Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:10 Issue: 1, Spring 2018

Hypertension is a common component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Some studies showed that L-arginine reduced the blood pressure (BP) .Therefore this study was designed to evaluate the effect of L-arginine supplementation on BP in MetS.
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, 60 patients with MetS were randomly divided into two groups: the L-arginine-supplemented group (AG), who received 5 gr of L-arginine daily and placebo group (PG). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP) were measured before and after the intervention and compared.
At the end of the study in the AG significant reductions were observed in the SBP, DBP and MAP (P-value:0.001).The comparison of changes in variables between the AG and PG indicated that in the AG, patients had a significantly greater decrease in the SBP (-11.25±10.93 vs. -2.67±6.15 mmHg: P-value:0.001), DBP(-5.71±7.16 vs. -1.25±7.02 mmHg: p-value: 0.02) and MAP (-7.55±5.61 vs.-1.72±5.16 mmHg, P-value: 0.001). The PP decreased in both groups but a significant decrease compared with baseline in the AG was observed (-5.53±13.83 vs. -1.42±9.21 mmHg: P-value: 0.19).
The findings of the present study showed that 5 gr/d L- arginine supplementation for 12 weeks in MetS resulted in significant decrease in the SBP, DBP and MAP but had no significant effect on the PP.

Dental caries is considered as one of the major complication of diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demonstrate evidence of oxidant–antioxidant imbalances in their biological fluids such as saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation of oral health status and salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in T2DM.
Fifty T2DM patients and 50 healthy subjects were selected as study sample. Oral examination to assess the dental caries experience was carried out according decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Unstimulated whole saliva specimens were collected in the morning. TAC of saliva was evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent two-sample t test and Pearson's correlation test, by SPSS 18.
The mean level of TAC in T2DM was lower than healthy people (P-value: 0.0001). The mean of DMFT scores in T2DM were significantly higher than non-diabetics (P-value: 0.0001). Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between TAC level and DMFT scores in both groups (P-value: 0.006).
TAC of saliva could be a marker of dental caries activity among T2DM and healthy adults. Therefore, in order to decrease the risk of oxidative damage, it is recommended that T2DM patients take more natural antioxidant food.

Significant alteration in lipid profile and antioxidant system occurs in response to diabetes mellitus (DM). Paraoxonase (PON) is a family of three enzymes PON1, PON2 and PON3 associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL). The HDL in human plasma consists of two main sub-fractions HDL2C and HDL3C. We studied the HDL subclasses and HDL associated enzyme paraoxonase with respect to diabetes.
The study was conducted in a tertiary care referral hospital in India. A total of 80 subjects were included in the study. Lipid profile, PON1 arylesterase (ARE), PON1 lactonase (LACT) and HDL fractions were estimated. Regression analysis was applied.
PON1 ARE, LACT and HDL fractions are found to be decreased among cases than in controls. PON1 ARE & LACT showed negative correlation with blood glucose levels and HDL 3C while positive correlation with HDL 2C.
PON1 ARE and PON1 LACT activities reduction are due to increased oxidative stress. PON1 as well as HDL fraction levels are oxidative stress subjects. Among the HDL fractions, HDL2C is the more variable fraction and reflects changes in HDL. The study suggested that the protective role of total HDL against oxidative damage and complications is mainly mediated through HDL2C fraction.

Adiponectin and vaspin are adipocyte-derived proteins and involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and obesity related disorders. The mechanisms that adipokines might be linked to disturbance of glucose are unclear. Thus, this study investigated the levels of serum adiponectin and vaspin, blood lipid profiles, and abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients and controls.
Frothy T2DM patients and 40 healthy volunteers matched by age and body mass index (BMI) were enrolled in the study. The levels of serum adiponectin, vaspin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hr post prandial (2hr-PP), and lipid profile were measured in both groups. Anthropometric parameters including BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist to height ratio (WHR) were measured.
Higher levels of vaspin and lower levels of circulating adiponectin were observed in T2DM patients than in the controls (P-value:0.0001). In multivariate regression analyses adjusted for age and BMI, serum adiponectin levels showed a significant negative correlation with WC, WHR, FBG and duration of diabetes, and a positive correlation with HDL. While, the vaspin levels were positively correlated with WC, WHR and duration of diabetes in T2DM patients. In addition, vaspin and adiponectin levels had negative correlation with each other.
The findings suggested that the abdominal obesity had the highest relationship with adiponectin and vaspin in diabetic patients.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that influences mental and physical health. Regarding the importance of diabetic patients’ psychological status, this research studied the effect of group positive psychotherapy on life expectancy and general health of type 2 diabetic patients.
This clinical-trial study was done on 30 type 2 diabetic patients in Kermanshah diabetes research center. The experimental and control groups were randomly selected. Data were gathered before and 10 weeks after intervention. Demographic, life expectancy and general health (GHQ) questionnaires were used for gathering data. SPSS-16 and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), Chi-square and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for analyzing data.
Results showed that group positive psychotherapy caused significant enhancement on life expectancy in intervention group than control group (P-value: 0.001). Although positive psychotherapy caused significant reduction on anxiety disorder and somatic symptoms in mental health, there was no significant difference of general health between two groups (P-value: 0.347).
Positive psychotherapy was effective on increasing diabetic patients’ life expectancy. So this efficient psychotherapy can be used for increasing type 2 diabetic patients’ life quality.

Laboratory studies on diabetic rats have shown that diabetic rats have a lower beta cell mass than healthy rats. On the other hand, over the years, with tremendous advances in genetic science, many studies have been done on the expression of genes and its effective factors, such as physical activity. One of these genes is AKT / PKB. Due to the association between the expression of this gene and type 2 diabetes, the effect of physical activity on the expression of this gene seems to be necessary.
30 male Wistar 10 week olds were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training. The diabetic control group was diabetic and injected with nicotinic amide and streptozotocin. The diabetic group was trained for 12 weeks Aerobic on the treadmill.
Based on independent t-test, aerobic training showed a significant increase in the relative expression of AKT / PKB in the pancreatic tissue of the aerobic diabetic group compared to the diabetic control group.
The AKT / PKB signaling pathway not only plays an important role in insulin resistance, but also plays an important role in the ability of beta cells to adapt to increased insulin levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that environmental factors such as aerobic activity. The expression of the AKT / PKB gene expression can be effective in improving the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main reason of the death in type 2 diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training and HITT (High Intensity Interval Training) on GLP-1 gene expression in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
For this study, male Wistar rats of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences in Tehran were used as statistical population. The statistical samples consisted of 32 male Wistar 10 weeks old weighing 220 ± 20 gr and were divided into 4 obese groups (3 diabetic type 2 and 1 healthy groups). Groups were diabetic obstruction, resistance exercises, diabetic obesity and HITT exercises. Independent T-test and one way ANOVA were used to examine the results.
The results showed that the expression of GLP-1R in the left ventricle of diabetic rats was 0.6% lower than that of the non-diabetic group, due to type 2 diabetes induction. There was a significant difference between the groups in expressing GLP-1R in the left ventricle. The post hoc test confirmed a significant increase in the expression of GLP-1R in the resistance and Interval group compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in expression of GLP-1R between the two groups.
With regard to the results of this study and other studies that have an effect on the proper administration of Glp-1 and its receptor on the heart, it can be proven to heart patients that they can recover by performing physical activity.

Resistance exercise is recommended as effective treatments for people with type 2 diabetes. However, the impact of this mode of exercise on blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in Iranian's type 2 diabetic patients is unclear. We conducted a systematic review of the literature for the effect of resistance exercise training on these clinical markers in Iranian's type 2 diabetic patients.
Electronic databases including Sid.ir, magiran.com, PubMed, Google scholar, Embase, Medline and science direct were investigated and searched for persian and english articles, published before July 2017, which performed in Iran. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess this association. Of 99 articles retrieved, 9 met our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis model. Data analysis were done using STATA software version 12.0 and P≤0.05 was set as statistical significant.
The results indicate that there were significant association between resistance training and blood glucose levels (P=0.0001; -1.367,-0.756; 95%CI), insulin (P=0.0001;-0.904,-0.313; 95%CI) and insulin resistance (P=0.0001;-1.006,-0.366; 95%CI).
This meta-analysis showed that resistance exercise training program in patients with type 2 diabetes has a significant effect on glycemic control. It is recommended that sport and medicine experts use resistance exercise as a non- pharmacological intervention for treatment of type 2 diabetes patients. Future long term studies focusing on patient-relevant outcomes are warranted.