مجله علوم گیاهان زراعی ایران
سال چهل و هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1396)

In this study the relationships between transcription rate of two hypothetical transcription factors (WRKY and bZIP) and TYDC, BBE, COR, T6ODM, CODM, SODM, DBOX and NOS which are involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis in Papaver somniferum were surveyed. Sampling was performed during five developmental stages including rosette, bud initiation, pendulous bud, flowering and lancing. Investigated parts were root, bottom part of stem, leaf, upper part of stem, capsule wall and capsule content. The results showed that there were high degree of consistency among the transcription rate of WRKY and the other genes which are involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloids biosynthesis specially TYDC. Since TYDC is one of the initial genes in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathway, it seems that WRKY affect the entire pathway by changing TYDC transcription rate. Surprisingly, a coordinate regulation was seen among transcription rate of bZIP and the genes involved in benzylisoquiniline biosynthetic pathway. Since the modulation of secondary metabolism and Defense against pathogens have been respectively attributed to WRKY and bZIP functions and production of benzylisoquiniline alkaloids is related to defense against plant pathogens and avoiding UV injuries, it seems that the transcription rate of these transcription factors and benzylisoquiniline biosynthetic genes are closely related.

There are different methods for crop fertilizing nowadays. This study was conducted to assess effects of soil nitrogen on sugar beet traits such as chlorophyll content (SPAD) and also possibility of use of SPADfor sugar beet varieties differentiation as well as a distinguishing lack of nitrogen. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with four replications was conducted. The first factor was domestic (Zarghan) and foreign (Flores) sugar beet cultivars and second factor was four nitrogen levels (control, 70, 100 and 130 kg N ha from urea). Sugar content, root and white sugar yields, SPADand application of nitrogen fertilizer of Flores were more and its petiole total nitrogen was less than Zarghan. The most percentage of root yield increase in both varieties was observed in application of 100 kg/ha.in comparison with control treatment. There were positive and significant correlation between sugar beet root yield with blade and petiole total nitrogenand radiation absorption during harvest time and also between root and white sugar yield with SPAD at 8-12 leaf growth stage (June) and also SPAD with blade total nitrogen at the same time. So SPADcould be used in sugar beet establishment growth stage for evaluation of nitrogen status and also for sooner line and hybrid selection. If the value of chlorophyll meter in the bottom of fifth leaf was lower than 45 at establishment, root yield would be increased by nitrogen fertilizer application. Also sugar beet selection would be faster by calibration of this method.

The first step in determining the optimal cropping pattern for crops and increase the yield in unit area is land use ability and production potential evaluation. Hashtgerd study area with an area of about 1170 square km because of the proximity to the metropolis of Tehran and focus a large number of agricultural, industrial and service units has an important economic and political position. According to importance of land capability studies at sustainable use of land and lack of sufficient information about potential Hashtgerd area for cultivation of crops, the purpose of this research is determination Hashtgerd area land capability and estimated four major crops yield by World Food Organization (FAO) method and the calculation of net income for per cubic meter of water used at per crops. The results showed area soil downstream for irrigated cropping has salinity and alkalinity restrictions. Production potential for wheat, barley, forage maize and alfalfa by FAO method at Hashtgerd area are in order as follows 12.3, 8.3, 75 and 26.8 ton/ha and given the small difference to field operation by favorite farmers it shows this method has High Performance in crops yield estimate. In Hashtgerd area for per cubic meter of used water produce 1.25 kg wheat, 1.1kg barley, 6.6 kg forage maize and 1.2 kg alfalfa. Also check of NBPD index it shows the most valuable environmental resource (water in area) is waste.

In order to examine the impact of drought stress and re-irrigation on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and physiological traits of three wheat cultivars at five levels of irrigation, an experiment was performed in a factorial arrangement with complete randomized design in three replications. The traits comprised of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0, Fm, Fv and Fv/Fm) and physiological characteristics included relative water content, leaf temperature and relative content of chlorophyll were measured .The results showed that the relative water content and chlorophyll relative content were decreased but leaf temperature was increased under drought stress. Similarly, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fm, Fv and Fv/Fm increased but F0 decreased under drought stress and these changes in tolerant cultivars were less severe than susceptible cultivar. The re-irrigation treatment caused these traits in the stressed plants to be similar to normal conditions, where it was lower for susceptible cultivars than the resistant cultivar. The results of correlation among all traits showed significant positive and negative relations, that the highest indices was recorded between Fm and Fv parameters (r=0.991**) and between Fv/Fm. and F0 (r=0.926**).

In order to moving from the conventional to sustainable systems, a framework must be defined that transfer process in this framework happen step by step. Use of the inputs with high efficiency is one of these steps. To reach these goals, an experiment in a strip plot design based on Randomized Complete Block trial with three replications was conducted in the Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2013-2014. Treatments consist of Cropping Systems as vertical factor (low, medium, and high input) and Irrigation Systems (100, 80, and 60% Anise crop water requirement) as horizontal factor. The results showed that nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was not affected by the cropping systems, but the amount of water consumption had positive effects on the NUE of Anise. The Low-input system had the lowest water use efficiency (WUE). The highest WUE (0.12 kg.m-3) and NUE (34.22 kg.kg-1) were observed in the 80% water requirement treatment. Interaction between water and cropping system showed that WUE (0.17 kg.m-3) in the high input system with 80% of water need was higher than other treatments. With due attention to all of the studied factors in the medium input system and 80% water requirement, it seems that this treatment compared to the other ones is the most appropriate one for Anise in regards to water and nutrients requirements.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza and foliar application of zinc sulfate on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of a corn hybrid (cv NS640)under water deficit stress conditions, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design as split plot factorial with three replications at research station of Bu Ali Sina University of Hamedan in 2014. The main plots consisted of four irrigation levels (irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm cumulative evaporation from pan A) and subplots were consisted of two factors including zinc sulfate (non and foliar application with 0.5 percent zinc sulfate concentration) and Glomus mosseae mycorrhizae (non and mycorrhizae inoculum) in factorial. The results showed that all traits were affected by water stress. The effect of mycorrhiza and zinc sulfate foliar application on all traits except for number of ears per plant were significant. The simultaneous use of mycorrhiza and foliar zinc sulfate increased the 100 kernel weight by 30.39%. Mycorrhiza increased grain and biological yields in all four levels of water deficit stress but foliar application of zinc sulfate increased only grain yield by irrigation after 60 and 90 mm cumulative evaporation. Also compared with non foliar zinc sulfate application biological yield increased to 11%. The highest water use efficiency (1.8 kg grains per cubic meter of water) obtained from using mycorrhiza and irrigation after 90 mm cumulative evaporation.

Reactive oxygen species in the cell are rapidly removed by antioxidant molecules. Peroxidases are one of the important antioxidant enzymes that can oxidize many organic and inorganic substrates using hydrogen peroxide. In this study, peroxidase enzyme activities of canola extracts were evaluated in different guaiacol concentrations. Simultaneous sampling of rape seedling under non-stress and osmotic stress condition was conducted in 4 - 6 leaf stage at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after osmotic stress. The results showed that the GPx activity in non-stress condition was different in both Hyola308 (susceptible to drought) and SLM046 (tolerant to drought) varieties at different times of exposure to stress, and the highest activity of enzyme in SLM046 were observed at 12 hours after stress. Comparison of the two genotypes under stress condition showed that GPx activity in SLM046 at 4, 8 and 12 hours after osmotic treatment were higher than Hyola308. The highest rate of activity at 8 hours after stress was observed in SLM046 and the lowest activity was seen in Hyola308. At 24 hours after osmotic treatment, Hyola308 showed the highest activity at 60 mM concentration of substrate, and lowest rate was seen in SLM046. The results indicated that the high level of proxidase activity in SLN046 genotype in stress condition, led to the lower accumulation of H2O2 in comparison with Hoyla308.

The ability of Hoary cress to absorb water and nutrients, due to creeping and extensive root system, indicates that this weed is importunate competitor for crop plants. To determine intra- and inter-specific competition between wheat and hoary cress by reciprocal yield model and other competition indices under different nitrogen levels, a factorial experiment based on RCBD was conducted with three replications in Research Greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand during 2013. Factors considered included pure nitrogen in three levels (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 gr/kg soil), wheat density in four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 plants per pot) and Hoary cress density in four levels (0, 2, 4 and6 plants per pot). The result of reciprocal yield model showed that in wheat intera- specific competition was higher than inter-specific competition, but in Hoary cress, intera- specific was higher. Relative competitiveness assessment showed that the effect of a wheat plant at three levels, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 grN/kg soil Was equal to 5.1, 4.45 and 4.42 Hoary cress plant respectively, and the effect of a wheat plant at the same fertilizer, Was equivalent whit 94, 84 and 88% of the wheat plant respectively.

In order to evaluate the effect of different storage conditions on seed germination and some biochemical characteristics of castor bean (Ricinus communis), a factorial experiments on the bases of completely randomized design with three factors included of storage temperature, seed moisture content (SMC) and storage duration in four replications was done in the seed laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran in 2014. Experimental factors were including five storage temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35 and 40oC), five SMC levels (3.53, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) and six storage duration (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days). The results showed that in all storage temperatures germination percentage trend was descending with increasing storage temperature and duration. In all studied storage temperature, the seeds stored in SMCs of 3.53 and 15% showed the highest and lowest germination, respectively. However, the change in seed electrolyte leakage index was ascending by increasing the temperature and SMC. Also, with increasing storage duration, temperature and SMC, seed total protein content, enzymes activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased and malondialdehyde content (MDA) increased. Therefore, decrease in germination index and increase in electrical conductivity could be due to decline in antioxidant activities and increase in MDA content.