مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال چهل و چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1392)

Common vetch) Vicia sativa. L) is belong to Fabaceae family and due to adaptation and tolerance to environmental stresses are considered. In this research، morphological and agronomic characteristics of 89 genotypes of common vetch) Vicia sativa. L) were evaluated in an augmented design under irrigated and drought stress conditions in research field of University of Tehran at Karaj in 2011. Relationships among different characteristics using multivariate statistical analysis methods were analyzed. The result of coefficient correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlation between yield and plant height، pod number، seed weight، dry forage yield، seed number per pod، plant height and internode number of flowers. Also there was a significant positive correlation between yield and plant height، pod number، seed weight، dry forage yield، seed number per pod under stress condition. Stepwise regression analysis in normal condition showed number of pods، number of seeds per pod، seed weight، internode distance and days from sowing to pod in normal condition and number of pods، number of seeds per pod، seed weight and internode distance in stress condition were the most effective in yield.

Expansin proteins are a type of cell-wall loosening proteins which able to cell wall expansion in pH-dependent manure without hydrolyze of main cell wall structures. The Arabidopsis EXPA1 exhibit guard cell specific expression and trigger the stomatal movements. The objectives of this study were to transfer the AtEXPA1 gene into tobacco plants and evaluate their phonotypic effects on transformed plants. For transformation of tobacco، the Agro-infection method was selected. The activity of transferred gene was confirmed with RT-PCR. Obtained results showed that the guard cells of transgenic plants incurred an irreversibly extension which induced by light and subsequently cell acidification، resulting in loss of plant cellular water and wilting in plants. These results indicate that AtEXPA1 gene is a cell-guard associated gene and may indirectly involve in regulation of cellular water in different environmental conditions.

Tall wheatgrass (Agropyronelongatum) is native to Iran and is used in a wide area of rangelands and also used in drylandseeding program. This plant produces green and dry fodder and has a great importance in protecting drylands from water and wind erosion. Seed proteome analysis was conducted under three conditions، namley، optimum (20 °C and zero water potential)، drought conditions (20 °C and – 6 bar)، and low temperature (6 °C and zero water potential). Seed sampling was conducted after 14، 36 and 96 hours of imbibition and before radicle protrusion. Comparing all the treatments، proteome analysis showed that 114 spot exhibited either up or down regulation. The highest variation of spots (78 spots) was detected by comparing germinated seeds under low and drought conditions، of which، 65 spots were up-regulated and 13 spots were down-regulated. The lowest spot variation was detected by comparing germinated seeds under optimum and drought conditions. 35 spots involved in storage proteins (glutenin، globulin and Avenin)، 34 spots in starch (β-amylase and starch synthase) and sucrose (sucrose synthase) metabolism. Most of the down-regulated proteins were chaperonins (heat shock proteins) and antioxidant (peroxiredoxin); some of them had a dual role (like serpin and α-amlase inhibitor).

Studies manipulating the source-sink relationships during post anthesis in wheat have shown inconsistent results، concluding that wheat yield could be either sinkor source-limited. The aim of this study was to determine source limitation degree of 36 Iranian wheat cultivars andto investigate their intrinsic compensatory mechanism in response to source size reduction. A split plot design based onrandomized complete block designwas carried out with 3 replications. Treatment included 36 wheat cultivars and different levels of defoliation (non-defoliated control(ND)، removal of all leaves (FD)، removal of all leaves except the flag leaf (PD)). Defoliation was carried out at flowering stage. A wide range of responses to defoliation treatments observed among the cultivars، suggesting a high variation in sink or source limitation among the cultivar while them were cultivars with no response sever leaf defoliation (FD) same cultivars different even by mild leaf defoliation (PD)، thatimplying to possible various compensatory mechanism in cultivars.

Conservation tillage، a fast growing practice in Iran، is considered as a means to achieve sustainability in agricultural systems. This study was carried out to determine the effect of tillage systems (No-tillage، Minimum tillage and Conventional tillage) on yield and yield components of three irrigated wheat varieties. The field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of the University of Tehran in 2010. The experimental design was RCBD in split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Three different Tillage systems including conventional، minimum tillage and no-till were applied in main plots. Wheat cultivars (Pishtaz، Pishgam and Bahar) were sown in sub plots. The results showed a significant difference amongst different method. Grain yield، number of spikes per square meter، biological yield، harvest index and 1000 grain weight were higher in conventional than the other two systems P

In order to evaluate intercropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and vetch (Vicia vilosa ler ssp. Desycarpa)، two field experiments were conducted on the farm of the University of Tehran، Karaj، Iran in 2004 and 2005. A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used in this study. Nitrogen was the main factor (0، 45 and 90) and sub plot factor consist of sole wheat and barley and their 50%: 50% mixture). Results showed that mixture was more efficient than sole crops (LER < 1). The highest LER occurred when nitrogen was not applied. Intercrops absorb 12% more light than sole crops and the light use efficiency was higher in mixture than sole crops. Means of light use efficiency in pure barley، pure vetch and the mixture were 1. 67،. 73 and 1. 75 g. Mj-1، respectively. Different cropping systems had a significant t effect on leaf area index (P < 0. 05) and area of leaf was greater at flowering stage in mixture. It can be concluded that intercropping was more efficient than sole cropping especially under low input conditions for the region. Of course more investigation is recommended.

In order to study genotype  environment interaction (G  E) and to identify high yielding and stable genotypes، 17 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications، at 9 research stations during four consecutive cropping seasons (2003–06) under rainfed conditions. On the basis of AMMI analysis of variance، effects of genotype، environment and G  E were significant. The six IPCAs included in the AMMI model explained 82% of the interaction sum of squares. Stability parameters of AMMI model (SIPC، EV، AMGE، D and ASV)، Eberhart & Russell’ method، Shukla’ stability variance، yield-stability statistic (YS)، and simultaneous selection for yield and stability using GGE distance (GGED) were used to find the stable genotypes. According to stability statistics of AMMI analysis، G13، G8 and G6 could be considered as genotypes with general adaptability. The GGE biplot and the YS statistics gave similar results in identifying G15 and G4 as the best genotypes across environments. Finally، according to all stability statistics and mean yield، G13 (PI-250536) was recognized as the most stable genotype in all environments.

The genus of Aegilops a wild and weedy relative of bread wheats، has wide distribution in Middle East and West Asia، These areas include major parts of Iran. The species in this genus have a great role in hexaploid wheat evolution and they are donor of D and B genome، directly and indirectly. To identify some Iranian Aegilops accessions، one handred and three accessions from eight species from different area of Iran، were evaluated by Flowcytometry and Karyotypic means. Ploidy levels of accessions were estimated by campare flowcytometric pick of accessions، hexaploid wheat and diploid barly. Karytypic evaluation was used to conferm flowcytometry results. Flowcytrometric estimations for ploidy level were supported by karyotypic data، but it was not suitable for anuploidy detection in accessions. Most of accessions were highly symmetric for their karyotype structure، Ae. triuncialis with a few asymmetries were located in 2A class of Stebbins classification. Ae. speltoeides، one of the oldest species and probably donor of B genome of cultivated wheats، showed most variation for Centromeric Gradiant and Koromosome distribution indices.

Two glasshouse and field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of root system، water uptake، water use efficiency and early vigor on yield and drought tolerance of bread wheat in two successive farming seasons (2009-11). The experiments were conducted as randomized complete block design and two-year results analyzed as combined design. Considerable genetic variation was observed among 40 genotypes for most of the traits. Root length and water uptake showed significantly positive correlations with yield under drought stress condition (r=0. 71** and r=0. 47**، respectively) and drought tolerance score (r=0. 67** and r=0. 43**، respectively). Moreover، genotypes with higher root length had higher water use efficiency and biomass (dry shoots and roots weight). Water uptake had significant correlation with root system (root dry weight and length)، above ground dry matter and water use efficiency. These correlations demonstrate breeding for a character may modify other traits simultaneously. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the root length was the most important traits on yield under drought stress، followed by biomass، leaf length، water use efficiency and yield potential. Based on two years results، Mahdavi and Akbari had the highest yield in drought stress and normal conditions، respectively.

This study was carried out in 2008 and 2012 in rice research institute of Iran (Rasht) in order to study the response of barnyardgrass and rice to oxadiargyl (Oxa)، butachlor (Buta) and thiobencarb (TB) herbicides. Treatments included herbicide doses in six levels up to three times the recommended rate، and time of application in two levels before transplanting (BT)، and after transplanting (AT). Results showed that herbicides efficacy on barnyardgrass control up to 4-WAT was similar (≤ 95). Oxa efficacy 6-WAT decreased to 50-60%، but two other herbicides efficacy was similar to previous stage. Herbicides phytotoxicity increased as herbicides dose increased، but differently between herbicides and time of application. Oxa toxicity was less when applied BT compared with AT application، while TB and Buta، showed more toxicity if applied BT. Day to 50% flowering increased as herbicides doses increased، but the slope of linear fitted model was twice more for TB if applied BT compared with AT application and also in comparison with two other herbicides.

Determining the best mixture of sorghum and fenugreek intercropping defines the best forage quality in medicinal forage production. This project was conducted to evaluate the effect of biological، chemical and integrated fertilizing systems on forage quantity and quality in sorghum and fenugreek intercropping. The experimental treatments were arranged as split plots based on randomized block design with three replications. The fertilizing treatments consisting of: 1. Control (N0 fertilizer)، 2. Biological fertilizer (a combination of Azosperilium، Azotobacter، Rhizobium and Mychorriza)، 3. Chemical fertilizer (urea based on soil analysis)، 4. 50% chemical fertilizer + Biological fertilizer were assigned to the main plots. The subplots were assigned to different additive intercropping combinations of sorghum and fenugreek viz. 1. Sole Sorghum (weed free)، 2. Sole sorghum (weed infested)، 3. Sole fenugreek (weed free)، 4. Sole fenugreek (weed infested)، 5. Sorghum + 50% fenugreek، 6. Sorghum + 100% fenugreek. The results indicated that the highest dry matter digestibility (64. 2%) and protein percentage (13%) in sorghum forage was obtained in sorghum+50% fenugreek when received integrated fertilizer.

A factorial experiment based on complete block design was conducted to study the interactive effects of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria on corn growth and root colonization with two species of mycorrhiza fungi. Treatments were five levels of sulfur (S0:0، S1:50، S2:100، S3:150 and S4:200 mg. kg-1 of dry soil)، thiobacillus in two levels [no application (T0) and application of bacteria (T1)] and mycorrhiza inoculation in three levels [control (M0)، Glomus intraradices (M1) and Glomus mosseae (M2)]. Results showed that sulfur and thiobacillus application increased leaf chlorophyll، shoot dry weight، root dry weight، shoot and root heights. Inoculation of seed with Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae significantly increased root dry weight (15. 9 and 14. 5 percent، respectively)، root colonization (88. 8 percent) and root height (6 and 1. 1 percent، respectively) compared to control. Single or combined sulfur and thiobacillus application had a negative effect on root colonization percentage. High sulfur application reduced colonization of Glomus mosseae more than Glomus intraradices. The interaction of sulfur and thiobacillus appeared to be significant on all studied traits except chlorophyll content.

Using haploid technique in breeding of sugar beet as an allogamous plant will facilitate breeding efforts. In this method،a pure line with a desirable genotype can be achieved by unfertilized ovule culture. Therefore ovule culture was done from populations with numbers: 27621، 27624، 27626 and 27629. Young flowering stems were collected and ovules were isolated from the flower buds after sterilization and cultured in N6 medium containing 0. 2 mg/l BA،0. 5 mg/l NAA،6% sucrose، 0. 1% activated charcoal and 0. 8% agar and kept at 27ºC in dark condition for one month. Ovules with direct regeneration transferred to medium containing 0. 5 mg/l BA، 0. 2 mg/l NAA and 3% sucrose after four weeks. Calli were transferred to the regeneration medium. The percentage of cultured ovules response was between 1. 6-4%. Then haploids micro shoots were cultured in basic medium containing 0. 1% colchicines and 1. 5% DMSO for 24 hours، and were subsequently transferred to basic medium with a low level hormone. Haploid micro shoots were cultured in basic medium containing 0. 1% colchicines and 1. 5% DMSO for 24 hours، and were subsequently transferred to basic medium with a low level hormone. Rooting of DH plants was done in vitro.

A field experiment was conducted in research farm of Isfahan University of technology، Isfahan، Iran in 2011. Various weeding periods were investigated on growth and yield of potato under drip tape and furrow irrigation systems. A split plot arrangement was used in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation treatments were included in main plots and periods of weed control in sub plots. Weed treatments included two series of periods of weed free and weed interference at intervals of 20، 30، 40، 50 and 60 days after emergence. Two treatments of weed free and weed interference applied over the entire growing period were also considered as control treatments. The period of weed interference had significant effects on weed density. Overall، weed density was higher under drip compared to furrow irrigation. The highest weed density was observed at early stage of growing period under both irrigation systems. Howevere، during the later stages weed density was reduced، due to self-weeding but weed dry weight was increased. Results also showed that weed interference led to significant losses in plant height، latteral stems، stem number، and leaf dry matter and the yield of potato plants.

Effects of plant density and harvest time on various two ecotype and one variety of Chicory was examined at Qazvin Sugar Factory Research Station in 2012. Three genotype of Chicory (two ecotypes of Zanjan and Kashan and one denveloped variety named Orchis) with three plant densities (6، 12، and 18 plants/m2) and three harvest dates (31 August and 20 September and 11 October) were considered using a factorial design with three replications. The result of ANOVA showed that main effects of genotype were significant for most traits including root yield، inulin content and inulin yield. Inulin content was not affected by the main effect of plant density but the main effect was significant for both root and inulin yield. A delay at harvest time caused a significant increase on the inulin content and inulin yield; however، it did not have a significant effect on the root yield of Chicory. The maximum root yield (40. 2 t/ha) and inulin yield (5. 37 t/ha) of Chicory were obtained for the Orchis variety treated with 18 plants per square meter.