فصلنامه مطالعات حقوقی
سال دهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1397)

In the international system, in some cases, states without the aid of other states are not in a position to violate their international obligations. Therefore, in violation of an international obligation there are a perpetrator state and an abetting state. On the other hand, the draft on responsibility state for internationally wrongful act 2001 is based on independent responsibility. Therefore, the question arises as to the basis for the responsibility of the assisting state in this draft? Another question is that in the event of the assumption of the responsibility of the deputy state, how much it will contribute to the loss compensation? In this article it will be noted that unlike the rules of international responsibility of state under classic international law, according to the International Law Commission, in contemporary international law, general complicity rule is accepted. Despite the valuable efforts of the International Law Commission, On the one hand, condition of joint international obligations among perpetrator state and the assisting state has caused the rule not to be general, on the other hand the legal consequences of this kind of responsibility and distribution of responsibilities between the perpetrator state and deputy state has remained vague in the draft and interpretations of the International Law Commission.

Savigny's legal philosophy came to prominence when naturalistic rationalism signified the predominant mode of legal thinking in Europe. In the universe of legal naturalism, society as a whole did not undertake an important role in the formation of laws. Nor was history accorded with significance by those following the natural law school. It was in this environment that Savigny spoke of the 'common consciousness of people' and its prevailing presence in conceiving law. However, Savigny's views are expressed in the most ambiguous of manners. This essay commits itself to clarify the legal foundation of Savigny's jurisprudence through a philosophical and historical lens.

The research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of corporate culture in committing environmental crime through a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this study is all workers of six factories with the highest environmental crime rate in Mashhad. Among them, 252 persons were selected as the final sample size using proportional stratified random sampling. The data gathering tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content and formal validity were confirmed using three expert opinions and its reliability was 0.83 with Cronbach's alpha coefficient The findings of this study indicate that the effectiveness of the organization's goals on the activities of workers and consequently the commission of environmental crime is more than average, between the scores of the role of organizational culture on the activities of workers in terms of sex, education, work experience and age, marital status There is no significant difference between insurance and criminal. The results of Friedman's test on the impact of the three dimensions of the role of organizational culture on environmental crime showed that the organizational culture transfer level was highest and organizational learning was the lowest.

The constitution, as one of the key concepts of public law, is a multifaceted concept. The Constitution, apart from the written text, has other layers that they call the unwritten principles of the constitution. These principles cover a wide range of areas, one of the most fundamental of which is constitutional conventions. They are both in the States of the written constitution and States of unwritten constitution. Understanding the constitution without knowing these key concepts is incomplete. This article attempts to clarify the various aspects of this fundamental concept by descriptive and analytical methods and As the complexity of the concept shows Review the theoretical foundations, their functions, and its relation to equivalence concepts.

In jurisprudence and civil law, the will's effec over more than a third is subject to the permission of the heirs. This is while heirs’ permission has been the subject of dispute in jurisprudence and the civil code. This article adopting an analytical descriptive method and using library resources seeks to answer the question of whether or not increasing the Will more than a third and also its subjecting to the permission of the heirs are Toghifi or Taabodi; or it can be regarded as a case-law and depending on the economic, l and emotional conditions of the heirs, as well as the number of them and based on what has been willed.

Among the nominate contracts, the compromise has this unique characteristic that can provide the results of other contracts, without imposing specific rules of those contracts on it. The ambiguity in the meaning of compromise on the one hand and possibility of substituting compromise rather than other contracts on the other hand, make it difficult to distinguish the compromise agreement from a contract that compromise has been placed in its position. Thus the aim of this article is to answer two questions: first what is nature of compromise agreement? second which are the measures of qualification a contract to compromise when the compromise is substituted for the other nominate contracts? Substantively, the nature of compromise is nothing but mutual consent and whenever the parties use the title of compromise, , the contract must be considered as compromise and in the cases which they have not used this title, and the nature of the contract is disputed, , categorizing the contract of compromise is preferable provided that the circumstances reinforce such reading.

Within the framework of the theory of liability based on fault, elements such as as harmful acts and damage take priority. Court judges to obtain damages are inevitable, independently and separately, to examining and verifying each of these components; Somehow that the deficiency in each of them leads to a refusal to take civil responsibility. From the perspective of public Law, the paper Understanding such a concern, from a pathological point of view is seeking legal analysis on How to prove the civil liability of the administration. Therefore, the topic by using descriptive-analytic research method is discussed and concluded: though it is corrected the note 1 of the article 10 of the Act on the Establishment and Procedure of the Administrative Justice Court and apparently, the legislator sought to refer the matter to the courts of judiciary; But it must be said, firstly the Administrative Justice Court has the jurisdiction to deal with two pillars: “the harmful act” and the fault”, still within the framework of the "theory of liability based on fault". Secondly, arguments related to: "non-legal" and "non-contradiction" on Administrative Justice court is a serious objection. Thus, It is appropriate that “the civil liability of the administration” be within the jurisdiction of “the Administrative Justice Court”.

Large dam construction on international Rivers in the context of hydroelectric energy generation projects, have different effects that stay within the bounds of international environmental law. In The case in which dam construction in the realm of the territory of a state most probably will cause main and adverse impacts on the environment of other states, conflict of competing claims is inevitable. While the state that constructs the dam rely on its benefits in the context of the principle of territorial jurisdiction, neighboring states may claim adverse transboundary impacts of the dam for their environment and request compliance with relevant regulations of international environmental law. As regards Ilisu Dam, it has been claimed and seems probably that the construction and operationof such facility, will likely intensify the dust haze phenomenon in neighboring countries especially in Iran. The question that arises is that which principles of international environmental law should be observed and acquire the priority by governments in implementation of national projects, including the construction of a dam. This article attempts to show the approach of international environmental law in granting priority to the observance of principles of international environmental law in the implementation of national projects.