نشریه نهال و بذر
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1388)

Cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis) is a heterozygous and allogamous species characterized by gametophytic self-incompatibility. Propagation by seeds has caused a high heterozygosity in almond gene pool of Broujerd region. Spring frosts and non-uniformity of kernels are the main limiting factors of almond production in this region. Therefore, the almond germplam of the region was evaluated during 2006 and 2007 to select superior genotypes with desirable pomological and vegetative and suitable fruit and kernel characteristics. In order to achieve these goals some morphological traits such as yield, bearing habit, nut and kernel weight and size, kernel ratio, kernel twin and hollow (%) and flowering date were recorded according to IPGRI descriptor for almond. In the evaluation and comparison of traits for two years, 10 superior genotypes number 57 (for yield, kernel ratio, weight and size), 112 (for yield), 166 (for kernel shape and color), 91 (for kernel size and weight), 177 (for kernel ratio), 103, 43, 59, 157 and 135 were introduced. In addition, some late-bloom genotypes were recognized in this study which can be used in the future breeding programs. Cluster analysis with SPSS software produced seven groups with similar characteristics. Significant and positive correlations between kernel and nut weight were found. Negative correlation between kernel percent and nut dimensions, especially nut width, were also obtained. Furthermore 22 days of difference in full bloom stage was observed in orchards located in low and high altitude locations in 2006 season.

Anthracnose, caused by Gnomonia leptostyla, Anamorph: Marssonina juglandis (Lib.) Magn.), is the most serious disease of walnut. The present study was designed to determine relative resistance to the disease in eleven walnut genotypes using a factoriel experiment on the basis of completely randomized design. After grafting of walnut genotypes, grafted plants were inoculated by a 105 spore per ml suspension of the pathogen. The results showed that germination of spores was higher on the upper surface of the leaves. The first symptoms of infection appeared on Z60 and Hartley four days after inoculation. The acervuli were produced first on K72 genotype about 27 days after inoculation. Two months after inoculation, evaluation was done in each plants by determination of the number and the mean diameter of spots and leaf infection percent. The results showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes in number and size of spots. The highst leaf infection percent occurred on Z60, K72 and Hartley, and Vina and Ronde de montignac showed the least leaf infection percent

To select stable bread wheat cultivars/lines and suitable sowing date for moderate agro-climate zone of Iran, fifteen cultivars and advanced lines of wheat were studied in a split plot arrangement using a randomized complete block design with three replications and three sowing datas (Oct. 12, Nov. 01, and Nov. 21), at six locations, for two cropping seasons (2005-2007). Yield from stations in two years were analyzed to determine the best sowing date for each location. Results of combined analysis showed that the first date (Oct. 12) was suitable for all locations. Therefore, the data of the first date were analyzed based on RCBD in six locations and two years. Since the genotype × year × location interaction was significant, analysis of stability was done. The results of different stability methods were almost similar. According to the results, cultivar Shiraz with a yield average of 9.79 tha-1 was found to be the most stable cultivar followed by line M-18-14 that produced an average yield of 8.8 tha-1. Cultivars Saissons, MV-17, Zarrin, and Kavir had less stability.

CI2401 is one of the resistant lines to biotype II of Russian wheat aphid (new blotype) recently identified from a wheat introduction. A F2 segregating family derived from CI2401 and Glupro (a susceptible wheat cultivar) was developed to study this resistance gene. F2 seedlings were infested with RWA biotype II of the aphid. Seedlings, reaction was scored as resistant (flat leaves) and susceptible (rolled leaves) 15 and 20 days after inoculation. Segregation of resistance in the population agreed with simple Mendelian ratios (3:1) using chi-square test, and revealed presence of a single dominant gene controlling the resistance to biotype II of RWA in this selection. Forty two pairs of SSR primers covering all chromosome arms were used to determine the RWA-resistance gene location in the wheat genome. Chi-square test showed no deviation from single locus segregation ratios in this population. The only Xbarc126 and Xgwm121 primers which are 7D specific markers were mostly linked markers to the resistance gene and the other markers showed no linkage. This reveals that the resistant gene is located on the 7th chromosome of D genome in wheat like many other previously identified RWA-resistance genes and can be used to develop new RWA-resistant wheat cultivars.

The present study was carried out on 21 research headquarters and 32 research centers in 30 provinces, affiliated with the Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO) of the Islamic Republic of Iran and nine other research bureaus and centers affiliated with other organizations in the country. Necessary data were collected through the questionnaire froms filled out by the research instilutes and centers. Based on the results, 21 research headquarters and 32 research centers of AREO carried out and completed 2664 research projects and had also 2703 projects in progress (mean of three years period of 2001-2003). Every researcher in research institutes completed 1.3 research projects and had 1.4 projects in progress. These indices were 1.1 and 0.4 for nine other research bureaus and centers, respectively. The higher number of research projects in agricultural science, had been carried out by the researchers in AREO during this period. Mean number of books written or translated by each AREO researcher was about 0.3% which was 1/3 of the total books in agricultural science published by the researchers of the country in 2000. The pertaining number for researchers in the nine research bureaus and centers was 13% which was higher than that of the total researchers in the country. Per capita number of scientific research articles, extensional papers and papers presented in congresses (domestic or abroad) were 0.33, 0.13 and 1.02 per year, respectively, and as a whole, it was about the same as that of the whole country (0.466).

Some parts of semitropical regions in Khouzestan, Fars, Kohgiloyieh-va-Boyrahmad, Lorestan, Golestan, Ardabil, Kermanshah and Boushehr provinces specified to spring barley cultivation which local or a few improved cultivars are grown there. Barley breeding activities in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute(DARI) are continuously undertaken in Gachsaran, Kouhdasht, Gonbad and Moghan to introduce new cultivars for these regions. Obtained results during 11 years (1993-2003) showed that genotype Wi2291/Wi2269//Er/Apm originated from ICARDA, had good adaptation, yield stability and good agronomic traits in dryland areas with semitropical climate. The average yield of this genotype in all locations was 3.556 tha-1 which was 12 percent more than the yield of Izeh as improved check. Higher thousand kernel weight (more than 10 gram in some locations) is a remarkable trait of this genotype. The new genotype is a spring type barley with an average plant height of 72cm and resistant to lodging. This genotype was introduced through Agricultural Extension, Education and Research Organization under the name of Mahoor in 2008

Pishgam was selected from the progeny of a cross between Barakat Iranian bread wheat cultivar and Chinese 90-Zhong 87 winter-habit (Bkt/90-Zhong 87) in 1995. The F1 generation seeds were planted in Karaj station in 1995-96 cropping season. Selected-bulk method was applied to segregating generations from F2 to F5 generations for characters such as winter hardiness, plant height, straw strength, disease reaction, and plant and kernel type under irrigation in the field conditions of cold region at Ardabil Agricultural Research Station from 1996-97 to 2000-01 cropping seasons. Selected Individual plants were grown in F6 generation and selected plots were harvested in bulk and forwarded to F7 generation for evaluation in preliminary yield trial in Ardail in 2002-03. The new selection was entered into the national PRWY Tests and evaluated for grain yield, agronomic performance and disease reactions in trials grown in Ardabi, Zanjan, Karaj, Hamedan and Mashad under both normal and TDS conditions in 2003-04. Under TDS conditions, trials were irrigated by just the booting stage. Due to superior grain yield of newly selected line over check cultivars (8.707 tha-1 vs 6.549 tha-1 of Shahryar and 5.561 tha-1 of Cross of Shahriar under normal irrigation, and 4.959 tha-1 vs 3.541 tha-1 of Shahryar and 3.746 tha-1 of Cross of Shahi under TDS conditions) it was selected and forwarded to advanced trials. This line was tested in regional advanced trails of cold zone breeding program during 2004-05. Due to its superior characters including high grain yield, freezing tolerance and resistance to stripe and leaf rusts, it was considered to be included in adaptation trials. Therefore, as an elite promising line (designated as C-84- 5509) this line was evaluated in adaptation trial in six research stations of cold regions along with check cultivars (Toos and Cross of Shahi) during 2005-07. Based on results of two cropping seasons, this line produced 5.219 tha-1 grain yield in average in comparison to 4.684 tha-1of Toos and 3.851 tha-1 of Cross of Shahi under TDS conditions. The grain yield of C-84-5509 was 8.738 tha-1 compared to 7.840 tha-1 of Toos and 5.987 tha-1 of Cross of Shahi over six locations in two cropping seasons under normal irrigation. Based on stability parametric methods it was one of the most stable lines of the investigated gremplasm set. In respect to diseases resistance, its reaction to a newly spread of stripe rust race (166E134A+) was 0-5R against100S, 70S-100S and 70MS-100S for check cultivars Alvand, toos and Shahryar, respectively. Results of LT50 determination in plants sampled from cold region of Firoozkooh showed that LT50 of new line was about -15˚C against, -8,-10,-12 and -12C for check cultivars Alavand, Zarrin, Shahryar and Gaspard, respectively. Bread making quality of this line was assessed to be moderate to good based on 11.2% grain protein content, 50.4 grain hardiness and normal gluten elasticity. Validation trials in farmer's field conditions confirmed the grain yield and agronomic superiority of this line compared to check cultivars. This line is superior to other winter wheat cultivars and registered for production for cold regions of Iran