Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Obesity
Volume:10 Issue: 3, Autumn 2018

Diabetes mellitus (DM) as an ongoing metabolic disorder worldwide is a major public health concern. Diagnosis of DM is depended on clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) monitoring is currently the most common diagnostic method, which is an invasive and stressful procedure. Most recently, the use of non-invasive, convenient methods like fasting salivary glucose (FSG) has been highly regarded among researchers. The aim of present study was to evaluate the correlation of FSG with FBG in T2DM patients and healthy subjects. In this cross sectional study, glucose level was measured using the glucose oxidase/peroxidase method in blood and unstimulated saliva in 50 T2DM patients and 50 non-diabetic subjects. After determining the normality of the data, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was done to assess the correlation between FBG and FSG. The mean level of FBG, FSG and HbA1c of diabetic group were 161.00±5.6, 12.80±0.80 and 8.00±0.3 which were significantly higher than non-diabetic subjects (74.75±4.3, 6.5±0.75, 5.2±0.2.7, P-value: 0.001). The Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed significantly strong relationship between FBS and FSG in both groups (P-value: 0.005). This study demonstrated the presence of a significant correlation between FSG and FBG. Therefore, FSG level may be used as a non- invasive method to evaluate blood glucose in T2DM patients and healthy subjects.

Untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may lead to increased risk of macrosomia, congenital anomalies, unexplained stillbirth, hypoglycemia and jaundice in newborns. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate feto-maternal outcome in women with GDM. Two hundred pregnant women underwent 75grams glucose challenge test according to Diabetes in Pregnancy Study of India (DIPSI) criteria. All 26 GDM patients were managed by medical nutrition therapy (MNT), metformin and insulin. Monitoring was done through six-point and seven-point plasma glucose profile, anomaly scan between 18-20 weeks, every three weeks fetal sonography after 28 weeks, fetal echocardiography at 25 weeks, weekly non-stress test and amniotic fluid index after 32 weeks. Descriptive statistics and chi square were used to analyze data. Mean (±SD) age of studied patients was 24.26 (± 3.75) years. Two (7.6%) patients with GDM developed vaginal candidiasis. Six (23.7%) patients underwent caesarean and two (7.6%) underwent vacuum-assisted delivery. One (3.8%) underwent spontaneous abortion. Neonatal outcome was affected by hyperbilirubinemia (12%) in three and shoulder dystocia in one (3.8%) neonate. Timely screening of all pregnant women for glucose intolerance, achieving euglycemia in them and ensuring adequate nutrition can reduce adverse feto-maternal outcomes and promote healthy families. The successful maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcome rests on both the obstetrician’s intrepidity and patients’ awareness of her condition, its implications, management and long term prospects

Effect of resistance training on muscle mass increase, blood glucose control, hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction, on type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has been approved. While injuries and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) may lead to some difficulties in diabetic patients to continue training exercise.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation (o.1 g / 1kg / each day for 4 weeks) on DOMS, creatine kinase (CK (contraction and the skin temperature of the elbow flexing muscles in the untrained T2DM patients. The research was an experimental study. This study was a double blinded randomized controlled trial. Subjects were randomly assigned into 4 groups of diabetic glutamine (N=10), diabetic placebo of Maltodextrin (N=10), healthy glutamine (N=10) and healthy placebo of Maltodextrin (N=10). Variables were measured before, 24, 48 and 72 Hours after exercise. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test in SPSS-18 software. Glutamine was effective on changes in CK and pain sensation 72 hours after exercise in diabetics. (P-value: 0.0001).In skin temperature was not significant different. Glutamine was not effective in preventing and reducing DOMS, but it may reduce the DOMS period

ABCG8 plays a crucial role in the reverse transfer of cholesterol from macrophages to the liver. The herbal compliments and regular physical improve the lipid profile and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise and green tea on the ABCG8 gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and the atherogenic ratio in overweight women. The studied population was the overweight women in Mashhad referring to athletic and aerobic gyms. Among the eligible population, 45 women were divided randomly into three groups of exercise, exercise with green tea supplement and control. Aerobic exercise sessions were held three times a week (8 week, per session 45 minutes), and the cases were provided with 500 milligrams of green tea supplement. After the separation of mononuclear blood globules, the changes in gene expression was performed via RT-PCR and the results were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software with the significance level of 0.05. As a result of aerobic exercise, with or without the use of green tea supplement, ABCG8 gene expression has increased significantly in PBMC cells (P-value:0.001) and the atherogenic ratio has decreased significantly (P-value:0.001). Based on the findings of the present study, we may conclude that eight weeks of aerobic exercise along with usage of green tea supplement leads to an increase in ABCG8 gene expression and a decrease in the atherogenic ratio in overweight women compared to the aerobic exercise and placebo groups

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on the expression of AKT1 and mTORc1 genes in the left ventricle of T2DM rats. The statistical sample consisted of 21 male wistar rats from the Pasteur Institute in Tehran. (10 weeks old weighing 220 ± 20 grams). They were divided into three groups: diabetic aerobic training, diabetic control and healthy control groups. The diabetic aerobic training group participated in a period of aerobic training for 12 weeks in 5 sessions per week with gradual increase in speed (18-26 m / min) and 10 to 55 minutes in the form of running on treadmill. AKT1 mRNA and mTORc1 mRNA were evaluated by RT-Real time PCR technique by the Roturer 6000 system. According ANOVA findings diabetics rat significantly alters the expression of Akt1 (P-value: 0.002) and mTORc1 (P-value: 0.001). However, aerobic exercise significantly increase the expression of Akt1 (P-value: 0.002) and mTORc1 (P-value: 0.001) in comparison with the diabetic untrained control groups. Although this study was conducted on animals and it was necessary to caution people in generalizing these findings, it seems that an aerobic training period with an increase in the expression of Akt1 and mTORc1 genes leads to improved cardiac function and it prevents heart disease from diabetes

Type2 diabetes (T2DM) as a metabolic disease is associated with absolute or relative insulin deficiency, increased blood glucose and carbohydrate metabolism disorders which is considered as risk factors of other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on lipid profile (TG, LDL and HDL), glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: healthy, diabetic, diabetic + metformin, healthy + training, diabetic + training and diabetic + training + Metformin. The training groups performed eight weeks of HIIT. Metformin was given 150 mg / kg to the rats by gavage every day. T2DM was induced by injection of nicotinamide and streptozotocin and 48 hours after the end of last training session, the rats were sacrificed. Then lipid profile, blood glucose and HbA1c were measured. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for statistical analysis. The results of this study showed that TG levels were low in diabetic training and diabetic + training + metformin groups compared to the diabetic group (P-value: 0.0001). There weren't any significant differences between total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c levels between groups. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in diabetic + training and diabetic + training + metformin groups compared to diabetic controls (P-value: 0.0001). HbA1c levels were significantly lower in diabetic + training and diabetic + training + metformin than in diabetic group (P-value: 0.0001). According to the results of this study, it seems that severe periodic exercise can be considered as an important strategy for improving lipid profiles and blood glucose control in T2DM patients

Recent research is about the role of miR-29 accompanied by various conditions especially during the physical activity is a case of special attention, such as high intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic training (CT) protective in heart, renal, lung, liver and even immune system adaptation. Since recent studies indicated the rolls of miR family on health and disease such as the effect of miR on health parameters evaluation and cardiovascular-respiratory, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction, gastric and breast cancer. Blocking harmful genes such as COL-1, CTGF, SMAD3, TGF-β, NFK-B and genes expression related to health such as miR-29 is a primary approach in treatment of some diseases. Meanwhile sports as HIIT and CT can be safe approach for genes expression related health and blocking harmful genes. This regulations applies by miRs especially miR-29 that is one mystery regulator in variety of diseases. We will give a brief account of relation between sports activities and miR-29 expression in this review

The association between diabetes and cognitive impairment is controversial. This systematic review examines the relationship of Cognitive Impairment in people with diabetes mellitus. The incidence of “Cognitive Impairment” was higher in individuals with diabetes than in those without diabetes in nine of ten studies reporting this aggregate outcome. These findings showed an associated between type II diabetes with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. However, the wide variations in the method between studies lead to a different interpretation of the conclusions.