فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، تابستان 1394)

Nowadays، considering the increasing rate of divorce and its consequences on the society، it is crucial to investigate it in various dimensions. The method of this research is descriptive from the type of causal-comparative. The statistical population consists of all married and divorced women aged 20 to 35 years old. The sample size for each sub-group should be at least 15 persons in causal- comparison researches. But for providing external validity of the research and reducing the sampling error، the sample size of each sub-group was considered as 50 divorced and 50 married women. The convenience sampling was utilized in this study. For the collection of data، three standard questionnaires were utilized: Goldberg''s General Health questionnaire، Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)، and Bell''s adjustment questionnaire. Data were analyzed on both levels of descriptive and inferential statistics (Leven''s test and t-test). Results indicate that divorced women in three dimensions of mental health، cognitive emotion regulation، and adjustment are significantly different with the married women. Because of low levels of mental health، cognitive emotion regulation and adjustment among divorced women، it is recommended to educate women on the border of divorce to improve their mental health، cognitive emotion regulation and adjustment because by reducing the divorce rate، these women would have less personal and social problems.

The current study aimed to examine the effect of real life dilemmas and the morals and values clarification methods on emotional expectations and moral decision making of teenage girls. The statistical population consisted of all high school first-grade girls in the academic year of 2013-2014 in Yasouj city. The sample consisted of 90 female students selected by multistage cluster sampling method and randomly divided into three (30 people) groups. All groups completed a set of emotional expectations and moral decision making scenarios (Malti &Killer، 2011) as a pre-test and post-test. Two groups received training methods and one group was considered as the control group. One of the experimental groups was instructed by values clarification methods and the other one was instructed by real life dilemma in eight instructional sessions of 70 minutes، while the control group received no intervention. The data were analyzed by ANCOVA and MONOVA tests. The results showed that teaching methods improve students'' moral decision – making and emotional expectations. Regarding the mean differences، it can be claimed that instruction by real life dilemma improves the emotional expectations and moral decision making more than the morals and values clarification. The comparison of the two methods suggested that both of them were effective in enhancing moral decision making and emotional expectations. However the differences in the means confirmed that real life dilemma was more successful in improving them.

The aim of the current research was to investigate post-migration family dynamics and challenges among Iranian immigrant women in Australia. An ethnographic method was employed to explore this aim. Participant observation، open-ended in-depth interviews and informal conversations were employed to collect the data. A two year participant observation was conducted to directly observe the interactions between Iranians and Australians and to research if these interactions had any effects on the Iranian family system. 21 in-depth interviews with Iranian women and 11 interviews with key informants were conducted in Farsi and in English. The recorded data was transcribed and analyzed concurrently until data saturation. To clarify the ambiguous points or to add new ideas، these interviews were followed- up by informal interviews and conversations during the two and half year data collection. Data was analyzed by using NVivo software and employing a thematic analytic approach. Findings show that post-migration loneliness may enrich marital relationship and mutual dependence among Iranian couples. However، factors such as conflict over women’s rights and conflicts over gendered roles would increase marital conflicts among immigrant couples. Lack of social support and limited social networks was hindered women from seeking help. The results about possible post-migration changes in couple relationships may help in assisting immigrant couples and couples who are inclined to migrate.

The current research was carried out to examine the relationship between prosocial behavior and women’s prosocial tendencies with Costa and McCrae’s five personality factors. Correlational study was utilized and the sample consisted of 320 female students of Payam Noor University in Bukan city. The subjects selected by an available sampling method filled out questionnaires of prosocial behavior and prosocial tendencies measure with five personality factors. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. The results showed that there was a negative significant relationship between neuroticism and prosocial behavior of women، as well as a positive significant relationship between extraversion and prosocial behavior of women. A significant positive relationship was identified between openness to experience and prosocial behavior as well as between agreeableness and prosocial behavior. There was a positive significant relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior. There was a positive significant relationship between prosocial tendencies measure and prosocial behavior. Compliant prosocial behavior was the only component which had not a significant relationship with successful community-friendly behavior. According to the results، prosocial tendencies of women with five personality factors can predict prosocial behavior.

The present research aimed to investigate the transmission of family violence، leading to the current family violence in women who referred to the court. The research population comprised of 283 women who referred to the court selected by the convenience sampling. Respondents filled out two questionnaires of violence against women، and family of origin violence. Structural equation modeland Bootstrapwere used to analyze the data. Results showed that violence in family of origin has direct impact on violence in current family and indirect impact on it with mediating role of avoidant and anxious attachment styles. Avoidant and anxious attachment styles are mediators in transmission of violence from family of origin to current family.

This study aimed to assess the direct and indirect effects of the health of the family of origin through the mediating role of non-constructive conflict resolution style on marital Equity. The sample consisted of 240 married female teachers from Mamasani city، randomly chosen by cluster. The health of family of origin، perceptions of fairness and conflict resolution styles questionnaires were completed. It should be noted that the perception of fairness questionnaire were used to measure marital equity. For data analysis SPSS 18 and Amos tools were used. The results showed a direct and significant relationship between the health of family of origin and the marital equity. Moreover، Health of family of origin through the mediating role of non-constructive conflict resolution style showed an indirect and significant relationship with marital equity. Thus the non-constructive conflict resolution style played a mediating role between the health of family of origin and marital equity. In other words، the health of family of origin had both direct effect on marital equity and indirect effect on it through non-constructive conflict resolution style. It should be noted that the indirect effect was greater than the direct effect. The research model was verified in both directions.

Professionalism is regarded as one of the most important issues which has decisive role in performance of organizations on the one hand and on the other in the quality of organizational life. According to the effective role of women in various states and their ability to do organization affairs، this study attempts to identify effective factors on professionalism intent of women. This study attempts to identify the most important factors affecting on women professionalism intent based on the theoretical literature. Conceptual model of research was operational by using questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed among female students of management at Tehran universities selected by random sampling method and finally 343 questionnaires were collected. Data gathered were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. The results showed that professionalism motivation، dream، being active، financial problems and professionalism efficiency of a person have significant influence on his/her professionalism intent. The impact of risk taking، independence، confidence، curiosity، fame-seeking and emotional intelligence was not confirmed on the professionalism intent.

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of spiritual intelligence on depression and happiness of the female students studying in the first year of high school. This study was a semi experimental design of pre-test _ post-test and follow up stage with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all first year of high school girl students in Kermanshah city in 2013 school year. A high school was selected by cluster sampling and from population of 127 people، 64 subjects were selected who acquired scores between 9-35 in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) and happiness scores below the cutline (42-40) in OHI، and they were randomly assigned to two groups of 32 people to test and control. Spiritual Intelligence Training for test group was held in 9 sessions of 120 minutes. After applying the experimental intervention، the rate of depression and happiness for both test and control groups were measured. In order to investigate the stability of the effects of training، both groups were monitored two months later. The results obtained from analysis of covariance، showed that there is a significant negative relationship between spiritual intelligence and depression and a significant positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness (P<0. 001). The findings indicate that with the promotion of spiritual intelligence through education، students’ depression is reduced and their happiness is increased. Also، the same results are observed over the course of time.