder.
For this purpose, two different base papers (kraft liner and fluting from Mazandaran pulp and paper mill), immersion and bar coating methods as well as a binder (PVA) at two levels were used. Coating material had 20% solid content, including GCC (100 parts), dispersant (0.3 parts) and PVA (6 and 12 parts). Two suspensions with low and high binder were named no.1 and no.2 combination respectively. Dip coating was performed in the two suspensions for one minute, and the bar coating was carried out by the bench coater with the same combinations. Physical characteristics such as air resistance, thickness, mass, brightness and water absorption (Cobb60) for control and treated paper were determined. After the calculation, the coating weight and grammage was obtained, and then these data were entered to SPSS 16.0 software for analysis of variance.
In comparison to the control group, all the treated fluting papers showed significant difference in grammage, thickness and coating weight. The significant effect was observed on air resistance of fluting and kraft liner papers at 5% level. However there were not any differences in bar coating method on air resistance at 1% level in fluting papers with low PVA and so in the kraft liner papers with high PVA. The amount of water absorption in the treated fluting samples with low and high PVA using bar coating method indicated a significant difference at 5% level compared with treated samples in immersion method and control group. However, the Cobb60 significant reduction at 1% level was seen in the low binder combination with rod coating method. In terms of lower water absorption, rod coating with high PVA was much better than the other treatments. Due to more coating weight in the immersion method, the value of brightness increased in the immersed samples. Except rod method with low PVA, other treatments created significant differences (5%) in brightness between the treated fluting papers and control group. Kraft paper samples showed significant differences in brightness at 1% with both suspensions in immersion method, but kraft samples of bar method with low PVA were significant at 5% level. Correlation coefficients between the coating weight and air resistance, thickness, brightness as well as grammage were 0.549, 0.734, 0.687 and 0.489 in the tested papers respectively.
According to information of this research, changes of water absorption in samples were low, but the rod method reduced water absorption and had positive influence on paper barrier properties. Brightness of studied kraft liner was pretty good and the brightness of this brown paper reached to 57. Even in cases such as water absorption and brightness, the first composition (low binder) was better than the other suspension. The air resistance improved in all treatments and increment of this measurement is more evident in the fluting papers and the immersion method. Due to the improvement of physical properties, barrier and brightness in treated paper, made value-added papers in these samples compared to the control groups.

During recent few decades several denderoclimatological studies have been done in different places of the world and researches using denderoclimatology methods extracted the climatic related information from the tree ring and reconstructed past climatic variations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of Siberian elm wood (zelkova carpinifolia) in reconstruction of precipitation and temperature using tree ring width and vessel lumen area chronologies.
In this study we built zelkova carpinifolia ring width and vessel lumen area chronologies. We extracted 20 cores from intact trees using Swedish increment borer. After preparation the samples were scanned using a 4800 dpi scanner. After scanning ring width and vessel lumen area was measured by image j software. Afterwards ring width and vessel lumen area time series was drowning by Excel software. Standardization of time series was performed by Fritts method (1976). Chronologies characteristics including mean sensitivity, first autocorrelation, express population signal and GLK coefficient was calculated. Correlation coefficient was calculated between ring width and vessel lumen area indexes and neighboring meteorological station precipitation and temperature data. We used Ramian meteorological station data. It was 5 kilometers far from Dland Park. Variations with the most important correlations were used for temperature and precipitation reconstruction. Reconstruction performed by split – sample calibration verification method. For testing validity of reconstruction we used sign test and reduction of error (RE) statistics.
Correlation coefficients analysis indicated that at seasonal scales ring width was significantly, positively correlated with previous year spring and fall precipitation and vessel lumen area was correlated with previous year autumn precipitation. About temperature the only important correlation was observed in August month. Ring width and vessel lumen area were negatively correlated with previous year August temperature. The validity of reconstruction by sign test and reduction of error statistics indicated that reconstruction of previous year spring precipitation using ring width variation and reconstruction of previous year fall precipitation by vessel lumen area variation in this region is successful, but reconstruction of temperature was not successful.
It seems that at low elevation reconstruction of precipitation by ring width and vessel lumen area variation is successful but reconstruction of temperature perhaps needs other tree ring variable such as maximum late wood density or late wood ring width. Also at this region the effect of previous year climatic conditions on ring width and vessel lumen area is more important than current year climatic conditions.