نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال بیست و نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 112، پاییز 1395)

This study was carried out in 8 female and 8 male twenty-week-old healthy native partridges. The birds were deeply anesthetized by ether inhalation and euthanized. After dissection, the position of trachea and related structures were studied then divided into cranial, middle and caudal portions. The following characteristics were studied by using stereomicroscope: the gross shape and numbers of tracheal rings, insertion of sternotrachealis muscles on trachea, complete or incomplete of rings, their shape in cross section and arrangement of the rings, annular ligaments and tracheal collapsibility. The specimens were taken from three portions and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissue sections stained with H&E and special stainings: Alcian blue, PAS, Foot’s, Verhoeff’s, and Masson’s trichrome. The tracheal rings in native partridges were complete and their shape varied and changed from elliptic cranially to circular manner caudally. They bounded by annular ligaments and are resistant against pressure. The numbers of rings were 102-114 and sternotrachealis muscles inserted between the 90-102th rings. The histology of trachea showed no significant differences according to sex and among various portions. The trachea was composed of tunica mucosa-submucosa, cartilagino-muscular and serosa. The epithelium was ciliated pseudostratified columnar contained simple alveolar mucous glands which reacted positively to alcian blue but negatively to PAS. The muscularis mucosa was absent. The loose propria-submucosa contained of all the connective fibers. Tunica cartilagino-muscular was composed of complete hyaline cartilaginous rings and striated muscles. Serosa was composed of loose tissue contained vessels, parasympathetic ganglia, adipose tissues and all the connective fibers.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of bioherbal feed supplement on the growth performances, voluntary feed intake (VFI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid efficiency ratio (LER), protein productive value (PPV) , lipid productive value (LPV) and body composition of Mugil cephalus for 62 days. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 450 of grey mullet larvae (with average weight of 0.72±0.01g) in 5 treatments and 3 replicates (n=30 in each replicate) and included: control group without using bioherbal, other groups including: treatment 2, 3, 4 and 5. The amounts of this herbal supplement were 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg food. The results showed that at the end of experiment, the highest FW, DGR, VFI, PER, PPV, LER and crude protein were observed in the diet containing 15 g /kg bioherbal supplement in all of these parameters. Furthermore treatment 4 (15 g/kg) showed a significant difference compared with control treatment (P

Schistosoma turkestanicum from schistosoma genus and family Schistosomatidae is an important agent of parasitological infection in sheep. Schistosomiosis as one of the parasitic infections may give rise to serious problems in animal husbandry such as decrease in product of wool, milk, meat and other bestial products that finally lead to an economic detriment. This parasite has been reported from Russia, China, Turkestan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), Pakistan, Iraq, Turkey and Iran. Schistosomiosis, as one of the parasitic infections, may give rise to serious economic problems in animal husbandry. According to some reports, this infection is prevalent in North, some central and Southern parts of Iran. In this study, different studies about schistosomiosis infection were reviewed, present situation of infection was described and economic losses of the infection in sheep were argued. In addition, strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to the situation of schistosomiosis infection control were introduced. Finally strategies and plans for schistosomiosis infection control were described.

In this survey antibacterial effects of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus against Painibacillus larvae, causative agent of honeybee American foulbrood disease, has investigated by Agar spot test, Well diffusion and Microdilution methods. In Agar spot test 107cfu/ml of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus made inhibition zone 45 and 40 mm around spots on the agar medium respectively. In the well diffusion method, 100 microliters of cell free supernatant (cfcs) of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus mede inhibition zone 40 and 30 mm around wells respectively, 50 microlitrs of L. casei and L. acidophilus supernatant mede inhibition zone 30 and 25 mm around wells respectively and 30 microlitrs of L. casei and L. acidophilus supernatant made inhibition zone 20 and 12 mm around wells respectively. In the microdulation method 103 -108cfu/ml concentrations of two lactobacillus inhibited P. lrvae growth completely, but 102 and 10 cfu/ml of two lactobacillus have not any effect on the P. larvae growth. The results of this study show that L. casei and L. acidophilus have antibacterial effects on the P. larvae, causative agant of the honeybee American foulbrood disease and can use as a safe remedy for treatment of this disease.

Honey bee ectoparasites infestations may affect the insect and causes the population reduction, particularly, in Iranian apiculture system. The present study was aimed to determine frequency, seasonal and geographical distribution of ectoparasites in apiaries of East Azarbaijan Province, Iran, over one year (2013-2014). A total of 960 beehives of 146 apiaries from 44 villages of 12 municipalities in north, center and south parts of the region were sampled using random cluster sampling method. The honey bees and larvae in each cell of beehive were investigated for Varroa infestation. Tracheal infection of honey bees with Acarapis woodi was also examined. A total number of 100 honeybees from each hive were investigated for Braulea coeca infestation. The overall prevalence of Varroa destructor was 55.1%. Of those, 340 honey bees (35.4%) and 190 bee larvae (19.7%) were infested with Varroa destructor. The highest infestation and lowest was found in honey bees and bee larvae in autumn (54.5%) and spring (37%), respectively. There was no significant difference between frequency of infestation and seasons. While larval infestation was significantly higher in summer. The highest infestation of honey bees (41.2%) and bee larvae (25.6%) was respectively found in north (31.5%) and south (15%) parts of the region. Honey bee infestation with Acarapis woodi and Braulea coeca was not detected in the examined apiaries. From the results of this work, it was concluded that Varroa destructor mite is a prevalent ectoparasite in apiaries of East Azarbaijan Province which may have economic importance.

In this study, the concentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites including, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT were determined in liver, kidney, muscle, fat and hair tissues in 21 golden jackal (Canis aureus) from Mazandaran province. Analyses were carried out by Gas Chromatography - Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). The metabolite o, p'-DDE showed the highest concentration (83%) in all tissues. DDE/DDT ratios showed that DDTs have not recently been used in the area. Generally lower concentration of DDTs is not enough to cause harmful effects in animals. This investigation may be a basis for future studies on other mammals in Iran.

In this study that its main goal is identification of honeybee colonies mycoflora in West Azarbaijan province, 2000 samples of adult bee (500 samples), larvae and pupae (500 samples), pollen (500 samples) and honey (500 samples), randomly collected of apiaries in 1384-1389. After preparing and culturing of samples in SDA media, many different fungi and yeasts isolated. During three seasons of sampling, 357 samples of Adult bee (71.4 %), 353 samples of larvae and pupae (70.6 %), 459 samples of pollen (91.8 %) and 364 samples of honey (72.8 %) were contaminated with different fungi and yeasts. Main fungi and yeasts that identified and their percent were: Aternaria spp. 2.9%, Aspergillus. fl (4.5%), Aspergillus fumigatus (4.55%), Aspergillus niger (13%), Aspergillus spp. (0.1%), Cladosporium spp. 0.65%, Helmetosporiun spp. 3.9%, Mucor spp. 7.65%, Paecilomyces spp. 0.8%, Penicillium spp. (12.15%), Rhizopus spp. (0.4%), Scopolariupsis spp. (0.9%), Sepdonium spp. (0.3%), Stemphylium spp. (0.9%), Yeasts (58.05%).
This study shows that honey bee colonies can be contaminated with many fungi and yeasts that much of them are pathogenic for human. In other hand, most of those fungi can produce different mycotoxines and metabolites that are harmful for honeybee products consumers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Naloxone on histomorphometrical change of testis induced by morphine administration in male wistar rats. Fifteen male wistar rats divided into three groups : 1- control group. 2- Morphine experimental group (IP received 5 mg/kg morphine for 30 days). 3- Morphine-naloxone experimental group (IP received 5 mg/kg morphine for 30 days and one dose IP received 2mg/kg Naloxone at 30th day). Ten days after the end of experiment the specimens were obtained at 40th . Results showed that the thickness of the wall of seminiferous tubule, and the weight of testis, in morphine experimental group significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05). Also, the number of the spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubule were decreased in morphine experimental group. In addition, the thickness of the wall of seminiferous tubule, the weight of testis and the number of the spermatogenic cells were increased in morphine-naloxone experimental group compared with morphine experimental group but the number of the spermatogenic cells increased in morphine-naloxone experimental group with no significant difference in comparison with morphine experimental group (0.05 ≤ P). It is concluded that morphine decreased the sexual activity, the number of spermatogenic cells, the thickness of seminiferous tubule, and the weight of testis but Naloxone can improve this decrement.

Stereotactic brain surgery is often used in different types of animal research and basic studies. One of its most application is to target specific sites of the brain for direct injecting of pharmacological agents which otherwise may not be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Because of that the present study was designed to examine the effect of food deprivation (FD) before the surgery on the survival rate in 4 experimental groups of broiler cockerels. Chickens were reared with continuous lighting until 3 weeks age. At three weeks of age, a guide cannula was stereotaxically implanted into the right lateral ventricle of each bird. In group 1, birds had free access to feed during the experimental period. In groups 2, 3 and 4; chickens had 3, 6 and 12 hours of FD before the surgery, respectively. The Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA in SPSS software. Our results showed that FD can decrease the incidence of mortality in broiler cockerels after stereotactic surgery (P

Lucilia sericata is one of the facultative parasites which cause myiasis in animals and rarely in humans as an ectoparasite. Infestation in humans and domestic herbivorous animals occurs in wounds which was causes itching and inflammation. We report on a 4-year-old goat from Kerman, with signs of anorexia, progressive emaciation, decreasing mental clearness, and coma. From the wounds of her oral cavity, many live larvae were removed. The larvae proved to be L. sericata. This present report is the first report of oral myasis with osteolysis caused by L. sericata in goat.

Sarcocystis is one of the largest genera of the protozoan phylum apicomplexa, order sporozoa. It is one of the most prevalent parasites in domestic and wild animals, and is a worldwide distributed parasite. Certain species also infect humans, therefore it has economic and public health importance as a zoonosis. Diagnosis of Sarcocystis in camels and goats with Electron microscopy and PCR- RFLP methods and discriminating of different species of Sarcocystis in different hosts was carried out. 166 small pieces of tissues were collected from freshly slaughtered camels and goats by squash and trypsin digestion techniques were applied for the detection of the cysts. The infected organs fixed in glutaraldehyd and frozen at -20 until use for ultrastracturtural and molecular study, respectively. In this study no macrocyst were found in the samples of camels. In camels only microcysts were observed. The cysts in the goats may be probably S.moulei species. But to verify this statement needs more investigation. The results of this study will be helpful in discriminating of different species of Sarcocystis in different hosts. Based on ultrastructural cyst wall and molecular information of DNA sequences in goat, fat and thin macrocysts represent one species.

Antibiotic resistance of bacterial agents of mastitis causes failure in treatment and spread of disease in herd and it can be considered as a threat for public health. Antibiotic resistance or susceptibility pattern is necessary to establish mastitis control program in an area. Milk samples from cows with clinical or subclinical mastitis were sent to bacteriological lab. The antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria to gentamycin, ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT) were determined by disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed descriptively in the first step and then Chi-squared test was used to find seasonal and geographical differences. The most isolated bacteria were sensitive to gentamycin (80.42%) and SXT (73.43%) and resistant to penicillin (79.03%). Coagulase positive and negative Staphylococci were the most prevalent isolated bacteria. They had the highest sensitivity and resistance to gentamycin (92.31 and 88.24) and penicillin (80.77 and 58.72) respectively. Escherichia coli was resistant to penicillin in 88% of cases. Seasonal (except for SXT) and geographical differences were not observed. All over, our results demonstrated a wide range of antibiotic resistance in isolated bacteria from dairy cows with mastitis. It emphasized on the importance of rational and cautious use of antibiotics in the dairy farms of Fars province and establishing a regional plan for monitoring the resistance of antibiotics.

Mycoplasmosis is an important pathogen of poultry and turkeys which causes economic losses in poultry industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalance of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection and to identify some effective factors related with it in broiler chicken flocks in Ardabil province of northwestern Iran during 2012 to 2013. To achieve this, 20 blood samples were randomly taken from each 36 broiler flocks which were in the end of farming period in slaughterhouses.Samples were immediately sent to laboratory and after serum isolation from samples, Rapid Serum Agglutination test (RSA) and ELISA for investigation of infection rate was performed. From total 720 samples, in RSA 30.3% and in ELISA 19.7% of samples were MG positive. Sensitivity, specificity and correlation rate of RSA in compassion to ELISA, were 100%, 88.4% and -0.546, respectively. In view of MG seroprevalance in different seasons, the highest rate of seroprevalance with statistically difference (p

Maid is one of the most important economic species in Persian Gulf. In this research For histopathological study of Viral
Nervous Necrosis (VNN) in moribund Liza klunzingeri in Bandar Abbas, 150 samples were prepared. The samples
were fixed in Bouin’s fixative. After tissue processing, 5μm sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. In
addition to clinical signs, microscopic observations showed histopathological damages in a widespread the brain (necrosis
& vacuolation). Likely vacuolation observed in granular layer of retina. Histopathological study of infected fish
indicated likely VNN disease.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of metformin on corneal burn wound healing in rabbit. In this study, 20 adult healthy male New Zealand rabbits were used with an average weight of 2.5-3 kg. After general anesthesia, corneal ulcer in the left eye of the all animals was induced. After returning from anesthesia, the rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 numbers. Then the first group was gavaged with 50 mg/kg of metformin, the second group with 100 mg/kg and the third group with 200 mg/kg while the fourth group was gavaged with water for 21 days. In the day 21 after making a corneal ulcer, tissue samples were taken and evaluated histopathologically. According to the pathological results, the vascularization, inflammation and edema of matrix of cornea significantly diminished while the epithelium of cornea increased in metformin-treated rabbits compared to control group (P